Abstract: A novel binder and/or disintegrant for obtaining a compressed solid composition for non-oral use, the binder and/or disintegrant being fermented molasses, a process for preparing the compressed solid composition and also a binding and/or disintegrating composition, which includes at least fermented molasses. The fermented molasses advantageously makes it possible to replace synthetic binders conventionally used in compressed solid compositions, while also being able to act as a disintegrant on contact with a liquid, especially water. Thus, a novel way is proposed for utilizing a product which was hitherto solely used in the field of agriculture and livestock farming.

Abstract: Environmental waste solidification devices, system, kits and methods are shown and described. Absorbent compositions for solidification of environmental wastes are shown and described. In one example, the composition includes an amount of sodium polyacrylate polymer mixed with another non-polymeric particle, useful for waste solidification.

Abstract: Provided is an externally heated carbonization furnace that includes a plurality of rotary kilns connected in series, each of which includes an outer cylinder, a kiln inner cylinder that rotate relative to the outer cylinder, and a heater that supplies heating gas to a section between the outer cylinder and the kiln inner cylinder. The externally heated carbonization furnace further includes a drive device that rotates at least one of the kiln inner cylinders and the kiln inner cylinder different from the at least one of the kiln inner cylinders and a control device that controls the drive device according to moisture content of a treated object in the kiln inner cylinder.

Abstract: A coal reforming method includes: drying; performing carbonizing; and cooling. (1) In the drying, coal is classified into coarse coal and fine coal while being dried, and heat obtained by burning at least a portion of the fine coal and at least a portion of the carbonizing gas is used as a heat source during the drying or the carbonizing. (2) In the cooling, the char is classified while being cooled to separate fine char from the char, and heat obtained by burning at least a portion of the fine char and at least a portion of the carbonizing gas is used as a heat source during the drying or the carbonizing. At least any one of (1) and (2) is performed.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of transforming low rank coals into high quality metallurgical coke, and the coke products produced by such methods.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for processing brown coal for combustion and/or gasification for the purpose of power generation, wherein the brown coal moist from the pit is firstly subjected to preliminary crushing and is subsequently comminuted. The milled coal is then fed to drying in a fluidized-bed dryer. The process is characterized in that the milling apparatus is followed by a control sieving facility, with the sieve opening being selected so that essentially 100% of the brown coal passes the sieve.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of tiles includes the steps of: preparing mixed powder having a water content of 2 to 7% by mixing 30 to 80 parts by weight of calcium hydroxide powder or dolomite plaster powder, 20 to 70 parts by weight of porous aggregate, 0.1 to 5 parts by weight of a first photocatalyst and water; filling the mixed powder into a mold of a molding machine; forming a formed body by pressurizing the filled mixed powder; curing the formed body in a carbon dioxide atmosphere; and forming a thin layer made of a second photocatalyst on a surface of the formed body.

Abstract: A process for forming and maintaining a carbonaceous bed with coke replacement units suitable for use in pyrolytic processes includes the steps of: forming a plurality of non-coke units that are either or both irregularly shaped natural wood blocks and bricks including carbon-containing fines and one or more binders; forming an initial carbonaceous bed by a quantity of particles of coke in which at least about 25% of the carbon content of the initial bed is provided by said quantity of non-coke units and up to about 75% of the carbon content of the initial bed is provided by said quantity of particles of coke; and performing a pyrolytic process with the carbonaceous bed including reacting carbon in the bed with other added process material at an elevated temperature in the bed and supplementing carbon material during the pyrolytic process by adding additional carbon material of which at least 25% of the additional carbon material is not coke.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for making a fuel element for a smoking article including the steps of mixing a metal-containing catalyst precursor with a filler material or graphite or a combination thereof to form a pre-treated fuel element component; optionally calcining the pre-treated fuel element component in order to convert the catalyst precursor to a catalytic metal compound; after the optional calcining step, combining the pre-treated fuel element component with a carbonaceous material and a binder to produce a fuel element composition; and forming the fuel element composition into a fuel element adapted for use in a smoking article. Examples of metal-containing catalyst precursors include iron nitrate, copper nitrate, cerium nitrate, cerium ammonium nitrate, manganese nitrate, magnesium nitrate, and zinc nitrate. Fuel elements treated according to the invention, and smoking articles including such fuel elements, are also provided.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for producing woodfuel briquettes, pellets, compounds, composites, agglomerates, or granulates as source material for subsequent processing in injection molding or extrusion processes, includes a pressing screw with screw spirals, which rotate around a longitudinal axis and which are arranged inside a screw shell. The feed material is conveyed to the pressing screw via a feed chute located at an input side. At the end of the pressing screw, processing tools are arranged, to which the feed material is conveyed by the rotating screw spirals. In the area of the processing tools, the residual moisture in the feed material evaporates due to the heat generated during the processing procedure, and is vented as a steam flow from the apparatus through the screw shell.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing shaped, activated charcoal. According to the method, after being ground, carbon-bearing material, or a mixture of several carbon-bearing materials are rendered homogenous with a binding agent which contains water, or a mixture of several binding agents, at least one of which contains water. The mixture of carbon-bearing material and binding agent is then formed into shaped bodies. According to the invention, in order to consolidate the grain formation, these are dried until they exhibit a maximum total water content of 3% by wt. in relation to the shaped body. The shaped bodies which have been formed and dried in this manner are then subjected to a carbonization and subsequently a gas activation process.

Abstract: A process for making a fuel product from paper mill sludge including dewatering the paper mill sludge so as to have a solids content of greater than 7 percent by weight, mixing an oxide-containing chemical and molasses with the dewatered paper mill sludge, pressurizing the mixed sludge to a pressure of greater than 6 p.s.i. for a period of time of no less than 15 seconds, and drying the pressurized mixed sludge to no less than 60 percent solids by weight. The oxide-containing chemical can be either calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. The oxide-containing chemical is mixed in an amount of between 1 percent to 10 percent by weight of the dewatered paper mill sludge. The molasses is mixed in an amount of between 0.1 percent and 1 percent by weight of the dewatered paper mill sludge. The method also includes grinding the dried sludge to a desired size of no less than 325 mesh and no larger than one-quarter inch in diameter. The dried sludge has a heating content of no less than 5,000 BTUs/pound.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for the production of low ash fuel using calcined petroleum coke by crushing and screening of calcined petroleum coke below 3 mm size, mixing the crushed and screened materials to achieve a bulk density in the range of 760 to 800 kg/m3, mixing 10-100% of the resultant calcined petroleum coke with 0 to 50% coke breeze, pre-soaking the mix so obtained with 5-10% water, mixing with hinder followed by kneading in presence of live stream, then briquetting and curing of the raw briquettes in a furnace in a controlled oxidising atmoshpere to obtain the low ash fuel.

Abstract: A pelletized cellulosic pulp product is produced from a delignified and bleached paper pulp raw material that is useful as a combustion material. The size, shape, density and glazed outer surface of the pelletized product contributes to controlled combustion of the pellets to support a smoldering burn in use.

Abstract: The high intracellular water content contained within the cell walls of the bacterial cells of a dewatered biosludge is reduced by removing the intracellular water in a denaturing operation. This operation comprises heating the biosludge at a temperature sufficient to weaken the bacterial cell walls. The weakened cell walls are then exposed to a reduced pressure sufficient to form vapor within the cell and to thus rupture the weakened cell walls and thereby release the intracellular water in the form of a hot aqueous vapor and/or released intracellular water. The water-reduced concentrated biosludge can then serve as a fuel source in a partial oxidation reaction for the production of synthesis gas.

Abstract: A burnable article such as a fire log or a barbecue briquette is formed of a top fire-igniting layer, a middle fire-catching layer, and a body layer. The fire-igniting layer has a composition, in weight percent, of from about 47 to about 67 percent carbonized wood, from about 22 to about 34 percent barium nitrate, from about 3 to about 11 percent sodium nitrate, from about 3 to about 11 percent starch, from about 0.25 to about 0.65 percent zeolite, and from about 0.25 to about 0.65 percent potassium alum, the total of the constituents of the fire-igniting layer being 100 percent. The fire-catching layer has a composition, in weight percent, of from about 57 to about 67 percent carbonized wood, from about 18 to about 28 percent barium nitrate, from about 3 to about 11 percent sodium nitrate, from about 4 to about 12 percent starch, from about 0.15 to about 0.35 percent zeolite, and from about 0.15 to about 0.35 percent potassium alum, the total of the constituents of the fire-catching layer being 100 percent.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing charcoal and intermediate char-containing articles from paper and/or paperboard comprises forming an aqueous pulp of cellulose fibers from the paper or paperboard and blending the aqueous pulp with comminuted char in a dry or slurried state. The resulting mixture may be shaped into any desired form, such, for example, as briquettes, by forcing the mixture into a perforated die or porous mold to form substantially rigid articles. The formed product is dried in a kiln.

Abstract: A process for preparing a solid material containing coal ash includes a first step of mixing coal ash with a calcium compound to obtain a mixture, a second step of molding the mixture to obtain a molded article, and a third step of subjecting the molded article obtained in the second step to a hydrothermal treatment at a temperature of at least 120.degree. C. under high pressure. In the first step, 40 to 95 parts by weight of the coal ash is mixed with 60 to 5 parts by weight of the calcium compound, and the coal ash to be used has a bulk density of at least 0.8 g/cm.sup.3, an average particle diameter of 5 to 40 .mu.m and an aluminum content of 35% by weight or less in terms of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3. By the use of a blowing agent or the like, it is also possible to obtain a porous lightweight solid.

Abstract: A method of forming organic charcoal briquets from a mix of quantities of discrete coconut charcoal particles, borax, pulverized limestone, binder starch and water as well as the fuel product produced thereby.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for manufacturing solid fuel which includes the steps of mixing a biomass, a heavy hydrocarbon and a sorbent to form a hydrocarbon-biomass slurry, the biomass being characterized by a particle size and distribution of about 50% between about 250-2000 .mu.m and about 50% less than about 250 .mu.m, and more preferably as follows:______________________________________ distribution particle size ______________________________________ 10-20% 1250-2000 .mu.m 10-20% 500-1250 .mu.m 10-20% 250-500 .mu.m balance .ltoreq.250 .mu.m ______________________________________compacting the slurry to form a solid fuel agglomerate; and baking the agglomerate so as to form a solid fuel briquette having a resistance to compression of at least about 22 kg/cm.sup.2. The mixing step includes the step of mixing the biomass, hydrocarbon and sorbent in the following proportions, by weight: ______________________________________ biomass 50-70%; hydrocarbon 30-45%; and sorbent 5-10%.

Abstract: The invention discloses fuel nuggets with high heat value which is virtually dust-free, and a method of making the same. The nuggets are preferably made of scrap particleboard made of wood particles bonded together by a urea/formaldehyde adhesive. The scrap is hogged and shaped into roughly spherical nuggets of a preselected size suited for automated furnaces. The nuggets are then coated with an aqueous urea solution and then oven-dried to achieve a preselected moisture content.

Abstract: Water resistant coal briquettes are obtained by mixing finely divided coal with a first starchy binder in an amount of 0.5 to 3 wt % and with a second binder that contains molasses or fermented molasses (vinasse) and water in an amount of 1 to 4 wt %, and the green briquettes produced from this mixture are subjected to a heat treatment in at least two steps, whereby the green molded articles are first pretreated at 80.degree. to 150.degree. C. and optionally dried and then hardened at 200.degree. to 300.degree. C.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a pelletized fuel including the steps of hydrolizing cellulose containing material to form a binder, mixing the binder with combustible fines including preferably coal fines and wood chips or saw dust in which the binder is about two percent to eight percent by weight of the mixture, and forming the mixture into pellets. The pellets are dried by subjecting them to a temperature sufficient to drive off substantially the water content thereof to provide pellets which are crush resistant and weather resistant and which may thereby by handled for use as a fuel such as in a boiler for generating steam.

Abstract: Green briquettes made from particulate carbonaceous material and lignosulfonate as a binder are cured in an oven in the presence of circulating gases containing a high percentage of oxygen and superheated steam. The sulfur derived from the binder is oxidized and then hydrolyzed (exothermic reactions) at the curing temperature with formation of sulfuric acid, which is dissociated (endothermic reaction) in the case of a temperature rise. The reactions provide a means for thermal balance within the curing oven.