Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of arranging distributed repeaters and distributed repeater system in a mobile communication system. In a method of arranging at least one base station and repeaters in a mobile communication system, a base station cell is formed and N repeater service areas are formed at boundaries of the base station cell. A base station is arranged at the center of the base station cell and N repeaters are arranged at boundaries between the base station service area and the repeater service areas. The number of repeaters is determined and output powers of the base station and the repeaters are determined according to a ratio of a base station service radius (R) to each repeater service radius (r). Accordingly, UARI or DARI is decreased, and coverage holes and excessive coverage overlaps can be remarkably reduced, so that network average capacity can be improved.

Abstract: A space segment for a radioterminal communications system includes a satellite having service link antennas of different sizes that are configured to communicate with at least one radioterminal. The service link antennas of different size may serve different sized geographic areas, which may at least partially overlap. Analogous radioterminal communications methods also are provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the communication field and provides method and system for detecting repeater self-excitation and the repeater using the method and system. The method includes detecting an output power of an up link; judging whether the detected output power of the up link exceeds a threshold of self-excitation and, if so, adding a numerically-controlled attenuation to the up link accordingly; and judging whether the change in the output power of the up link is equal to that in the numerically-controlled attenuation and, judging whether the repeater is subject to a self-excitation according to the result of judgment regarding the change in the output power of the up link. The repeater self-excitation detecting method has the following advantages: 1. The self-excitation can be detected in time, thus avoiding had effect on the communication system; 2. The devices of repeater can be protected from being burned down; and 3. The cost incurred by the patrol inspection personnel can be reduced.

Abstract: Systems include configuring a first mobile device to enable communication between the first mobile device and one or more processing devices; receiving a message from a computing device that is directed to a second mobile device, where the message is a text message or a voice message, and where the computing device is different from the first mobile device; and routing the message to the first mobile device for transmission to the second mobile device from the first mobile device.

Abstract: Satellite communications systems, methods, and related devices are described. In one embodiment, a satellite communications system is configured to dynamically allocate bandwidth and frequencies among different beams. Bandwidth request data may be received and compiled from the terminals. The satellite may be configured with different beam coverage areas, and may dynamically allocate bandwidth and particular frequency channels to different beam coverage areas based on the requests. In each of a series of one or more epochs, and according to the bandwidth requests, there may be allocations among carrier groups, traffic classes, and particular terminals. The setup of slot structure and selection of modes for particular terminals is also addressed.

Abstract: In a relay scheme, a wireless source apparatus, a wireless destination apparatus and a wireless relay apparatus cooperate for handling transmission failures by space/time diverse channels. In the case of the successful direct transmission, reduced or no additional overhead for the relay selection is incurred. Thus, for a good SNR between source and destination, the inventive protocol has similar performance as a standard approach. In the case of a transmission failure e.g., due to small scale fading, a transmission via different communication paths implementing spatial diversity via a selected relay is supported. The device is to only activate the overhearing of signals in case of weak signal quality between sender and receiver. This selection of relay devices is done of demand only. A specific protocol for the reservation of the wireless medium for the entire cooperative communication has been specified.

Abstract: In a two-way radio frequency (RF) communications system having at least one repeater, a plurality of channels, and a plurality of subscriber units, a repeater hosts a first channel that is currently serving as a rest channel. The channel that is currently serving as the rest channel is monitored by subscriber units that are idle in the system. When the repeater determines to select a second channel to serve as the rest channel, it determines whether there is at least one eligible channel to serve as the rest channel. If there is at least one eligible channel in the system, the repeater may select the second channel to serve as the rest channel from one of the eligible channels.

Abstract: A satellite includes a programmable facility including circuitry responsive to programmable control information. One or more filter parameters, or other forms of instructions for allocating channel capacity (i.e. bits/second/Hz), are received at the satellite in orbit to direct the programmable facility to separate particular sub-signals from an input signal. In one embodiment, the programmable facility can be programmed to change the allocation of channel capacity dedicated to the forward and return links based on the ratio forward and return traffic through a satellite. Changing the allocation of channel capacity may be achieved by changing the portions of the total allocated frequency bandwidth that are used for forward and return links. Alternatively, the changes may be made to the forward and/or return data rates, either alone or in combination with frequency bandwidth allocations.

Abstract: Some demonstrative embodiments include devices, systems and/or methods of managing power saving mechanisms of wireless communication devices. For example, a wireless communication unit may relay communications between a wireless communication device and a base station, wherein the wireless communication unit is to manage a power-saving mechanism of the wireless communication device by scheduling one or more power-save periods for the wireless communication device, and transmitting to the wireless communication device a power-save message indicating the one or more power-save periods. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: When a transmission request for new data is issued under a situation where a plurality of data are transmitted to a specific service area from a plurality of service areas, a feeder link station searches an available frequency to be allocated to the new data in a down-link frequency band of the specific service area, and when any of data communications is completed, allocates a down-link frequency band used in the data communication as a down-link frequency band for the new data. A satellite repeater arranges the new data on the down-link frequency band right after the data communication is completed following a relay control by the feeder link station.

Abstract: A system and method of reducing VSAT apertures via satellite MIMO is disclosed.

Abstract: A method is described for selecting repeaters comprising: transmitting a first signal from a first node to a second node; measuring signal strength of the first signal at the second node; transmitting a second signal from the second node to the first node; measuring signal strength of the second signal at the first node; and selecting the second node as a repeater based on the signal strength of the first signal and/or the signal strength of the second signal. Another embodiment of the method comprises: calculating signal strength of a signal transmitted to each of a plurality of nodes (the signal strength being measured at each node of the plurality); and selecting one or more of the nodes to be a repeater if the signal strength is below a maximum threshold value and above a minimum threshold value.

Abstract: A relay station that relays radio signals between a base transceiver station and a mobile station includes a downlink amplifier that amplifies a downlink signal from the base transceiver station to the mobile station, an uplink amplifier that amplifies an uplink signal from the mobile station to the base transceiver station, a paging response signal detection unit that detects a paging response signal with which the mobile station responds to a paging signal for paging the mobile station, and an amplification control unit that starts amplification control with respect to the downlink amplifier and the uplink amplifier when the paging response signal has been detected by the paging response signal detection unit.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and a method for providing a relay service in a wireless communication system. The apparatus includes a modulator, an encoder, and a transmission unit. The modulator modulates a transmission signal according to a modulation degree. The encoder encodes a modulation symbol provided from the modulator using a convolution code of a ring domain. The transmission unit transmits the signal provided from the encoder to a relay station. The relay station detects a signal where signals received from different transmission ends are added in a real domain, and relays the detected signal, thereby providing a relay service without an additional time resource.

Abstract: A control network carries information between nodes in a control system. For example, in one aspect of the invention, a control network includes first and second nodes, each of which is associated with at least one device in a control system, such as a controller, actuator, sensor, or otherwise. The first node is configured to wirelessly transmit information for simultaneous, or substantially simultaneous, transfer to the second node over at least two pathways. Those pathways can be made up of one or more network segments that interconnect nodes in the control network. In some cases, at least one of the at least two pathways is through a third and/or further nodes. Further, the first node can employ different radio channels, e.g., using different frequencies from one another, over at least one of the at least two pathways to transmit information to the second node.

Abstract: A method for communications between neighboring wireless cells such as wireless regional area networks operating according to IEEE 802.22 specifications. The method involves scheduling inter-base station communications for over-the-air connections to allow neighboring base stations to communicate in environments where a single available channel is shared between the neighboring cells or where two or more channels used by two or more neighboring cells. In some embodiments, a bridge system, such as a bridge consumer premise equipment (CPE), positioned in an area of coverage overlap between two cells is used for inter-base station communications, and allocation and scheduling of bandwidth on the utilized channels is performed to provide interference free communications between the base stations. Existence announcements are provided in coexistence time slots and requests for bandwidth such as reserved and additional time slots are transmitted between the base stations using the coexistence time slots.

Abstract: A system and method for enabling on-demand inter-spacecraft resource sharing and coordination are disclosed involving at least one wireless device and a payload. At least one wireless device transmits and receives communications to at least one access point and at least one user. In one or more embodiments, spacecrafts are employed for the access points and/or the users. The payload comprises at least one transponder and at least one processor. At least one transponder transmits and receives the communications to at least one access point and at least one user. The processor provides channelized communication and regenerative communication to at least one user. Also, the processor monitors signal quality of the communications received from at least one user. In one or more embodiments, the wireless device is a radio frequency (RF) omni-directional antenna. In some embodiments, the wireless device is a diffuse optical emitter and receiver.

Abstract: Various example embodiments are disclosed herein. According to one example embodiment, a method may include obtaining a first channel quality measurement for a wireless node such as a mobile station or relay station in a wireless network. The method may further include sending, from the wireless node, a full channel quality indicator (CQI) to a base station based on the first channel quality measurement. The method may further include obtaining a second channel quality measurement for the wireless node. The method may further include sending a differential CQI to the base station based on comparing the second channel quality measurement to the first channel quality measurement. The differential CQI may occupy less channel resources than the full CQI.

Abstract: Partner relay systems and methods are provided in which relaying is performed by a pair of partner relays. Signals received from a base station are translated by a first of the pair of partner relays to a different transmission resource for communication between the pair of partner relays, and then upon reception by a second of the pair of partner relays, the signal is translated back to the original transmission resource and re-transmitted towards the receiver.

Abstract: A system and method for enabling coordinated beam switching and scheduling in a wireless communications system. A method for controller operation includes indicating that the controller is operating in a cooperative beam switching mode, transmitting a beam formed reference signal (BFRS), from each communications device being served by the controller, receiving a measurement of a communications channel between the controller and the communications device and an indicator indicating a transmission unit corresponding to the measurement of the communications channel, receiving a transmission intended for a communications device, and causing the transmission to be transmitted to the communications device. The BFRS is beam formed using a plurality of beam patterns, the beam pattern used in beam forming the BFRS changes once per transmission unit, and the transmission is transmitted using measurement of the communications channel and the indicator from the communications device.

Abstract: An apparatus for use in a relay wireless communication system is capable of bidirectional relaying with precoding. A Base Station (BS) includes a plurality of antennas. The BS can receive a relay signal that includes a transmit symbol vector of the BS and a transmit symbol vector of a Mobile Station (MS) from a Relay Station. The BS determines power difference values corresponding to all of symbol vectors available as the transmit symbol vector of the MS. The BS further determines the transmit symbol vector of the MS or per bit Log Likelihood Ratios using the power difference values.

Abstract: A method for accessing a hybrid network including a wide area network and a distributed network, a gateway apparatus, a wireless terminal and a gateway communication system are disclosed for reducing the power consumption of the wireless terminal which is an access gateway. The method comprises: sensing by a gateway apparatus a relay request slot on a downlink common control channel of the wide area network; transmitting by a wireless terminal a relay request signal requesting to relay a data packet to be transmitted, in the relay request slot on the downlink common control channel; and if the relay request signal from the wireless terminal is sensed in the relay request slot, establishing by the gateway apparatus a connection with the wireless terminal in a distributed network environment.

Abstract: The invention relates to wireless repeater systems and methods. In embodiments, such systems and methods involve receiving a wireless transmission signal; and processing the wireless transmission signal using a digital signal processing facility (DSP); wherein the DSP is adapted to filter at least one sub-band of the wireless transmission signal using a digital bandpass filter.

Abstract: A method is devoted to synchronizing the transmission of user signals within a single-frequency hybrid network comprising at least one transmission satellite (SAT) and regenerative emitters (E1-E6) tasked with retransmitting received user signals to user terminals (T1, T2), using the same frequency and the same waveform. This method consists of temporally shifting, with respect to a time marker (TM) corresponding to the moment when a chosen element of the user signals arrives at a terrestrial reference arc (RA) from said satellite (SAT), the moment when the user signals received by each emitter (E1-E6) are retransmitted, by a local duration which is a function of the respective positions of the emitter and the satellite (SAT) with respect to a chosen reference position (RP) on said arc (RA), so that the same user signals retransmitted by the satellite (SAT) and the emitter (Ei) reach a user terminal (T1, T2) at roughly the same time.

Abstract: Inventions relate to a field of radio communications and may be used for a creation of systems for cellular communications. The achieved technical result —an extension of a coverage area of a communication network. A system for cellular communication comprises a switch subsystem, a base station subsystem which are interconnected with a controller of base stations, mobile stations, K groups of line repeaters, a retransmission unit of radio channels. The base station comprises an antenna-feeder module of operating frequencies, a module of digital transceivers of operating frequencies, a digital unit of distribution and switching of messages, the retransmission unit of radio channels.

Abstract: Implementations of systems and techniques for scheduling wireless transmission of data blocks between a base station (BS) and one or more relay stations (RSs) in a wireless relay communication network.

Abstract: A wireless mesh network, method of operating a wireless mesh network, and a central node device are disclosed herein. Communications are interleaved to maintain a spatial differential, for example, two “hops,” between any two nodes transmitting in proximity to the collector. In one embodiment, a wireless mesh network includes a central node and a plurality of bidirectional nodes in bidirectional wireless communication with the central node. Each bidirectional node has a respective wireless communication path to the central node that is either a direct path or an indirect path through one or more intermediate bidirectional nodes. Each bidirectional node is characterized by a number of intermediate bidirectional nodes forming a respective wireless communication path to the central node. The central node isolates a first data communication from a first node from second data communications from other nodes that are within a defined threshold of hop levels of the first node.

Abstract: Measured are received power of a first signal received from a first entity, and received power of a second signal received from a second entity. A gain factor (or a matrix of gain factors if multiple antennas are used) is determined using the measured received powers of the first signal and of the second signal. If transmit power from the apparatus to the second entity is considered as the benchmark, the second signal is forwarded from the apparatus to the first entity using a second signal transmit power that is determined using the gain factor. Or, if transmit power from the apparatus to the first entity is considered as the benchmark, the first signal is forwarded from the apparatus to the second entity using a first signal transmit power that is determined using the gain factor. Method, apparatus, and memory storing computer program are detailed.

Abstract: A communications system for an aircraft carrying at least some personnel having personal electronic devices (PEDs) for wireless data communications outside the aircraft includes a satellite-based communications network that includes a plurality of satellites, at least one access point in the aircraft for providing a wireless local area network (WLAN) for data communications with the PEDs, and a satellite transceiver in the aircraft cooperating with the at least one access point for data communications with the satellite-based communications network to the PEDs. At least one network selection controller is for selecting a satellite among the plurality of satellites so that data communications is sent to the PEDs through the satellite transceiver based on a needed channel capacity of the data communications to be sent.

Abstract: A communication control method, for a radio communication system including a radio base station, a radio terminal, and a relay station that receives a radio signal transmitted from the radio base station and relays the radio signal to the radio terminal at a transmission frequency different from a reception frequency, includes broadcasting information on one or more transmission frequencies of radio base stations or relay stations from the radio base station; and determining, by the radio terminal, whether transmission-source identification information included in the radio signals that are received before and after switching the reception frequency match, the switching being conducted based on the information broadcasted from one of the radio base station directly and via the relay station, wherein if the radio terminal determines that the transmission-source identification information matches, the radio terminal omits a terminal registering procedure after frame-synchronization with the radio communication

Abstract: A first and/or a second communications system may provide communications service over a geographic area. A method of operating the first and/or the second communications systems may include generating a measure of aggregate interference reaching a satellite of the second communications system substantially from devices of the first communications system. The measure of aggregate interference reaching the satellite of the second communications system may be transmitted to an element of the first communications system.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer-readable media provide for utilizing a repeating function to improve quality of service. According to embodiments, a method for utilizing a repeating function to improve quality of service is provided. According to the method a first mobile cellular device is selected. An instruction is transmitted to the first mobile cellular device instructing the first mobile cellular device. The instruction causes the first mobile cellular device to relay communications between the second mobile cellular device and the cellular service provider. The first mobile cellular device thereby provides the repeating function for the second mobile cellular device.

Abstract: A method for controlling gain in a wireless repeater includes providing one or more gain control metrics where the gain control metrics is indicative of a loop gain of the repeater; measuring the one or more gain control metrics; and adjusting a variable gain of the repeater using a gain adjustment step size being a function of at least the loop gain of the repeater as measured by the one or more gain control metrics. In another embodiment, the gain control algorithm block is configured to divide the loop gain of the repeater into multiple gain adjustment control zones. The gain adjustment control zones may include a first zone having a loop gain in a stable operating region and a second zone having a loop gain outside the stable operating region.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for feeder link configurations to layered modulation. One feeder link system employs feeder link spot beam to antennas in distinct coverage areas to enable frequency reuse. Another system employs narrow beam width feeder link antenna to illuminate individual satellites also enabling frequency reuse. Yet another system uses layered modulation in the feeder link. Another feeder link system employs a higher order synchronous modulation for the satellite feeder link than is used in the layered modulation downlink signals.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of aiding uplink beamforming transmission is disclosed. One method includes a base station downlink transmitting beamformed signals to at least a first terminal, the beam formed signals directed and conveying data to at least the first terminal. The method further includes a second terminal eavesdropping the transmitted beamformed signals, and measuring a signal quality. The second terminal estimates uplink channel information based on the measured signal quality, for aiding uplink transmission. Based at least in part on the estimated transmission channel, the second terminal transmits beamformed uplink signals to the base station.

Abstract: A radio repeating system has first and second radio terminals, a radio repeater to receive a signal transmitted from the first radio terminal and transmit the signal to the second radio terminal, and a controller to control the radio repeater. The controller has a terminal signal determiner to detect a signal from the first radio terminal to determine whether the first radio terminal is in a transmission halt mode or a transmission mode, a first counter to start counting when a result of detection is the transmission halt mode, and a second counter to start counting when a result of detection is the transmission mode. The controller halts a wireless relay operation of the radio repeater when the result of detection is the transmission halt mode while the second timer is operating, or when the first timer finishes counting.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and articles of manufacture enable routing a communication from a cell phone associated with a service provider in which the cell phone is located in a predetermined area in which the service provider does not have an operational base station or in which routing assistance is required. A cell base station having one or more antennas is provided in an aircraft. Each of the antennas is configured to monitor a respective sector of the predetermined area for a cell phone communication when the aircraft is flown in proximity to the predetermined area. A registration request from a first cell phone in the predetermined is detected via the cell base station and an ID and location associated with the first cell phone is routed to a ground based telephone switching office, such as the mobile telephone switching office associated with the service provider of the detected cell phone.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for transmitting ACKnowledge (ACK) channels by a Relay Station (RS) in a wireless communication system are provided. The method includes, when receiving one or more ACK information from one or more lower nodes, checking ACK channel constitution information provided from an upper node, arranging one or more ACK channels to transmit corresponding ACK information according to the ACK channel constitution information by distinguishing ACK information of one or more data scheduled by the upper node and ACK information of one or more retransmission data not scheduled by the upper node, and transmitting the one or more ACK information to the upper node in the arranged ACK channels.

Abstract: A radio frequency repeater is provided. A donor antenna transmits a signal to and receives a signal from a base station. A service antenna transmits a signal to and receives a signal from a mobile station. A repeater filters and amplifies a signal between the two antennas. A polarization variation unit variably selects a polarization direction of at least one of the donor antenna and the service antenna in response to a detection signal of an isolation detector for detecting isolation between the two antennas. The isolation between the donor antenna and the service antenna can be sufficiently ensured.

Abstract: Various methods, apparatuses, and systems are described in which a WAP is coupled to an antenna unit and provides a wireless LAN. In one embodiment, the antenna unit includes at least one remote antenna circuit having one or more ports to receive a control signal and a transmit signal transmitted from the WAP located in a multi-tone transmitter-receiver. Each remote antenna circuit includes a transmit amplifier unit that amplifies the transmit signal, a receive amplifier unit that amplifies a receive signal, and control unit that receives the control signal. The control unit controls an operation of the transmit and the receive amplifier units to extend a range of the wireless WAP with the at least one remote antenna circuit.

Abstract: A broadcast satellite single wire interface. Such an interface comprises a low noise block amplifier module having multiple outputs, a plurality of filter banks, each filter bank coupled to each of the outputs of the low noise block amplifier module in a respective fashion and comprising a plurality of filters, and a plurality of analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, each A/D converter coupled to a filter in the plurality of filters in the plurality of filter banks in a respective fashion, wherein the A/D converters directly sample incoming downconverted broadcast satellite signals and the sampled incoming downconverted broadcast signals are output on a single wire in a stacked output.

Abstract: A collaborative Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) in a broadband wireless communication system using a relay station is provided. A transmitting end includes a distance estimator for estimating a distance to a relay station; a controller for determining whether to execute a collaborative HARQ using the estimated distance to the relay station; and a transmitter for, when the execution of the collaborative HARQ is determined and a retransmission request is received from a receiving end, sending a retransmission packet according to a multiple antenna signal processing scheme by constituting a virtual multiple antenna group with the relay station.

Abstract: In a cellular wide-area radio communications system, comprising a plurality of base stations; a plurality of relay stations; and a plurality of mobile stations; wherein each of the relay stations is associated with at least one of the base stations, each of the mobile stations is associated with at least one of the base stations or one of the relay stations, wireless data transmissions between mobile stations and base stations take place either as single-hop data transmissions between the mobile stations and their associated base stations, or as multi-hop data transmissions between the mobile stations and their associated relay stations and a data transmission between the relay stations and base stations associated with the relay stations, and wherein an average number of multi-hop data transmissions in the radio communications system equals at least an average number of single-hop data transmissions.

Abstract: A relay for use in a communications network, the relay being arranged receive data from and transmit data to at least one user equipment, wherein the relay includes a processor arranged to process received configuration data from the user equipment and to transmit data to the user equipment in dependence of the processed ranging data.

Abstract: A relay station for use in a relay network may include an antenna, a radio, and an electronic circuit. The antenna may include a plurality of prongs. The radio may be configured to transmit and receive radio data using the antenna. The electronic circuit may be configured to select between a first mode of operation for the antenna and a second mode of operation for the antenna. The first mode of operation of the antenna may include an omni-directional mode of operation. The second mode of operation may include a directional mode of operation.

Abstract: Provided is a radio communication method or the like for making compatible an improvement in error rate characteristics and a reduction in delay. The radio communication method is used in a mobile communication system including a mobile station, a relay station and a base station. A transmitted signal containing a signal addressed to the base station is transmitted at first from the mobile station to the relay station. A non-reproduced relay signal obtained in the relay station from the transmitted signal is transmitted from the relay station to the base station. On the basis of the reception result of the non-reproduced relay signal at the base station, a re-transmission request of the transmitted signal is transmitted from the base station. A reproduced relay signal, as obtained from the transmitted signal in the relay station, is transmitted from the relay station to the base station in accordance with the re-transmission request transmitted from the base station.

Abstract: A system includes a substrate having a first side and a second side, more than one optical sources, wherein at least one optical source is coupled to the first side and at least one optical source is coupled to the second side, a power source operatively connected to the optical sources, a switch connected to the power source, and an RF receiver connected to the switch. The optical sources may be LEDs and may operate within the visible or infrared spectrum. The system may include an enclosure that is configured to be attached to antenna masts of a radio relay device. The enclosure may have windows to allow light from the optical sources to pass unobstructed through the enclosure. In some embodiments, the system is contained within the radio relay device. The system may be remotely controlled to illuminate a distant object or structure.

Abstract: A radiocommunication network includes at least one communication station (GW) adapted to exchange data by radio with radiocommunication terminals (T1-T5). This network is adapted to use a data transmission method wherein, each time a source radiocommunication terminal (T1) wishes to transmit data to its communication station (GW), the identifier of at least one active neighbor relay communication terminal (T2, T3) is determined in the source terminal (T1) in order to transmit signals representing the data to be transmitted by radio to each relay terminal so determined so that it relays them to the communication station (GW).

Abstract: A method for transmitting data in a wireless network includes wirelessly transmitting data from a base station to a plurality of spatially separated relay stations. The data is correlated according to space-time block coding (STBC) for transmission over multiple antennas. The STBC correlated data are wirelessly transmitted from the plurality of spatially separated relay stations to a mobile station. The plurality of spatially separated relay stations cooperate to provide a single multiple antenna transmission.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are techniques for transmitting a report message with collaborated information related to the occurrence of an emergency event. A plurality of devices, such as mobile communications devices, that are out of range of a communications network can communicate via direct communication, such as device-to-device communication, to corroborate characteristics that are indicative of an occurrence of an emergency event. Information related to the occurrence may be collaborated amongst the plurality of devices. A transmitting device, which may be one of the plurality of devices that corroborates characteristics or collaborates information, may generate and transmit the report message comprising the collaborated information. A receiving device may provide the message over a communications network, or the report message may continue to be handed off between devices capable of direct communication, the message eventually reaching a device that is within range of the communications network.