Abstract: System and methods provide tracking capabilities by one or a plurality of satellites for a mobile terrestrial terminal. A user requests that a satellite track a particular mobile terrestrial terminal. If the user privilege level allows for this level of control, the satellite adjusts to track the identified terminal. One method for tracking involves the use of a steerable antenna in which the antenna steers to maintain a footprint over the identified mobile terminal. Another method for tracking involves moving the satellite itself to maintain a footprint over the identified mobile terminal. The tracking functionality may utilize a closed loop tracking method.

Abstract: A method for searching for a broadcast/multicast single frequency network cluster, when a terminal needs to receive the broadcast/multicast service in the broadcast/multicast single frequency network cluster, the terminal synchronizes to a non broadcast/multicast single frequency network cell which is associated with the broadcast/multicast single frequency network cluster; and the terminal searches for the broadcast/multicast single frequency network cluster on the basis of the information indicated by the system information in the non broadcast/multicast single frequency network cell. So that the UE can search for the corresponding MBSFN cluster, and can receive the MBMS service in the searched MBSFN cluster.

Abstract: A communications system, apparatus, method, and computer program product for inter-satellite and inter-spacecraft crosslinks (ISL) with non-ISL optimized antennas where at least one component of the communications system has the potential energy to go into space. The system includes a mobile communications platform that includes an ISL antenna configured to transmit information through a non-ISL antenna of another communications platform. The non-ISL antenna does not track a trajectory of the mobile communications platform. The mobile communications platform includes a controller configured to determine a location of the mobile platform; determine whether the non-ISL antenna is within communications range; and prepare a signal for relayed transmissions through a non-ISL antenna to another communications platform in a signal format that is decipherable by this other communications platform.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide a network's synchronization status to a terminal when the terminal receives a transmission from the network. This network synchronization status can be indicated in accordance with various methods including, but not limited to the following: with a status flag in a network message; in a network capability indication; in a network's positioning capability indication; cell/network time relation information; in a time relation information of different Radio Access Technologies; and implicitly with another parameter and/or by a request for a certain measurement. When the network's synchronization status is determined, accurate time information/time assistance data can be maintained at the terminal.

Abstract: A method of performing ranging through a relay station (RS) and supporting thereof is disclosed. If ranging is performed in a system which performs communication between a mobile station and a base station through relay of a relay station, the ranging is performed under the leading of the relay station. In other words, if the relay station determines whether ranging between the mobile station and the relay station is required and also determines transmission parameter adjustment values and reports the determined result to the base station, the base station performs the ranging in such a manner that it prepares a message suitable for a specific format and forwards the message to the mobile station through the relay station.

Abstract: A system clock synchronization apparatus, for use in a mobile communication system, supplies a GPS clock received from a GPS reception module to a Radio Frequency clock generation module and selects a candidate system clock. The candidate system clock is selected from among plural candidate system clocks having different phases, which can be most stably synchronized with a reference synchronization time signal as the final system clock. The apparatus includes a Global Positioning System reception module; a Radio Frequency clock generation module that generates a system reference clock and outputs an RF clock generated by synchronizing the system reference clock to the GPS clock in phase; and a system clock generation module that generates multiple candidate system clocks having different phases using the RF clock and selects one of the candidate system clocks which generates in a range of an enable duration of the reference synchronization time signal.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are presented for improved satellite communications. The satellite system may comprises at least one gateway, a satellite in orbit configured to communicate with the at least one gateway and provide a plurality of spot beams, and a plurality of subscriber terminals. The spot beams may include a first spot beam to illuminate a first region and a second spot beam to illuminate a second region adjacent to and overlapping with the first region. The first spot beam as sent to at least one subscriber terminal may be affected by (1) interference from other signal sources including the second spot beam at a signal-to-interference ratio C/I and (2) noise at a signal-to-noise ratio C/N. Reception of signals from the first spot beam by the at least one of the first plurality of subscriber terminals may be interference-dominated such that C/I is less than C/N.

Abstract: Devices and methods are provided for providing self-timing and self-locating in an access point (AP) base station. In one embodiment, the method involves receiving Satellite Positioning System (SPS) signals from a first data source (e.g., plurality of satellites), wherein the SPS signals may include SPS time data, SPS frequency data, and SPS position data. The method may further involve obtaining from a second data source (e.g., cell site, terrestrial navigation station, server, user input interface, etc.) at least one of second time data, second frequency data and second position data, and determining relative reliability of the first and second data sources.

Abstract: A method for protecting communications between an aircraft and a spacecraft in outer space including flying the aircraft in the earth's atmosphere at an altitude above 40,000 feet from the earth, and preferably above 50,000 feet, and transmitting a signal from the aircraft to the spacecraft having a frequency within a range of 50-70 GHz. The method includes selecting the frequency of the signal based on the altitude of the aircraft and the elevation angle between the spacecraft the aircraft.

Abstract: A repeater that facilitates communication in a wireless environment comprises a scheduling component that analyzes a schedule relating to when communications are active in the forward link direction and when communications are active in the reverse link direction, the communications are subject to time division duplexing. An amplifier that amplifies received communications as a function of the schedule. The repeater can further comprise a configuration component that configures the amplifier to amplify the received communications in one or more of a forward link direction and a reverse link direction.

Abstract: A basestation in a cellular communication system corrects frequency errors in signals generated within the basestation. The frequency errors may be corrected on the basis of signals transmitted by one or more other basestation within the network. As an alternative, the basestation may request information from one or mobile devices that are also able to detect transmissions from other basestations.

Abstract: User equipment of a communication system in one aspect obtains data indicative of the position of a satellite, and obtains data indicative of the position of the user equipment. The user equipment computes a delay measure based on the data indicative of the position of the satellite and the data indicative of the position of the user equipment, and adjusts the timing of a communication transmitted from the user equipment to the satellite based on the delay measure. In an illustrative embodiment, the user equipment receives data indicative of position and velocity of the satellite, and adjusts both timing and frequency of the communication based on the position and velocity data. The timing and frequency adjusted communication may then be transmitted to the satellite over a unicast uplink channel.

Abstract: A repeating apparatus in a wireless communication system includes: a signal detection unit configured to receive a signal from a base station or a mobile station and detect strength of the signal; a control unit configured to compare the signal strength detected by the signal detection unit with signal strength predetermined by the system and provide comparison information; and an output signal control unit configured to receive the comparison information from the control unit and adjust and amplify gain of a signal transmitted to the base station or the mobile station.

Abstract: A method, and components for performing such method, is provided for synchronizing multiple user signals in a multi-user communication system. An interference matrix is generated based on time delay and frequency offset information for the active users accessing an OFDMA uplink receiver. User signals are received from the active users and are segmented into blocks, and the interference matrix is applied to each of the blocks. The received user signal is OFDM demodulated and un-used sub-carriers are discarded. Typically, the method includes also applying a factorization matrix formed by factoring a correction matrix created from the interference matrix and an inverse matrix formed based on the factoring results to the user signal blocks, e.g., the correction step includes multiplying each of the blocks from the user signal by each of these three matrices. The corrected user blocks are then concatenated to form a corrected vector signal.

Abstract: A more simple and robust time synchronization of network subscribers compared to solutions known in the state of the art is provided by a device for time synchronization of network subscribers of a network based on satellites, having at least one satellite antenna connected to a receiving unit receiving a satellite signal containing time information. An electronic system that obtains the time from the satellite signal is connected to a time server with a network connection for the synchronization of the network subscribers using a network protocol. The complexity of the device is reduced and the common coaxial infrastructure between the receiving unit and the time server is removed for the satellite signal and replaced by a robust infrastructure.

Abstract: A system and method for generating an output signal includes a diverse site, a communication network and a primary site in communication with the diverse site through the communication network. A transport processing system at the primary site communicates a first signal to the diverse site through the communication network. The diverse site generates a first diverse modulator signal at a first diverse modulator and a second diverse modulator signal at a second diverse modulator. The diverse site having a switch coupled to the first diverse modulator and the second diverse modulator and generating a switch output signal corresponding to the first diverse modulator signal and the second diverse modulator signal. The primary site monitors first diverse modulator signal and the second diverse modulator signal and controls the switch in response thereto.

Abstract: A map-centric service for creating, finding, and organizing social events is described. Social events may include gatherings, goods or services for sale or other types of events about which a group of people may wish to share information. The service provides a graphical indication of the location of a plurality of social events superimposed on a map, providing a geographic context to social events. The geographic context may be augmented with text graphical indications or information in other forms, further identifying characteristics of the social event. Information about social events may be made accessible to multiple users through a web service. A user may search for social events by specifying desired characteristics of the social event. The service can also generate an optimal route for user selected events.

Abstract: A method (300) and system (100) for sharing a controller for a combined cellular phone and satellite radio includes a cellular phone module (102), a satellite radio module (106), and a controller module (108) having a digital signal processor (120) shared by the cellular and satellite modules. A base band processor (118) of the satellite module can provide a digital audio output (107) to a stereo decoder (122) of the controller module and a base band module (112) of the cellular phone module can provide a digital audio output (109) to the stereo decoder. The base band processor of the satellite module can provide compressed audio (111) to the DSP for longer term storage within a memory (129). The DSP can also receive control signaling (113) from the base band processor of the satellite radio module and control signaling (117) from the base band processor of the cellular phone module.

Abstract: A cellular repeater and method of operating a cellular repeater are disclosed. The cellular repeater includes a variable-gain donor antenna adapted to communicate with a base station and a variable-gain server antenna adapted to communicate with a mobile device. A signal from a selected base station selected from one or more available base stations that are available to the cellular repeater is measured at the donor antenna. The gain of the donor antenna is adapted to maximize a signal level of the signal received at the donor antenna from the selected base station. A calibration signal from the server antenna is measured at the donor antenna to determine a radio frequency isolation between the donor antenna and the server antenna. The gain of the server antenna is adapted to maximize the radio frequency isolation between the donor antenna and server antenna.

Abstract: A wireless communications device comprises a communication receiver and a positioning system receiver in the wireless mobile communication device. An absolute time signal is received at the positioning system. A network time signal is received at the communication receiver of the wireless mobile communication device. A controller is in signal communication with the position system receiver and the communication receiver. The controller is configured to determine an offset of the absolute time signal from the network time signal and generates a timing mark. The timing mark is tagged by the positioning system receiver with an internal clock value wherein the timing mark has a known relationship with the absolute time signal. A memory stores the offset of the absolute time signal from the network time signal. A transmitter in the wireless mobile communication device transmits the offset for receipt by another wireless mobile communication device.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for advanced timing and time transfer for satellite constellations using crosslink ranging and an accurate time source are disclosed herein. In particular, the present disclosure relates generally to systems for providing improved positioning, navigation, and/or timing information for oscillator calibration and more specifically, to use at least one satellite with accessibility to an accurate time source to calibrate the local oscillator on a crosslink paired satellite. In at least, one embodiment, time synchronization on a subset of satellites with crosslinking capabilities is used to distribute time through a network of crosslinked satellites.

Abstract: The invention relates to a single-port signal repeater. The repeater is connected in parallel to the communication means (3), on which only one access point (5) is needed. The repeater (4) comprises an amplifier, a hybrid circuit and a feedback and increases the range and transmission capacity for communications made on a conducted medium without the drawbacks of traditional repeaters, which have to interrupt the line and need two access points to the channel.

Abstract: A system and method of communicating signals is provided. The system includes a plurality of satellites, at least one receiver, and at least one satellite uplink station. The plurality of satellites include at least one active satellite. The at least one receiver is in communication with the plurality of satellites, and receives a signal from the at least one active satellite. The at least one satellite uplink station is in communication with the plurality of satellites, and transmits the signal and alters a frequency of the signal based upon a location of the at least one active satellite to reduce a Doppler frequency shift when activating and deactivating the plurality of satellites.

Abstract: A space segment for a radioterminal communications system includes a satellite having service link antennas of different sizes that are configured to communicate with at least one radioterminal. The service link antennas of different size may serve different sized geographic areas, which may at least partially overlap. Analogous radioterminal communications methods also are provided.

Abstract: An apparatus for reducing the electromagnetic interference between two or more co-located antennas is described herein. In one embodiment, the apparatus is positioned proximate to a second antenna for intercepting electromagnetic energy radiated from a first antenna during transmission of a signal. To reduce interference at the second antenna, the apparatus includes a plurality of resonant circuit elements, each being configured to resonate at or near a carrier frequency of the transmitted signal for redirecting at least a portion of the electromagnetic energy away from the second antenna. A method for reducing the electromagnetic interference between two or more antennas coupled to a wireless communication device is also disclosed herein.

Abstract: A system and method for highly efficient constellations of satellites which give single, double, . . . k-fold redundant full earth imaging coverage, or k-fold coverage for latitudes greater than any selected latitude is given for remote sensing instruments in short periods of time, i.e., continuous coverage, as a function of the parameters of the satellite and the remote sensing instrument for many different types of orbits. A high data rate satellite communication system and method for use with small, mobile cell phone receiving and transmitting stations is also provided. Satellite instrument performance models, full and partial satellite constellation models, and satellite cost models are disclosed and used to optimize the design of satellite systems with vastly improved performance and lower cost over current major satellite systems.

Abstract: A satellite includes a programmable facility including circuitry responsive to programmable control information. One or more filter parameters, or other forms of instructions for allocating channel capacity (i.e. bits/second/Hz), are received at the satellite in orbit to direct the programmable facility to separate particular sub-signals from an input signal. In one embodiment, the programmable facility can be programmed to change the allocation of channel capacity dedicated to the forward and return links based on the ratio forward and return traffic through a satellite. Changing the allocation of channel capacity may be achieved by changing the portions of the total allocated frequency bandwidth that are used for forward and return links. Alternatively, the changes may be made to the forward and/or return data rates, either alone or in combination with frequency bandwidth allocations.

Abstract: When a transmission request for new data is issued under a situation where a plurality of data are transmitted to a specific service area from a plurality of service areas, a feeder link station searches an available frequency to be allocated to the new data in a down-link frequency band of the specific service area, and when any of data communications is completed, allocates a down-link frequency band used in the data communication as a down-link frequency band for the new data. A satellite repeater arranges the new data on the down-link frequency band right after the data communication is completed following a relay control by the feeder link station.

Abstract: A system and method of reducing VSAT apertures via satellite MIMO is disclosed.

Abstract: A system for enabling use of ultra-small aperture terminals in satellite communications is provided. The system comprises a transmitter configured to receive an input signal having information, a bandwidth, and an amplitude, replicate the input signal into two or more replications of the input signal, convert each of the two or more replications to have a frequency tuned to two or more corresponding satellite transponders while maintaining the bandwidth and all the information of the input signal, and combine the two or more replications into a single uplink signal. A transmit antenna is configured to transmit the uplink signal to the two or more satellite transponders.

Abstract: A wireless synchronization device is used to coordinate the timing and activities of individual, possibly physically separated, wireless service providers with defined coverage area. Further, the synchronization information is used to coordinate the timing and activities of portable wireless client devices in an autonomous, wireless proximity sensing and data transfer network. Moreover, one or more of the wireless service providers can be arranged to simultaneously monitor broadcasts from the wireless synchronization device and communicate with one or more of the portable wireless client devices.

Abstract: An approach facilitates synchronization by providing: (i) a method to analyze the two-satellite synchronization problem in time-frequency domain; and (ii) a two-stage estimation method to accomplish timing and frequency synchronization. The embodiment facilitates satellite diversity. The embodiment applies to a system involving two or more geosynchronous satellites.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for discontinuous reception desynchronization detection between an enhanced Node B and a user equipment, the method having the steps of: waiting for a predefined event to occur; and upon the predefined event occurring, sending a message from one of the enhanced Node B and the user equipment to the other of the enhanced Node B and user equipment, wherein the message contains one of a request for discontinuous reception period information or discontinuous reception period information, the discontinuous reception period information or discontinuous reception period information being utilized to detect desynchronization.

Abstract: A method of improving frequency accuracy of a clock unit adapted to clock a femtocell local cellular communication home base station is provided. The method comprising: providing a local cellular communication home base station having an oscillator adapted to operate as a clock therein, wherein at least one cellular communication device is camped thereto, and wherein the at least one camped cellular communication device is further in communication with at least one neighboring cellular communication base station which is associated with an oscillator adapted to operate as a clock therein; periodically applying a derivative operator over periodically obtained local communication parameters and periodically obtained neighboring communication parameters thereby generating derivative communication parameters over time; and correcting the accuracy of the frequency of the clock in the femtocell local cellular communication home base station using the derivative communication parameters over time.

Abstract: A wireless communications device may include a portable housing and a temperature-compensated clock circuit carried by the portable housing. The device may further include a wireless receiver carried by the portable housing for receiving timing signals, when available, from a wireless network, and a satellite positioning clock circuit carried by the portable housing. A clock correction circuit may be carried by the portable housing for correcting the temperature-compensated clock circuit based upon timing signals from the wireless network when available, and storing historical correction values for corresponding temperatures. The clock correction circuit may also correct the temperature-compensated clock circuit based upon the stored historical correction values when timing signals are unavailable from the wireless network, and correct the satellite positioning clock based upon the temperature-compensated clock circuit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for timing acquisition and carrier frequency offset estimation of an OFDM communication system and an apparatus using the same. For this purpose the present invention provides a method for calculating at least one auto-correlation and calculating an observation value by performing a sliding sum on the at least one auto-correlation, and calculating a peak point of an absolute value of the observation as frame timing. In addition, the present invention provides a method for generating a third OFDM symbol that is generated by delaying a second OFDM symbol, calculating an observation value through the second and third OFDM symbols, and calculating a phase difference from a result of multiplication of the observation value and a conjugate complex value of the observation value such that a carrier frequency offset can be estimated.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and a method for controlling time synchronization between base stations when a receiving state of a satellite signal is poor. The present invention provide an apparatus and a method for controlling time synchronization between base stations that controls time synchronization between base stations based on reliability about time synchronization information of each base station.

Abstract: A method of recovering a useful signal received by a satellite includes a step of reception by the satellite of a composite signal comprising said useful signal and collision signals, all of these signals being received simultaneously by the satellite, interfering with each other, and respectively being transmitted by transmitters.

Abstract: A system and method for communicating through a host repeater. Data is received from a remote repeater communicating with a wireless device. The host repeater registers as the wireless device on a wireless network. The data is reformatted for transmission between the wireless devices and the wireless network.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are presented for improved satellite communications. The satellite system may comprises at least one gateway, a satellite in orbit configured to communicate with the at least one gateway and provide a plurality of spot beams, and a plurality of subscriber terminals. The spot beams may include a first spot beam to illuminate a first region and a second spot beam to illuminate a second region adjacent to and overlapping with the first region. The first spot beam as sent to at least one subscriber terminal may be affected by (1) interference from other signal sources including the second spot beam at a signal-to-interference ratio C/I and (2) noise at a signal-to-noise ratio C/N. Reception of signals from the first spot beam by the at least one of the first plurality of subscriber terminals may be interference-dominated such that C/I is less than C/N.

Abstract: Methods, systems and apparatus for ground-based beamforming of a satellite communications payload (200) within a satellite communications network (100). An embodiment of the invention comprises a satellite (11) communicatively coupled to at least one gateway (12) via a feeder link (13) and a plurality of user terminals (16), each communicatively coupled with the satellite by a user link (17) where a ground based beam forming system (400) receives, via feeder link (13), return path signals (452) traveling from the user terminals (16) via the satellite (11) to the at least one gateway (12) and forward path signals (457) traveling from the at least one gateway (12) via the satellite (11) to the user terminals (16), and measures and corrects amplitude and phase errors of the return path signals (452) and the forward path signals (457).

Abstract: Implementations are described that use a control center to maintain a list of registered mobile platforms that are pre-authorized to make use of the satellite-based transponder to transmit and receive data content to and from the base transceiver. The control center may cause the base transceiver to transmit at least one polling message, the polling message carries information addressed to a specific aggregate group of the registered mobile platforms and includes a return channel which may be used by a mobile platform to communicate with the base transceiver. In one implementation, the control center protects the system from exceeding power spectral density (PSD) statistical limits by using the mobile platform in the group that has a greatest power spectral density signal as the PSD that the aggregate group will generate.

Abstract: A collaborative Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) in a broadband wireless communication system using a relay station is provided. A transmitting end includes a distance estimator for estimating a distance to a relay station; a controller for determining whether to execute a collaborative HARQ using the estimated distance to the relay station; and a transmitter for, when the execution of the collaborative HARQ is determined and a retransmission request is received from a receiving end, sending a retransmission packet according to a multiple antenna signal processing scheme by constituting a virtual multiple antenna group with the relay station.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices are described for synchronization in mesh satellite communications. The arrival time of the gateway signal may be used to set a start of receive frame time for a terminal. A received control signal from the gateway may then be used to set a start of transmit frame time for the user terminal. The distance between the satellite and the gateway may change. Ephemeris data, various collections of terminal measurements, or terminal sync bursts may be used to modify start of transmit frame or start of receive frame settings for the terminal or gateway.

Abstract: A communications system, apparatus, method, and computer program product for inter-satellite and inter-spacecraft crosslinks (ISL) with non-ISL optimized antennas where at least one component of the communications system has the potential energy to go into space. The system includes a mobile communications platform that includes an ISL antenna configured to transmit information through a non-ISL antenna of another communications platform. The non-ISL antenna does not track a trajectory of the mobile communications platform. The mobile communications platform includes a controller configured to determine a location of the mobile platform; determine whether the non-ISL antenna is within communications range; and prepare a signal for relayed transmissions through a non-ISL antenna to another communications platform in a signal format that is decipherable by this other communications platform.

Abstract: System and method for providing a timestamp packetized data interface between an RF unit and a modem. According to one embodiment, the RF unit receives an inbound RF signal, processes and demodulates the inbound RF signal to generate samples, generates a timestamp indicative of when the inbound RF signal was received, packetizes and multiplexes the samples and the timestamp, and sends the multiplexed stream to the modem. The modem generates received data from the samples. If the received data type requires a response to be sent at a particular time, the modem generates symbols from responsive outbound data, generates a timestamp which indicates when the outbound data is to be transmitted, packetizes and multiplexes the symbols and the timestamp, and sends the multiplexed stream to the RF unit. The RF unit generates an outbound RF signal from the symbols, and transmits the outbound signal in accordance with the timestamp.

Abstract: Each of the plurality of wireless base stations determines whether the accuracy of a synchronizing signal generated at a corresponding synchronizing signal generation unit is below a predetermined level, and when the accuracy of synchronizing signal is below the predetermined level, refers to the management unit to determine whether there is, among other wireless base stations arranged adjacent to its own station, a wireless base station connected to a synchronizing signal generation unit differing from its own connected synchronizing signal generation unit, and when there is a wireless base station connected to a synchronizing signal generation unit differing from its own connected synchronizing signal generation unit, reducing its own transmission power.

Abstract: A system for accurate automatic satellite acquisition by a portable satellite terminal. The system includes a software program that coordinates inputs from several measurement aids to control antenna position. These aids include a GPS receiver, antenna azimuth, elevation and polarization angle sensors, and the terminal's modem, DVB receiver and spectrum analyzer, which contains a beacon detector also serving as Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). For satellite recognition, the spectral analysis and RSSI function are complemented by the lock/unlock indications provided by the modem and the DVB receiver. Under the control of the software program, the modem, DVB receiver and spectrum analyzer, in conjunction with an extensive database of satellites and their signal characteristics, provide the means for reliable validation of final alignment.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for combining transponder bandwidths comprises a wide-band virtual transponder for transmitting a single data stream. The wide-band virtual transponder is comprised of a plurality of narrow-band physical transponders. A plurality of elementary streams are statistically multiplexed to create the single data stream, wherein the single data stream is forward error correction encoded and demultiplexed into a plurality of transponder streams for transmission by the plurality of physical transponders. The physical transponders each use a different portion of a signal spectrum, wherein the different portion may be guard bands or a combination of legacy bands and guard bands. Upon receipt, the transponder streams are multiplexed to recover the single data stream, wherein the recovered single data stream is forward error correction decoded and statistically demultiplexed to recover the plurality of elementary streams.

Abstract: Systems and methods for optimizing system performance of capacity and spectrum constrained, multiple-access communication systems by selectively discarding packets are provided. The systems and methods provided herein can drive changes in the communication system using control responses. One such control responses includes the optimal discard (also referred to herein as “intelligent discard”) of network packets under capacity constrained conditions. Some embodiments provide an interactive response by selectively discarding packets to enhance perceived and actual system throughput, other embodiments provide a reactive response by selectively discarding data packets based on their relative impact to service quality to mitigate oversubscription, others provide a proactive response by discarding packets based on predicted oversubscription, and others provide a combination thereof.