Abstract: Methods, systems, and media for controlling append-only file rewrites are provided. In accordance with some embodiments, the methods comprising: determining a utilization of a shard of a database; determining whether the utilization exceeds a persistent storage utilization threshold; determining a recovery time to recover the shard from an append-only file; determining whether the recovery time exceeds a recovery time threshold; and when the utilization is determined to exceed the utilization threshold or when the recovery time is determined to exceed the recovery time threshold, causing an append-only-file rewrite to be performed.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for adjusting the transmission power of an unmanned aerial vehicle are disclosed. In one aspect, a method includes the actions of determining, by an unmanned aerial vehicle that includes a radio transceiver, an altitude of the unmanned aerial vehicle and a distance between the unmanned aerial vehicle and a base station. The actions further include, based on the altitude of the unmanned aerial vehicle and the distance between the unmanned aerial vehicle and the base station, determining, by an unmanned aerial vehicle, a transmission power level for the radio transceiver. The actions further include communicating, by the unmanned aerial vehicle, with the base station using the radio transceiver operating at the transmission power level.

Abstract: An apparatus for correcting a deviation between a plurality of transmission channels includes a first transmission channel and a second transmission channel. The apparatus also includes a phase offset unit configured to set a phase offset between the first transmission channel and the second transmission channel such that a phase deviation between the first transmission channel and the second transmission channel deviates from zero, a power detection unit configured to detect signal powers of the first transmission channel and the second transmission channel under the phase offset, a processing unit configured to determine, based on the detected signal powers, a deviation correction value between the first transmission channel and the second transmission channel, where the deviation correction value includes a phase correction value, and a phase correction unit configured to set the phase correction value between the first transmission channel and the second transmission channel.

Abstract: Systems and methods for reducing erroneous weighing of items such as by detecting items extending beyond a periphery of a weigh platter whereby in one configuration, the system employs a light source disposed in or on a housing of a scanner-scale for producing a light beam along an edge of the weigh platter, the light beam being modulated to contain a defined packet of data; a detector for receiving the data-modulated light beam, the detector being disposed in or on the housing; and a processor coupled with the detector for decoding the defined packet of data responsive to the detector receiving the data-modulated light beam. Various indicators for alerting the operator of off-scale detection are also described.

Abstract: A method for operating a satellite, wherein a beam frequency-assignment schedule for the satellite is based on rain fade information. And a communications payload for a satellite that is capable of implementing the changes required by the schedule.

Abstract: A network for providing air-to-ground (ATG) wireless communication in various cells may include an in-flight aircraft including an antenna assembly, a plurality of ATG base stations, a plurality of terrestrial base stations. Each of the ATG base stations defines a corresponding radiation pattern, and the ATG base stations are spaced apart from each other to define at least partially overlapping coverage areas to communicate with the antenna assembly in an ATG communication layer defined between a first altitude and a second altitude. The terrestrial base stations are configured to communicate primarily in a ground communication layer below the first altitude. The terrestrial base stations and the ATG base stations are each configured to communicate using the same radio frequency (RF) spectrum in the ground communication layer and ATG communication layer, respectively.

Abstract: A satellite communication system for an aircraft communicates with multiple satellite constellations. The communication system includes a phased array antenna system and a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to communicate with a number of satellite constellations and configured to support simultaneously links to two or more constellations via the phased array antenna system. The satellite constellations can be micro-satellite, MEO, LEO, and GEO constellations.

Abstract: A method performed by a network node, for handling link adaption (LA) of a channel. The network node obtains a channel quality value for each Transmission Time Interval (TTI) in a set of TTIs. The network node estimates a probability that a specific channel quality will occur from the obtained channel quality values for the set of TTIs based on a distribution of channel quality values. The network node further determines a set of transmission parameters which optimizes a target function of LA, based on the estimated probability for the channel quality, wherein each set of transmission parameters is mapped to a channel quality which is required for a successful reception.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for uplink power control based on power spectral density are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method for use by a terminal in a satellite communication system, the terminal having an antenna, a modem and a controller, the method comprising: determining the scan and skew of the antenna; obtaining, using the controller, a value representing a maximum allowed Power Spectral Density (PSD) for the determined scan and skew; determining, using the controller, a maximum allowable modem power based on the value representing a maximum allowed PSD, where the maximum allowable modem power is that which ensures that transmissions from the terminal do not exceed the maximum allowed PSD if the maximum allowable modem output power is not exceeded by the modem; sending, using the controller, an indication of the allowable modem output power to the modem; and performing one or more transmissions from the terminal based on modem outputs in accordance with the maximum allowable modem output power.

Abstract: Technology for a repeater is disclosed. The repeater can include a first port and a second port. The repeater can include a transmitter communicatively coupled to the first port and a receiver communicatively coupled to the second port. The transmitter can transmit a path loss signal. The receiver can receive the path loss signal transmitted by the transmitter. The repeater can include a controller. The controller can identify a first power level of the signal transmitted from the transmitter. The controller can identify a second power level of the signal received at the receiver. The controller can determine an antenna feedback path loss of the repeater based on the first power level and the second power level. The controller can set a maximum gain level for the repeater based on the antenna feedback path loss to avoid an oscillation in the repeater.

Abstract: Techniques for static tuning retro-directive wireless power transmission systems are described herein. The techniques described herein include systems, methods and software for establishing a static tuning mode for a retro-directive wireless power transmission system. The static tuning mode can generate an extended stable power sphere that facilitates accurate RF and other measurements. Additionally, techniques are provided for characterizing the wireless power delivery paths.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a pre-5th-generation (5G) or 5G communication system to be provided for supporting higher data rates beyond 4th-generation (4G) communication system such as long term evolution (LTE). An operating method of a base station in a wireless communication system is provided. The operating method includes estimating a channel for each of a plurality of terminals based on reference signals received from the plurality of the terminals, determining a beamforming vector matrix for each of the plurality of the terminals by considering scheduling and power allocation information based on the estimated channels, and transmitting data to at least one of the plurality of the terminals using the determined beamforming vector matrix.

Abstract: An envelope tracking (ET) power amplifier circuit and related apparatus are provided. The ET power amplifier circuit includes at least two power amplifiers configured to amplify at least two radio frequency (RF) signals having different amplitudes. The ET power amplifiers may be configured to amplify a summed RF signal corresponding to a summation of the RF signals and a differential RF signal corresponding to a differential of the RF signals. Given that the summed RF signal and the differential RF signal can have identical amplitude, it is possible for the ET power amplifiers to concurrently amplify the summed RF signal and the differential RF signal based on a common ET voltage. As such, an ET amplifier apparatus employing the ET power amplifier circuit can be configured to generate a lesser number of ET voltages, thus helping to reduce complexity, cost, and footprint of the ET amplifier apparatus.

Abstract: By changing frequencies of an oscillation signal and an injection signal, a frequency-converted self-injection-locked radar has an oscillation frequency different to a frequency of a transmitted signal from a transceiver antenna element such that the frequency-converted self-injection-locked radar with high sensitivity and penetration or with high sensitivity d low cost is achieved.

Abstract: A transmitter may be configured to generate a reference signal having a non-constant envelope for nonlinearity estimation by a receiver. The transmitter may transmit the reference signal. A receiver may be configured to receive, from the transmitter, the reference signal having the non-constant envelope. The receiver may estimate at least one nonlinearity characteristic based on the reference signal having the non-constant envelope. The receiver may transmit feedback based on the at least one nonlinearity characteristic and/or perform at least one digital post distortion (DPoD) operation based on the at least one nonlinearity characteristic.

Abstract: A communication terminal apparatus, a terrestrial cellular base station and a mobile communication system are provided, which are capable of being shared in a terrestrial cellular mobile communication system and a satellite mobile communication system, preventing an interference between both systems and improving a spectral efficiency in a downlink of the terrestrial cellular mobile communication system, by simple switching control of radio resources. When the communication terminal apparatus is located in an area of the terrestrial cellular mobile communication system, all of time slots allocated to the terrestrial cellular mobile communication system and at least a part of time slots allocated to the satellite mobile communication system are used in a downlink, and all of time slots allocated to the terrestrial cellular mobile communication system are used and time slots allocated to the satellite mobile communication system are not used in an uplink.

Abstract: A power management controller is disclosed. Broadly speaking, the controller may, in response to detecting a timing signal, determine a total power consumption for a plurality of processor clusters, each of which includes a plurality of processor cores. The controller may determine a performance metric using the total power consumption and compare the performance metric to a limit. Based on a result of the comparison, the controller may select a new power state for at least one of the processor clusters.

Abstract: A method for operating a satellite, wherein a beam frequency-assignment schedule for the satellite is based on rain fade information. And a communications payload for a satellite that is capable of implementing the changes required by the schedule.

Abstract: A method of forward link power control in a communications system comprises: grouping a plurality of user terminals into a plurality of groups, at least one of which comprises more than one of the user terminals; for each said group, determining a corresponding forward link power level required to satisfy an aggregate demand of the group; and assigning one or more forward link carriers to the group, with the corresponding power level.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed to adjust communication links within wireless networks based upon composite link quality indicators (LQIs). Packet communications are received by a network node through a communication link from a separate network node within a wireless network. The network node can also be configured to transmit packet communications from the network node through the communication link to the separate network node. The network node generates composite LQI measurements for the received packet communications, and the composite LQI measurements are based upon signal strength measurements for the received packet communications and also based upon signal quality measurements for the received packet communications. The network node then adjusts the communication link based upon the composite LQI measurements.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing wireless services to a plurality of user equipments (UEs) is disclosed. A device can have a plurality of antennas, each having two or more beams. The plurality of antennas can divide the coverage area into sectors based on the two or more beams of each antenna, and each beam can overlap with a beam in an adjacent sector. The device can transmit a reference signal in each sector via the associated beam, received one or more measurement reports from UEs within each sector, indicating a received quality of at least one reference signal. The device can assign a sector edge UE to a sector based on the measurement report.

Abstract: An automation component configured for optimized wireless communication within a building automation system is disclosed. The automation component includes a wireless communications component, a processor in communication with the wireless communications component, a memory in communication with the processor, the memory configured to store computer readable instructions which are executable by the processor. The computer readable instructions being programmed to process at least one communication variable received via the wireless communications component; to optimize a communication or radio transmit power level associated with the wireless communication component, wherein the optimized communication power level is a function of the at least one communication variable; and an adjustment of the communication power level associated with the wireless communication component based on the optimized communication power level.

Abstract: An airborne cell tower system for providing wireless communication in remote and sparsely populated areas provides wireless communication coverage in that region. The system 10 has an airborne cell tower unit assembly, where the assembly is airborne with the help of a helium balloon. Multiple units are positioned in an air region in a pattern to provide wireless coverage for a specified geographic region to provide wireless communication coverage in that region.

Abstract: Systems and methods for same frequency/band repeaters for satellite and terrestrial links. One system includes a satellite antenna, a terrestrial antenna, a satellite transceiver coupled to the satellite antenna, a terrestrial transceiver coupled to the terrestrial antenna, and a controller communicatively coupled to transceivers. The controller is configured to receive a satellite downlink signal having a first frequency. The controller is configured to receive a plurality of terrestrial return link signals from a plurality of user terminals, the plurality of uplink signals having a second frequency. The controller is configured to generate a repeated, terrestrial downlink signal based on the satellite downlink signal. The controller is configured to generate a repeated satellite uplink signal that is a linearly amplified version of the combined terrestrial uplink signals. The controller is configured to transmit the repeated downlink signal at the first frequency.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling an Uplink (UL) power in a wireless communication system including a transmitter/receiver and a controller may be provided. The transmitter/receiver may receive/decode Downlink (DL) data, transmit a feedback signal with respect to the DL data, and receive Transmit power Control (TPC) commands from active set cells including a serving cell. The controller may decode the TPC commands to generate a combined TPC command, in which decoded TPC commands of the active set cells are combined, and calculate a transmission error rate of an UL feedback transmission signal and a requested rate of transmit power increase of the serving cell, determine a transmit power gain offset and the requested rate of transmit power increase, determine an UL power for transmitting a feedback signal with respect to the received DL data based on the transmit power gain offset, and transmit the feedback signal based on the UL power.

Abstract: A node receives, from a center node, a request packet including a data part in which a MAC address and position information of the center node are described, determines whether or not there is a request destination node, where determining that there is the request destination node, additionally describes a MAC address and position information of the node itself in the data part, and transmits the described request packet to the request destination node, where determining that there is no request destination node, determines that the node itself is a terminal node, where determining that the node itself is the terminal node, generates a reply packet including a data part in which all of MAC addresses and all pieces of position information described in the data part of the received request packet are described, and transmits the reply packet to a request source node.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling uplink power to combat rain fade in satellite communication systems. First communication signals transmitted from a satellite to a satellite operations center are monitored at a gateway. A downlink attenuation level is determined for the first communication signals, and compared to an ideal attenuation level. if the downlink attenuation level exceeds the ideal attenuation level, then a corresponding uplink attenuation level is determined for a second frequency used to transmit second communication signals to the satellite, and converted to a power control command for adjusting an amplifier gain. The second communication signals are transmitted to the satellite at either a compensated power level or a normal power level, depending on whether the downlink attenuation level exceeds the ideal attenuation level.

Abstract: There are a plurality of power saving modes for a device in a wireless network. It is determined that the device is using one of the power saving modes on a peer-specific link, a state is set to indicate that the device is using that specific power saving mode, and a message is transmitted to the peer over the link that includes an indication of the state. There may also be a power management indication that indicates whether a full power state is in use of one of the power saving modes are in use. Exemplary power saving modes are light sleep and deep sleep. A method, apparatus, and computer readable medium are detailed, and exemplary environments may be practices in or by a WLAN mesh point.

Abstract: Embodiments provide an apparatus, onboard equipment, a method, and a computer program for a remote radio head. The apparatus (10) for a remote radio head (100) comprises a switch (12) operable to substantially switch the transmit signal between the two or more transmit antennas (20).

Abstract: A method for relaying signal and a relay using the same are proposed. The method is applicable to a relay. The method includes: receiving a signal with power allocation from a source; demodulating the signal to extract a symbol; re-modulating the symbol to a re-modulated symbol; and transmitting the re-modulated symbol to a destination according to a specific delay.

Abstract: A user apparatus in a mobile communication system including a base station and the user apparatus, including: reception means configured to receive a plurality of prioritized signaling values corresponding to a band that the user apparatus uses from the base station; selection means configured to select a signaling value of the highest priority from among signaling values that the user apparatus can apply in the plurality of signaling values; and control means configured to perform control of transmission power by applying the signaling value selected by the selection means.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses for inter-device communication in wireless communication systems are provided. A user equipment (UE) may initiate a direct inter-device communication link between UEs located in proximity. The UEs participating in the inter-device communications may perform a device handshake procedure or a device discovery procedure to set up appropriate transmission parameters for the communication over the inter-device communication link. A device-to-device radio network temporary identification (DD-RNTI) may be used for the inter-device communication link. Long term evolution (LTE) downlink or uplink radio resources may be used for communications over the inter-device communication link.

Abstract: A beam plan that defines beams generated by a satellite that satisfy a set of communication service requirements is obtained. Fade condition information that indicates an amount of fade at particular geographic areas for one or more of the beams is obtained. A modification to the beam plan that mitigates the amount of fade at the particular geographic areas for the one or more of the beams is determined. The beam plan is modified based on the determined modification.

Abstract: In a satellite-based communication network comprised of a central hub and plurality of remote terminals configured to transmit data to and receive data from the central hub in accordance with EN 301 790 (DVB-RCS), and where one or more of these remote terminals may be configured to include an additional receiver module configured to receive MF-TDMA transmission of other remote terminals, a mesh receiver and methods for coupling the mesh receiver with the host remote terminal. In addition, described herein are methods for synchronizing the mesh receiver on the network's timing and frequency and for utilizing the available link power for achieving efficient connectivity.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an uplink congestion control scheme. In one embodiment, an uplink congestion control method is provided, comprising steps of: determining whether or not a congestion status of a serving cell is changed based on a rise over thermal, RoT, measurement; sending to a set of user equipment, UEs, a signaling to indicate the change of the congestion status; and performing an uplink congestion control based on the RoT measurement and with enhanced transmission format combination, E-TFC, reselection by at least one UE from the set of UEs based at least on the signaling.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide an apparatus (200) for feeding an antenna array (207) comprising at least first and second antenna elements (2071, 2072). The apparatus comprises a first transmitting element (2011) configured to receive a first base band signal (202-i) and to feed a first feed signal (2041) to a first antenna element (2071), the first transmitting element (2011) comprising a first power amplifier (2031). The apparatus also comprises a second transmitting element (2012) configured to receive a second base band signal (2022) and to feed a second feed signal (2042) to a second antenna element (2072), the second transmitting element (2012) comprising a second power amplifier (2032). A tapering control unit (205) is adapted to provide a tapering function between the first feed signal to the first antenna element and the second feed signal to the second antenna element.

Abstract: A beam plan that defines beams generated by a satellite that satisfy a set of communication service requirements is obtained. Fade condition information that indicates an amount of fade at particular geographic areas for one or more of the beams is obtained. A modification to the beam plan that mitigates the amount of fade at the particular geographic areas for the one or more of the beams is determined. The beam plan is modified based on the determined modification.

Abstract: Systems and methods for mitigating the effects of atmospheric conditions such as rain, fog, cloud in a broadband access system using drone/UAVs. In one embodiment, terminal and drone radio and transmission medium fixture sub-systems comprise multiple transmission media. In one embodiment, in response to changes in atmospheric conditions the drone radio sub-system switches transmission medium to reduce the effects of atmospheric conditions. In another embodiment, the terminal and drone radio sub-systems equalize the data rates among terminals in response to changes in atmospheric conditions observed by different terminals. In another embodiment, the drone radio sub-system adjusts the transmit power on the downlink to different terminal according to fading due to atmospheric conditions on each link.

Abstract: An apparatus may include a multi-throw switch having a common terminal connected to an antenna of a wireless communication system. The multi-throw switch may be configured to direct signals received from the antenna between (1) an amplification path that connects a receive terminal of the multi-throw switch to a receiver of the wireless communication system and (2) at least one bypass path that connects an additional receive terminal of the multi-throw switch to the receiver. The amplification path may include at least one amplifier that amplifies signals received from the antenna, and the bypass path may have a gain that is less than a gain of the amplification path. Various other systems and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: An electronic timepiece can determine the reception state in detail, and can display the reception state with high precision. A GPS wristwatch 1 has a reception unit that receives a satellite signal transmitted from a positioning information satellite; a reception level calculating unit 47 that calculates a reception level from the signal strength of the satellite signal; and a reception level display unit 48 that displays the reception level calculated by the reception level calculating unit 47. The reception level calculating unit 47 selects a specific number of satellite signals received from the positioning information satellites in order of greatest signal strength, and calculates the reception level from the signal strengths of the selected satellite signals.

Abstract: A network power control module includes a switch and a processor installed in at least one electronic device within an area. The switch is electrically coupled to a first external power supply and the electronic device, and the processor includes a communication module in electrical communication with a control device at a remote end via a router of the area for receiving a control signal and then switching the switch to output or stop outputting voltage of the first external power supply to the electronic device, so that users can control the electronic devices at a remote control freely without requiring complicated network configurations to facilitate the schedule management for household affairs and improve the users' comfortability and home security effectively.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer program product for wireless communication are provided in which a determination is made of a first power available for transmitting a first signal using a first radio access technology while simultaneously transmitting a second signal using a second radio access technology different from the first radio access technology. An uplink grant is received and a determination is made regarding a second power for transmitting the first signal on uplink using the first radio access technology based on the uplink grant. A determination is made regarding a difference between the first power and the second power. Information related to the difference is reported via the first radio access technology based on a trigger. The reporting information is triggered when the change of a power backoff from a last report exceeds a selected threshold.

Abstract: A method of optimizing a link budget analysis comprising performing a first LBA based on a target modulation and coding pair (MODCOD), the MODCOD having a symbol energy to noise density ratio (Es/No), a target setting of a power amplifier, or a target antenna size, determining an excess margin and increasing or decreasing a maximum available MODCOD accordingly, iteratively performing a second LBA, calculating a ratio of allocated bandwidth to PEB and adjusting at least one of the MODCOD, amplifier power, and antenna size, summing a contribution to a final ratio of allocated bandwidth to PEB of the plurality of communications links, accessing a look up table and selecting a new MODCOD or adjusting the amplifier size or antenna size is based on the ratio of allocated bandwidth to PEB and altering one or more transmission or receiving parameters to apply the optimal MODCOD, amplifier size, or antenna size.

Abstract: Systems and methods for mitigating interference or concurrency between frequency modulation (FM) radio subsystem and a display subsystem relate to determining potential concurrency between the two subsystems at particular FM modes of operation, and adjusting one or more display parameters of the display subsystem and additionally or alternatively, implementing filters in the FM subsystem in order to avoid or mitigate the potential concurrency. The FM modes comprise one or more FM operating bands or FM channels, and the display parameters comprise one or more of a display refresh rate, display clock frequency, and backlight brightness.

Abstract: A method is provided that includes measuring amplitudes and phases of signals reflected off a reflector of a satellite, with the amplitudes and phases forming a first set of measurements. The method includes calculating an element correlation matrix as a function of the first set of measurements. The element correlation matrix represents a radiated feed element pattern off the reflector. And the method includes adjusting a formed beam pattern of a beamformer based on the element correlation matrix to thereby compensate for a non-ideal surface of the reflector.

Abstract: A mobile audio stream broadcasting method has steps as follows: establishing a fist Bluetooth (BT) connection between a mobile device and at least one of a plurality of BT speakers; detecting connection signal strength and designating the BT speaker with maximum of connection signal strength as a first BT target speaker; establishing a second BT connection; transmitting an audio stream data to the first BT target speaker for broadcasting music via the second BT connection; detecting connection signal strength of the first BT target speaker continuously and automatically via the first BT connection; determining whether connection signal strength of the first BT target speaker is lower than a preset threshold value; if connection signal strength of the first BT target speaker is lower than the preset threshold value, then disconnecting the first and the second BT connections between the mobile device and the first BT target speaker.

Abstract: A method for processing communications signals. The communications signals are received from an area. The communications signals are received from a portion of the area in which interference is present. The interference is reduced from the communications signals received from the area using the communications signals received from the portion of the area.

Abstract: A method of optimizing a link budget analysis (LBA) for a link comprising performing a first LBA based on a target modulation and coding pair (MODCOD) based on one or more link parameters, the MODCOD having a predetermined symbol energy to noise density ratio (Es/No), calculating a ratio of allocated bandwidth to a power equivalent bandwidth (PEB) for the link and converting the ratio to Decibels, determining whether additional energy is present by summing the Es/No for the link at the target MODCOD and the calculated ratio of allocated bandwidth to PEB, accessing a look up table to determine an optimal MODCOD for the link wherein if the sum is a positive value, selecting a MODCOD having a higher Es/No and if the sum is a negative value, selecting a MODCOD having a lower Es/No and altering one or more transmission or receiving parameters to apply the selected optimal MODCOD.

Abstract: Backoff snooze wake power consumption within single user, multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications. If a communication (e.g., transmission) attempt fails (e.g., by a wireless station (STA), smart meter station (SMSTA), etc.), then a backoff snooze countdown may be performed before a subsequent communication is attempted. Also, if communication activity is detected on the communication medium, then such a backoff snooze countdown may be performed before monitoring the communication medium or a subsequent communication attempt is made. Such a backoff snooze countdown may be based on a codeword value (e.g., such as provided within a beacon received from an access point (AP)), and different respective backoff snooze countdowns may be made based on different respective codeword values. Such backoff snooze countdowns are performed outside of a restricted access window (RAW) in which only devices of a particular class (e.g., low-power, Z, etc.) have access to the communication medium.

Abstract: A payload includes one or more antennas for receiving polarized radiofrequency signals; a device for regenerating radiofrequency signals by filtering, frequency transposition, and amplification; and antennas for transmitting the regenerated radiofrequency signals to one or more terrestrial terminals. The radiofrequency signal regeneration device includes a plurality of regeneration channels, each channel consisting of an amplification device capable of amplifying two radiofrequency signals having separate frequency bands and the transmission antennas associated with a regeneration chain are capable of transmitting two regenerated radiofrequency signals having orthogonal polarization directions and intended for cells belonging to a single cell layout that uses at least two separate frequency bands and two separate polarizations.