Abstract: A wireless communication network delivers status information for User Equipment (UE) upon request. A network controller exchanges registration signaling with the UE and exchanges authentication signaling for the UE with a Unified Data Management (UDM). The UDM exchanges the authentication signaling with the network controller and responsively transfers a UDM request for the UE status information to the network controller. The network controller determines the UE status information and transfers the UE status information to the UDM in response to the UDM request. The UDM receive the UE status information from the network controller and transfers the UE status information to a Unified Data Repository (UDR). The UDR receives the UE status information from the UDM and receives a status request for the UE from a network element. The UDR responsively transfers the UE status information for the UE to the network element.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses of UE for measurement of TAI updates in an NTN. A method of a UE comprises: receiving, from a BS, an SIB including multiple TAIs and an indication of whether to include a UE location in an NAS registration/tracking area update operation; determining whether to include the UE location based on the indication; identifying information for the UE location; generating a radio resource control (RRC) message including the information for the UE location, wherein the RRC message encapsulates a NAS message; and transmitting, to the BS, the RRC message including the information for the UE location.

Abstract: Method of dynamically assigning storage locations starts with the processor receiving a signal from a first client device associated with a first user. Processor stores a current location of the first client device in a historical database and determines whether a home location data associated with the first user matches the current location. In response to determining that the home location data associated with the first user does not match the current location, processor determines whether the first user has been associated with the current location at a greater frequency than the home location data based on the historical database. In response to determining that the first user has been associated with the current location at a greater frequency, processor updates the home location data associated with the first user to the current location. Other embodiments are described.

Abstract: A control method includes obtaining lock information including a flight platform identification and sending a lock message to a control device according to the lock information. The control device includes a flight platform corresponding to the flight platform identification or an adapter ring carried by the flight platform. The lock message indicates to lock a load carried by and communicatively connected to the flight platform.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a communication technology and system for integrating a 5G communication system with IoT technologies to achieve a data rate higher than those of 4G systems. The present disclosure is applicable to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technologies and IoT technologies (e.g., smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car or connected car, health care, digital education, retail business, and security and safety services). The present disclosure proposes a method for supporting a light connected mode as a new terminal operation mode in addition to the idle mode and connected mode to facilitate operations of the terminals and base stations in a mobile communication system.

Abstract: Methods and systems for dynamically sharing spectrum between a commercial network and a protected system network. A spectrum management firewall (SMF) computing device may receive information from the commercial network, receive characteristic information identifying one or more characteristics of a resource or entity in the protected system network, determine a class of system (COS) and an area of operation (AOO) for the resource or entity based on the characteristic information received from the protected system network, and determine potential interference based on the information received from the commercial network and the characteristic information received from the protected system network. The SMF may determine which frequencies may be suppressed on which cells in the commercial network based on the determined potential interference, generate a suppression message that identifies the determined frequencies per cell, and send the generated suppression message to a component in the commercial network.

Abstract: A data transmission method includes that: a base station transmits a control instruction to a terminal, the control instruction carrying indication information and the indication information indicating multiple resource positions configured for the terminal to transmit feedback data in an unlicensed channel; and the feedback data transmitted by the terminal is received, the feedback data being transmitted by the terminal through at least one resource position among the multiple resource positions in the case of the unlicensed channel being occupied by the terminal.

Abstract: The present application relates to an auxiliary routing method, a terminal device, and a network device. The method comprises: a terminal device sending first indication information to a network device, so that the network device selects a first network function entity according to the first indication information, wherein the first network function entity is related to one or more specified functions. By means of the embodiments of the present application, a routing mechanism for a network function entity can be optimized.

Abstract: A 5G enhanced HetNet Gateway (HNG) is presented. In one embodiment the 5G HNG includes at least one non-5G virtual network function (VNF); a 5G Core (5GC) option selection VNF; a 5GC default VNF; a 5G local breakout VNF; at least one interface for any G base station; and at least one interface for any core network. Core functionality is abstracted for the EPC and for the 5GC.

Abstract: A RAN node includes means for receiving a N2 message containing a list of S-NSSAI of the congested network slice from an AMF and means for sending the list of S-NSSAI and a wait timer for each S-NSSAI in the list in first AN signaling message to an UE when receiving, from the UE, second signaling message containing the list of S-NSSAI to establish an AN signaling connection, the S-NSSAI being indicated in the N2 message as congested by the AMF.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment may receive, from a base station, an indication of a time gap value associated with a random access channel (RACH) procedure, wherein the time gap value is based at least in part on a capability of the base station, determine whether a physical RACH (PRACH) occasion associated with the RACH procedure is valid based at least in part on receiving the indication of the time gap value associated with the RACH procedure, and selectively transmit, to the base station, a PRACH transmission in the PRACH occasion based at least in part on determining whether the PRACH occasion is valid. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: A session initiation protocol register request message for RLOS can be received at a P-CSCF. The session initiation protocol register request message can include an IP multimedia public user identification for a UE. The session initiation protocol register request message can be forwarded to a Serving Call Session Control Function (S-CSCF). A UE identifier in a 200 OK response can be received in response to forwarding the session initiation protocol register request message at the P-CSCF from the S-CSCF. Signaling can be ciphered using a security key for the UE in response to receiving the 200 OK response.

Abstract: Method, apparatuses, and computer program product for network slice minimum and maximum resource quotas with soft limits. One method may include sending by a user, a request for user connection to a network element, the request resulting in resource quota reservation in a specific network concept. The method may also include receiving from the network element, an indication of whether the request was successful or unsuccessful. The request may include at least one procedure or action indicating network resource availability. The method may further include receiving allocated resources according to resource allocation rules specific to whether the user is entitled to use the allocated resources, and whether a user connection, a session, a bearer, a signaling connection or a data radio bearer request was successful.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and computer-readable mediums may provide receiving, at a request to establish an access and mobility (AM) policy control association in relation to an establishment of a data session requested by a user associated with a user equipment (UE) device; generating a query to a network device via a network interface, for AM policy control data and for at least one of UE policy control data or session management (SM) policy control data; receiving the AM policy control data and the at least one of the UE policy control data or the SM policy control data from the network device, creating the AM policy control association based on the received AM policy control data; and storing the at least one of the UE policy control data or the SM policy control data.

Abstract: A method for managing a Closed Access Group (CAG) feature using an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) server. The method includes receiving a registration request message from a User Equipment (UE) for registering for a CAG subscription. The method includes determining that the UE is subscribed to access the network through a CAG cell only. The method includes determining whether the registration request message includes a CAG support indicator. The method includes determining whether the UE supports the CAG feature based on the CAG support indicator. The method includes sending either a registration accept message including a CAG information list to the UE when the UE supports the CAG feature, or a registration reject message including a 5GMM cause value other than a 5GMM cause #76 to the UE when the UE does not support the CAG feature.

Abstract: Systems, computer program products, and methods are described herein for implementing dynamic multi-factor soft lock on user identifiers. The present invention is configured to receive, from a first user input device, a network registration request from a user to obtain authorization to execute resource transfers within a distributed network using a first user identifier; query, using an information retrieval engine, metadata associated with the user within the distributed network for traceable instances of digital activities of the user; determine one or more user identifiers based on at least the metadata associated with the user; execute, using an authentication subsystem, a soft lock on the one or more user identifiers; approve authorization for the user to execute the resource transfers within the distributed network using the first user identifier; and transmit control signals configured to cause the first user device to display the authorization.

Abstract: According to one configuration, while the user equipment is wirelessly connected to a first wireless base station over a first wireless communication link, a communication management resource in the user equipment receives input (such as a request) to tune-away the user equipment to a second wireless base station providing corresponding wireless services. To facilitate the temporary tune-away to the second wireless network, the communication management resource of the user equipment generates timing information associated with the switchover. In furtherance of the switchover (temporary tune-away) to the second wireless base station, the communication management resource of the user equipment transmits the timing information in a wireless communication over the first wireless communication link to the first wireless base station.

Abstract: A system that enables hanging lawful interception (LI) resources to be cleaned up includes a triggering function set comprising a plurality of triggering functions. The system also includes a data store comprising a plurality of auditing records corresponding to the plurality of triggering functions in the triggering function set. Each auditing record comprises a claimant attribute. Each triggering function sends an update request to the data store in response to being notified about a failed triggering function within the triggering function set. Each update request comprises a request to change ownership of the auditing record corresponding to the failed triggering function. A triggering function is selected as a new owner of the auditing record corresponding to the failed triggering function based at least in part on a match between the claimant attribute in the auditing record and a claimant field in the update request sent by the triggering function.

Abstract: Systems and techniques for distributed machine learning (DML) in an information centric network (ICN) are described herein. Finite message exchanges, such as those used in many DML exercises, may be efficiently implemented by treating certain data packets as interest packets to reduce overall network overhead when performing the finite message exchange. Further, network efficiency in DML may be improved achieved by using local coordinating nodes to manage devices participating in a distributed machine learning exercise. Additionally, modifying a round of DML training to accommodate available participant devices, such as by using a group quality of service metric to select the devices, or extending the round execution parameters to include additional devices, may have an impact on DML performance.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to using a wake up signal in conjunction with cellular communication in unlicensed spectrum. A cellular base station may provide a wake up signal on an unlicensed frequency channel after successful completion of a listen-before-talk procedure. The wake up signal may include a preamble configured for coherent detection, and information indicating channel occupancy time for a cellular communication by the cellular base station and a cell identifier for the cellular base station. A wireless device may monitor the unlicensed frequency channel for a wake up signal, and may determine whether to monitor the unlicensed frequency channel for control channel signaling based on whether a wake up signal is received, and potentially also based on the contents of the wake up signal if a wake up signal is received.

Abstract: A method performed by a network node of a serving public land mobile network, PLMN, associated with a user equipment, UE, comprising: obtaining a secret identifier that uniquely identifies the UE, wherein the secret identifier is a secret that is shared between the UE and at least a home PLMN of the UE and that is shared by the home PLMN with the network node; and performing an operation related to the UE using the secret identifier. Other methods, computer programs, computer program products, network nodes and a serving PLMN are also disclosed.

Abstract: A wireless device is configured for controlling radio network area, RNA, update. The wireless device in particular is configured to enter an out-of-coverage state while the wireless device is in a radio resource control, RRC, inactive state. Responsive to access barring for an access category of the wireless device being alleviated while the wireless device is in the out-of-coverage state, the wireless device is configured to cancel or postpone a pending RNA update.

Abstract: Techniques to protect a subscriber identity, by encrypting a subscription permanent identifier (SUPI) to form one-time use subscription concealed identifiers (SUCIs) using a set of one-time ephemeral asymmetric keys, generated by a user equipment (UE), and network provided keys are disclosed. Encryption of the SUPI to form the SUCIs can mitigate snooping by rogue network entities, such as fake base stations. The UE is restricted from providing the unencrypted SUPI over an unauthenticated connection to a network entity. In some instances, the UE uses a trusted symmetric fallback encryption key KFB or trusted asymmetric fallback public key PKFB to verify messages from an unauthenticated network entity and/or to encrypt the SUPI to form a fallback SUCIFB for communication of messages with the unauthenticated network entity.

Abstract: The present application relates to devices and components including apparatus, systems, and methods for paging timing collision control, with respect to exchange of offset values (e.g., IMSI offset values) between a user equipment and a network.

Abstract: A method of performing a closed access group (CAG) selection in a non-public network (NPN) for a user equipment (UE) is provided. The method includes receiving, from a CAG cell, a first indication and a CAG identity via a System Information Block 1 (SIB1), reporting, by an Access Stratum (AS) layer of the UE, to a Non-Access Stratum (NAS) layer of the UE, the first indication and the CAG identity when a request from the NAS layer is received, and performing a cell selection or reselection procedure according to the CAG identity, wherein the first indication is associated with the CAG identity and indicates that the CAG identity is allowed to be selected manually even if the CAG identity is not included in an allowed CAG list of the UE.

Abstract: A wireless communication network wirelessly receives a device Identifier (ID), network ID, and capability ID from a wireless user device. In response to the network ID, the wireless communication network transfers the device ID to the other communication network. The wireless communication network receives an authorization for the wireless user device from the other communication network. In response to the authorization, the wireless communication network wirelessly serves the wireless user device based on the capability ID. The wireless communication network transfers the capability ID used by the wireless user device to the other communication network in response to serving the wireless user device based on the capability ID.

Abstract: Described herein are systems and methods for virtualizing policy enforcement amongst participants of an overlay network. In some embodiments, each of the participants may maintain a separate blockchain network. The overlay network may receive smart contracts or other policy documents that include information on interactions with a particular participant or between participants. A controller, which may be implemented on any node of the overlay network, may then extract an interaction algorithm from that smart contract that may be stored in policy data to be used in completing transactions between two participants of the overlay network. In some embodiments, the policy data may include cost data which may be used to determine how two entities may interact.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for terminating a virtual network function (VNF) instance according to termination requirements of the VNF instance. The termination requirements may be defined in a VNF descriptor corresponding to the VNF instance. A network function virtualization (NFV) management entity may obtain the termination requirements and initiate termination of the VNF instance based on the obtained termination requirements.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems for managing a connection state of a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU) that is in Mobile Initiated Communication Only (MICO) mode are disclosed. One representative method may include the WTRU obtaining information indicating that the WTRU is to initiate registration prior to sending a Service Request (SR). The representative method may further include the WTRU sending a registration request in accordance with the obtained information and sending a SR after registering with a Network Entity.

Abstract: A method for sending a synchronization signal in a relay system, and the method includes receiving, by a relay node, synchronization signal information sent by a parent node through an air interface, where the synchronization signal information comprises at least one of a subcarrier spacing of a synchronization signal, information about an operating frequency band of the relay node, information about a physical broadcast channel of the relay node, a synchronization signal periodicity, or indication information of a synchronization signal obtaining manner, and sending, by the relay node, the synchronization signal based on the synchronization signal information.

Abstract: A system and method are described that are carried out by a core network element of a host mobile carrier core network to perform an access point name resolution to facilitate establishing a session between a user equipment and a target packet gateway (PGW) of a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO). The method includes receiving a connection request from a user equipment identified as falling within particular ranges of mobile subscriber identity number (MSIN) values corresponding to user equipment of hosted MVNOs. The connection request includes: an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI), and an access point name (APN). The method further includes establishing an MVNO identifier from the provided IMSI and thereafter generating an MVNO-specific APN by appending the MVNO identifier to the APN. The method further includes submitting a name resolution request including the MVNO-specific APN to a naming service server.

Abstract: A non-transitory, computer-readable medium includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed, by one or more processors associated with a first input/output (I/O) component in an industrial automation system, cause the processors to perform operations. The first I/O component may operate in a single duplex (“suplex”) mode of operation. The operations include detecting a second I/O component in the industrial automation system, determining that a first hardware configuration, a first software configuration, or both, associated with the first I/O component is compatible with a second hardware configuration, a second software configuration, or both, associated with the second I/O component, and reconfiguring the first I/O component to operate in a duplex mode of operation.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a terminal and a base station in a wireless communication system. The terminal may include a control unit configured to input a downlink channel to a neural network of the terminal; and the control unit further configured to control the neural network of the terminal to process the input and output feedback information.

Abstract: A wireless device handles area update reports. The wireless device initiates a radio network area update, RNAU, responsive to detecting that the wireless device has entered a cell not belonging to a radio network area, RNA, configured for the wireless device. The wireless device receives, from the wireless network, a message indicating that the wireless device's attempt to perform the RNAU has been rejected. The message includes or is accompanied by an indication that a wait time value is applicable. Responsive to the message, the wireless device sets a reject wait timer to the wait time value and performs the RNAU upon expiry of the reject wait timer. In some embodiments, the wireless device sets a periodic RNAU timer to the wait time value, responsive to the message, and performs the RNAU upon expiry of the reject wait timer and the periodic RNAU timer.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for switching an RRC state includes: sending, by a communications apparatus, indication information to a network device, where the indication information is used to indicate that the communications apparatus requests to enter an RRC inactive state; after completing a registration process of an RRC connected state, receiving, by the communications apparatus, an RRC connection release message that is sent by the network device based on the indication information, where the RRC connection release message is used to indicate the communications apparatus to enter the RRC inactive state; and entering, by the communications apparatus, the RRC inactive state from the RRC connected state based on the RRC connection release message.

Abstract: A wireless communication terminal communicating wirelessly is provided. The wireless communication terminal includes: a first wireless transceiver for transmitting and receiving a signal transmitted through a first modulation method; a second wireless receiver for receiving a signal transmitted through a second modulation method different from the first modulation method; and a processor. The processor receives a wake-up packet from a base wireless communication terminal through the second wireless receiver, and wakes-up the first wireless transceiver based on the wake-up packet, and maintains the second wireless receiver in a state capable of receiving at least from a time point at which the wake-up packet is received until a time point an exchange of frames with the base wireless communication terminal for the first time through the first wireless transceiver.

Abstract: A wireless communication device, WCD, is associated with multiple Machine Type Communication (MTC) applications, each application corresponding to a respective MTC Service Provider (SP) network that identifies it using a corresponding “external identifier”. The involved MTC SP networks use the same common identifier to request a wireless communication network, WCN, used to access the WCD to undertake certain configuration actions with respect to the WCD. The WCD may belong to a group of WCDs, in which case the common identifier is an external group identifier. The WCN advantageously determines which MTC SP network is the “requesting provider” for a given requested configuration action, and it restricts the configuration action within the WCN to the requesting provider.

Abstract: Disclosed is a way to expand the range of Internet of Things devices in a home, office, or structure to the range of a local WiFi network. This is accomplished by generating a network bridge for the devices using machine-to-machine protocols to communicate using the WiFi network backhaul channel. Transmissions in machine-to-machine protocol are tunneled through WiFi communications and extracted by the closest access point. Access points include radios for both WiFi and machine-to-machine protocols.

Abstract: A communication technique of integrating a 5th generation (5G) or pre-5G communication system for supporting a higher data transmission rate after a 4th generation (4G) communication system such as long term evolution (LTE) with an IoT technology, and a system thereof. The disclosure may be applied to an intelligent service (for example, a smart home, a smart building, a smart city, a smart car, or a connected car, health care, digital education, retails, security and a safety related service, and the like) based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT related technology. According to various embodiments, a device and a method for optimizing mobile initiated communication only (MICO) mode related parameter values for reducing power consumption of a terminal in a mobile communication system.

Abstract: A 5G system (5GS) includes a Network Function (NF) Service Consumer and a functional entity, wherein the functional entity includes binding information stored therein and the binding information includes: Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions information and a list comprising one or more subscribers identities (IDs) and/or Policy Control Function (PCF) instance IDs. A method for querying PCF binding information for an address range in the 5GS includes: querying, from the NF Service Consumer to the functional entity, based on one or a combination of query parameters, for all binding information matching the query parameters; and notifying, from the functional entity to the NF Service Consumer, any binding information that matches the query parameters.

Abstract: An internet of things device including an interworking gateway. The interworking gateway serves as an agent of an internet of things server in an operator network, replaces the internet of things server to register and authenticate an internet of things terminal, and forwards a message between the internet of things server and the internet of things terminal. The interworking gateway is located in a same IP subnet or private network as a packet data network gateway or a user plane device in a telecommunications network. Based on an Internet Protocol (IP) address of the internet of things terminal, the interworking gateway may determine validity of the internet of things terminal and directly address the internet of things terminal.

Abstract: A method for triggering a registration procedure by a UE within a registration area of a wireless communication network is provided. The method includes receiving a TAI list in a registration accept message while performing a first registration procedure with the wireless communication network and determining when the UE is moved from a first cell in a first TAI belonging to a first PLMN to a second cell in a second TAI belonging to a second PLMN, determining that the UE is in an RRC inactive state, and automatically triggering a second registration procedure with the wireless communication network, in response to determining that the UE is moved from first cell in first TAI belonging to first PLMN to second cell in second TAI belonging to second PLMN.

Abstract: A method and device for transmitting a service are provided, which comprises: when a requirement of the service changes, the network apparatus instructs, via a control signaling, the mobile station to replace the first resource allocation parameter set with a second resource allocation parameter set in a SPS manner, and the first resource allocation parameter set is used to transmit a first service which is being transmitted.

Abstract: Convergence of a 5th-Generation communication system supporting higher data rates beyond 4th-Generation system(s) with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT) may be applied to intelligent services. Operator specific services are permitted and provided by allowing an unauthorized terminal to search for and access the such services, and includes notifying a terminal of information corresponding to “operator specific services” by allowing a base station to broadcast predetermined information, displaying information acquired by a terminal, matching information acquired by the terminal with information broadcast from a base station to arrange services, requesting access and notifying a terminal performs an access for “operator specific services” upon accessing a network, providing a menu for determining whether neighboring base stations are capable of “operator specific services” to a user of a terminal, and allowing the terminal to determine whether there is the base station broadcasting the information.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may receive, from a user, input associated with a call request. The UE may select a first subscription, of at least two subscriptions associated with the UE, based at least in part on at least one parameter associated with a unified access control (UAC) check for the call request. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may display, on a screen of the UE, an indication that the call request is barred based at least in part on the UAC check. Numerous other aspects are described.

Abstract: Implementations of the present disclosure provide a wireless communication method of a dual-registered terminal device, a terminal device, and a network device. The terminal device can reasonably transmit uplink information to a first network device and a second network device. The method comprises: the terminal device is registered in both a first network and a second network; the terminal device transmits a first message to the first network device, the first network device being a network device in the first network; the terminal device receives configuration information transmitted by the first network device, the configuration information indicating the terminal device to send an uplink message to the second network device within a first time period, and the second network device being a network device in the second network.

Abstract: Systems and methods for 5G telecommunication UDM instance identification provided to UDRs for auditing purposes and tracking which of a plurality of UDMs is faulty. Specifically, a system for the provision of wireless telecommunication services can include a core network having a first UDR and a first UDM. The first UDM, upon receiving communication from one or more network functions, can communicate a first message to the first UDR. The first message can include a first UDM identification of the first UDM, indicating to the first UDR identification information associated with the first UDM. During tracking or auditing of this data, when the first UDM identification is found to be unable to perform a threshold percentage of write operations to the UDR within a threshold amount of time, communication is provided to a network repository function (NRF) that the first UDM is faulty and corrective action is required.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, detecting an expiration of a subscription associated with a communication device, wherein the subscription is for services of a mobile network, and enabling an interim profile that provides the communication device with limited connectivity over the mobile network, wherein the limited connectivity facilitates communication with a subscription manager node of the mobile network. Various embodiments can include communicating with the subscription manager node to establish an active subscription for services of the mobile network and enabling an operational profile comprising subscription information associated with the active subscription. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A communication technique that combines a 5G communication system for supporting a data rate that is higher than that of a beyond 4G system with IoT technology, and a system thereof are provided. The technique may be applied to intelligent services on the basis of 5G communication technology and IoT related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car or connected car, health care, digital education, retail, etc. A method of performing access deregistration by a user equipment (UE) and an apparatus therefor are provided. The method includes, when the UE is registered on both 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) access and non-3GPP access, transmitting, to an access and mobility management function (AMF), a deregistration request message to deregister the non-3GPP access over the 3GPP access, and receiving, from the AMF, a deregistration accept message corresponding to the deregistration request message over the 3GPP access.

Abstract: A communication session for a UE can be restored in the event of serving call session control function (S-CSCF) node unavailability and/or application server (AS) unavailability by storing, prior to IMS unavailability, attribute-value pairs (AVPs) at a home subscriber server (HSS). These AVPs can be used independently by individual IMS nodes to restore a communication session for a UE due to an unavailable IMS node. When a first S-CSCF node becomes unavailable, a proxy CSCF (P-CSCF) node can send a SIP request originating from the UE to a second S-CSCF node. The second S-CSCF node can then send a request to the HSS for an identifier of an AS associated with the UE. Upon receipt of the AS identifier (e.g., an active AS name AVP) from the HSS, the second S-CSCF node can send the SIP request to the AS in order to restore the communication session for the UE.