Abstract: Bats and methods for producing a bat for use in sports are describe and include providing a bat comprising a natural or synthetic material and having a handle portion, a barrel portion and a head portion, providing a multi-component film, applying at least one layer of the multi-component film to at least part of the handle portion of the bat, the barrel portion of the bat or a combination thereof, providing a releasable textured layer, applying the releasable textured layer to the handle portion of the bat, the barrel portion of the bat or a combination thereof, curing the bat at a temperature that is compatible with the multi-component film.

Abstract: A baseball bat having a body portion and a handle portion which includes a pair of substantially planar regions spaced and inclined toward the midline of the handle portion. The grip improves batter skill and technical ability by teaching proper batting technique. The barrel of the baseball bat is configured to allow for repositioning and replacement of the barrel section of the bat if the barrel is damaged, to enable more even wear and tear on the portion of the barrel that comes in contact with a baseball, or to modify the performance level of the bat. The two segments of the bat may be securely connected via one end of the first segment having exterior threading received by the hollowed end of the second segment having interior threading, or by an independent coupling element.

Abstract: A softball or baseball bat comprising a plurality of strips of wood assembled to form a solid material is disclosed. The bat can comprise bamboo, or other suitable material, that provides the necessary hardness, while using a more economical and renewable resource than conventional hardwoods. The plurality of strips can be assembled to form a solid block, which can be shaped into a bat blank. Then blank can comprise a handle portion, a transition portion, and a barrel portion. The bat can further comprise a reinforcing sleeve disposed proximate the handle portion and the transition portion. The finished bat can further comprise a protective and decorative coating.

Abstract: A ball bat includes a barrel section extending along an axis, a throat section extending taperingly from the barrel section along the axis, an upper handle section extending along the axis and connected to the throat section, and a lower handle section abutting against an end of the upper handle section. The ball bat further includes a connecting unit including a connecting rod that extends from the upper handle section and a retaining space that is formed in the lower handle section for being engaged fittingly and separably with the connecting rod, and a securing unit having a securing member for securing separably the lower handle section to the connecting rod of the connecting unit.

Abstract: A ball bat extending about a longitudinal axis. The bat includes a bat frame having a handle portion and a tubular barrel portion, a knob coupled to the handle portion; and an annular member. The bat has a proximal end, a distal end, a center of percussion and a length of at least thirty inches. The barrel portion has an inner surface. At least a portion of the inner surface of the barrel portion includes a first set of projections. The annular member includes an outer radial surface having a second set of projections. The annular member is positioned within the barrel portion such that the first set of projections engages the second set of projections to inhibit longitudinal movement of the annular member with respect to the barrel portion in at least one direction.

Abstract: A swing training and fitness aid comprising a handle having an extended portion of rotational configuration engaged with a rotating means having flexibly affixed thereto a weight, the weight capable of being rotated along the extended portion in two directions by rotating said handle portion, thereby strengthening the wrists, forearms and shoulders of the user, along with exercising the abdominal muscles and the large muscle groups of the legs.

Abstract: A sports utility handle is provided for use with a sports equipment shaft. The handle has curved upper and lower surfaces and a curved termination end. The Two side surfaces are parallel to each other. The upper surface of the handle slants upwardly relative to the longitudinal axis of the equipment shaft. The lower surface spline is configured to provide a relaxed wrist grip such that the shaft centerline is generally aligned with the centerline of the user's forearm.

Abstract: A ball bat extending about a longitudinal axis. The bat includes a handle and a barrel portion having an outer surface and including a proximal member and a distal member. The proximal member has first and second end regions and the distal member has third and fourth end regions. The first end region is coupled to the handle portion, the second end region of the proximal member is coupled to the third end region of the distal member, and the fourth end region of the distal member is coupled to an end cap. The proximal and distal members are formed of first and second materials, respectively. The second material is a fiber composite material, the second fiber composite material of the distal member is co-molded to the outer surface of the second end region of the proximal member.

Abstract: A ball bat extending about a longitudinal axis. A bat includes a tubular bat frame. The bat frame includes first and second frame pieces. The first frame piece has a gripping portion integrally formed to a transition portion, and the transition portion has a distal end region. The second frame piece has a proximal end region. The distal end region of the first piece is coupled to the proximal end region of the second piece. One of the distal and proximal end regions overlaps the other of the distal and proximal end regions. The bat has a center of percussion, and the mid-length of the overlap of the distal and proximal end regions is positioned within plus or minus three inches of the center of percussion of the bat.

Abstract: A knob simulating device that can be affixed to a sporting good, such as a baseball bat. The knob simulating device encircles the shaft of the baseball bat and is made up of a plurality of components that mate together to surround and encase the entire periphery of the bat shaft. Each of the component parts has a hard exterior portion and a resilient interior portion for contacting and conforming to the circular outer surface of the baseball bat. The resilient interior portion is generally cylindrical and may have one or more deformable projections that retain the device along the circular outer surface of the baseball bat. There may be a plurality of deformable projections in the form of annular rings that can be angled so as to securely retain the knob simulating device in the desired location along the shaft of the baseball bat.

Abstract: A ball bat includes one or more low-durability regions fortified by one or more reinforcing elements. If the reinforcing element is altered or removed, the durability of the ball bat is significantly reduced. For example, if the ball bat is subjected to internal shaving or external rolling in an attempt to increase the bat's performance, the reinforcing element would de removed or damaged such that the durability of the bat is reduced to the point that the ball bat's performance remains below a specified limit.

Abstract: A composite sporting implement, such as a ball bat or bat barrel, is formed with layers of continuous structural fibers embedded in a binder material having a high melting point. Such a binder does not undergo a chemical conversion process during forming of the ball bat. The layers are shaped into a preform and placed in a mold. Heat and pressure are applied to bring the binder to its melting point and to cause the binder material to flow between adjacent layers. The mold is then cooled below the binder's melting point to solidify the composite structure. A composite sporting implement formed in this manner exhibits excellent shear strength, toughness, and damping qualities.

Abstract: A customizable bat is described. The customizable bat may have a handle and a knob detachably affixed to an end of the handle by way of a knob-shaft inserted into a channel of the end of the handle. A pin may extend centrally from a top of the knob through the knob-shaft toward the handle. The pin may be shaped to engage with the knob of the customizable bat. The bat may also include a customizable marker that indicates information associated with the bat. The customizable marker may be removably integrated with the top of the knob and the pin of the bat. The customizable marker may be configured to securely fit around the pin of the bat.

Abstract: A baseball or softball bat and a method for manufacturing the bat are provided. The bat includes a batting portion formed of wood into a cylindrical shape, and a bat main body made of a fiber-reinforced plastic. A part of the bat main body is inserted in the batting portion from an open end of the batting portion, and the rest of the bat main body is exposed from the batting portion. The bat further includes a suppressing member arranged on an outer circumference of the bat main body. The suppressing member prevents change of orientation of fibers in the fiber-reinforced plastic. The suppressing member is positioned so as to contact a step formed between the outer circumference of the bat main body and an outer circumference of the batting portion at the open end of the batting portion.

Abstract: A novel baseball or softball bat is disclosed. The bat has a handle of a heavy, strong wood such as hickory, to resist breakage, and a barrel of a lighter wood such as sapele, to facilitate a controlled and comfortable swing. Methods for making the bat are also disclosed. It may be formed of a plurality of wedge-shaped pieces of wood, and the two species of wood may be joined by interleaving these wedges over part of the bat's length. The interleaving may optionally include a tongue and groove joint or a lap joint for increased strength, and some battens may optionally extend the entire length of the bat.

Abstract: A reinforced wooden baseball bat is provided which includes a wooden bat body having a handle portion, a barrel portion, and a tapered portion in between, connecting the handle to the barrel, the handle diameter being smaller than the barrel diameter; this reinforced bat further includes one or more applications of wraps of high-strength and low weight threads of para-aramid fiber (Kevlar), carbon fiber thread or other high-strength and lightweight thread, wound, under tension, onto the circumference of said bat, with circumferential turns of said high-strength thread, applied and bonded to the wood bat, at locations along the length of the bat, where it is calculated that said bat will be made the strongest thereby. The location(s) along the bat, number of wraps, thread diameter, thread tension and the number of turns of thread per wrap, are calculated to maximally strengthen each individual bat, considering its characteristics.

Abstract: A game-playing set including a striking device and a ball, and games for playing therewith, are disclosed. The ball includes a hollow spherical translucent outer shell and a smaller inner object loosely disposed within the outer shell. The inner object includes a first illumination element and a first inertia switch. The striking device includes a hollow translucent tube, a second illumination device rigidly disposed within the tube, and a second inertia switch. The first inertia switch is triggered by impact of the inner object against the outer shell to cause illumination of the first illumination element and the second inertia switch is triggered by an externally-applied impact against the tube to cause illumination of the second illumination element.

Abstract: A ball bat includes a barrel in which one or more stiffening elements or damping elements, or both, are located. The stiffening or damping elements may be positioned at a variety of locations, and may have a variety of configurations, for selectively reducing the barrel's performance without appreciably increasing the bat's moment of inertia.

Abstract: The danger of damage caused by flying fragments from a shattered baseball bat is greatly reduced or eliminated by wrapping a portion of the bat with nearly invisible polymeric film. Although extremely thin, the film shows great tensile strength and retains wood fragments should the bat shatter in use. Preferably the region of the bat where the handle portion transitions into the barrel portion is wrapped because this area is the most prone to shatter. This leaves the barrel of the bat completely unaltered. Where game rules permit thin strips of film can also be applied to the sides of the barrel as an additional precaution although the barrel is relatively unlikely to shatter in use.

Abstract: A bat includes a handle having a handle joint, a barrel having a barrel joint and a barrel joint opening at an end of the barrel joint, and a connector connecting the handle joint and barrel joint together. The barrel joint has a first support hole formed proximal to the barrel joint opening, a second support hole formed distal to the barrel joint opening and having a larger diameter than the first support hole, and a receiver formed between the first and second support holes orthogonal to an axis of the holes. The connector has a handle connection connected to the handle joint, a first barrel connection formed on an outer periphery of the connector and engaging with the first support hole, a second barrel connection formed on an outer periphery of the connector and engaging with the second support hole.

Abstract: A ball bat includes a barrel having one or more integral features for selectively stiffening regions of the barrel. The barrel may include an indented region forming a rib projecting inwardly into the barrel. Alternatively, one or more inwardly projecting lips may be formed on adjoining barrel sections that are bonded, welded, or otherwise attached to each other, such that an integral, internal rib is formed in the barrel. The internal rib stiffens the barrel, thus reducing the barrel's BBCOR. One or more integral ribs may be provided at any desired barrel locations for selectively limiting the barrel's performance without appreciably increasing the moment of inertia of the ball bat. In another embodiment, a joint, to which two barrel sections are bonded, welded, or otherwise attached, includes an inwardly projecting member that stiffens the barrel, thus reducing the barrel's BBCOR.

Abstract: A composite ball bat includes multiple failure planes within a barrel wall. By including multiple failure planes in a barrel wall, the bat exhibits a drop in performance when subjected to rolling or other extreme deflection, with no temporary increase in barrel performance. Because the barrel performance does not increase, the ball bat is able to comply with performance limitations imposed by regulatory associations.

Abstract: A baseball bat has a core section formed of wood fibers artificially fused together and an outer section substantially surrounding the core section. The core section can be made exclusively of bamboo fibers artificially fused together. The core section can be substantially square having opposite front and rear sides and opposite top and bottom sides. The outer section has opposite side subsections, adhered to the sides of the core section. The side subsections have material strips arranged substantially in a first direction. The outer section further has a top subsection and a bottom subsection, adhered to the top and bottom of the core section, respectively. The top and bottom subsection have material strips arranged substantially in a second direction. The first direction and the second direction can be perpendicular to each other.

Abstract: The danger of damage caused by flying fragments from a shattered baseball bat is greatly reduced or eliminated by wrapping a portion of the bat with nearly invisible polymeric film. Although extremely thin, the film shows great tensile strength and retains wood fragments should the bat shatter in use. Preferably the region of the bat where the handle portion transitions into the barrel portion is wrapped because this area is the most prone to shatter. This leaves the barrel of the bat completely unaltered. Where game rules permit thin strips of film can also be applied to the sides of the barrel as an additional precaution although the barrel is relatively unlikely to shatter in use.

Abstract: Many sports rely upon the use by the sportsperson of one or more pieces of sports equipment such as bats, rackets, clubs, boards etc. Typically these items of sports equipment employ a shaft having predetermined geometry and properties established by the materials used to manufacture the equipment. However, the sportsperson typically uses these over a wide range of conditions rather than a narrow range that provides constraints on the design of conventional sports equipment. According to embodiments of the invention sports equipment are implemented with multiple elements within the shaft such that the stiffness of the item varies with induced flexure arising from use. As such under one range of motion the item exhibits stiffness characterized by a first Young's modulus and under a second range of motion the item exhibits stiffness characterized by a second Young's modulus.

Abstract: A softball or baseball bat with modified restitution characteristic is provided. The bat can comprise a substantially rigid core coupled with a single or multi-piece sleeve. The core can comprise a tip end, a barrel taper, a handle taper, and a handle. The sleeve can slide over the handle portion and can be pressed, molded, or adhered to the barrel taper. The resilient sleeve can be sized and shaped such that the sleeve portion is substantially the same diameter as the tip end. The sleeve can comprise a material capable of impact absorption. The sleeve can have a composite structure with inner and outer sleeve components. The sleeve can further comprise a cone to taper the sleeve in the handle taper portion of the bat. The material and thickness of the sleeve and the core can be varied to meet applicable restitution requirements.

Abstract: A softball or baseball bat with modified restitution characteristics is provided. The bat can comprise a substantially rigid shell coupled with a single or multi-piece insert. The shell can comprise a tip end, a barrel, a handle taper, and a handle. The insert can be press-fit or adhered to the inside of the barrel of the shell. The insert can be a single or multi-piece design and can be single or multi-layered. The insert can comprise a material capable of impact absorption. Portions of the insert can be separated from the shell with a separation layer to improve restitution in certain areas of the bat. The insert can also comprise multiple layers that are separated from each other with a separation layer to improve restitution in certain areas of the bat. The material and thickness of the insert and the shell can be varied to meet applicable restitution requirements.

Abstract: A sports utility handle is provided for use with a sports equipment shaft including an upper shaft surface having an upper shaft plane, a lower shaft surface having a lower shaft plane, two side shaft surfaces having side surface planes and a shaft centerline. The handle includes a shaft engagement end, a handle termination end opposite thereto, an upper handle surface, a lower handle surface comprising a lower surface spline extending inwards from the lower shaft plane towards the upper shaft plane in a first lower handle surface beginning at the shaft engagement end. The lower surface spline extending outwards in the lower shaft plane direction in a second lower handle surface beginning at the first lower handle surface and extending towards the handle termination end. A curved stop element runs between the upper handle surface towards the lower handle surface at the handle termination end and is sized to fit within a human palm.

Abstract: A composite ball bat includes multiple failure planes within a barrel wall. By including multiple failure planes in a barrel wall, the bat exhibits a drop in performance when subjected to rolling or other extreme deflection, with no temporary increase in barrel performance. Because the barrel performance does not increase, the ball bat is able to comply with performance limitations imposed by regulatory associations.

Abstract: A bat having different stiffnesses in different planes relative to a longitudinal axis (i.e., swing axis) of the bat. More specifically, the bat includes a greater stiffness in a vertical plane as compared to relatively more flexible stiffness in a swing plane. This differential stiffness may be accomplished with an intermediate material located within an internal space defined where a handle affixes to a barrel of the bat or alternatively with a transitional member structurally arranged between the handle and the barrel of the bat. The transitional member may provide for vibration and/or shock dampening to minimize or eliminate the “sting” typically associated with monolithic, metallic bats. Additionally, the handle may include a shape that tends to naturally align the vertical and swing planes of the bat when the handle is gripped by a player.

Abstract: Baseball bats described herein may have handle, throat and/or barrel portions that include non-circular cross-sections.

Abstract: A baseball batting swing trainer teaches proper bat swinging and ball hitting technique. The swing trainer includes a first handle attached to the first end of a shaft. The second end of the shaft includes a head having a diameter greater than the shaft diameter and less than the diameter of the head of a conventional baseball bat. A cylindrical second handle slidable between the first and second shaft ends. The second handle is sized to accommodate all five fingers on one of the user's hands in a batting grip. A process for teaching a person the proper technique for swinging a baseball bat using the swing trainer is also provided. When performed properly, the process produces an audible sound by striking the second handle against the stop while the head of the bat is passing through the user's strike zone and directly over the user's forward foot.

Abstract: A customizable bat is described. The customizable bat may have a handle and a knob detachably affixed to an end of the handle by way of a knob-shaft inserted into a channel of the end of the handle. A pin may extend centrally from a top of the knob through the knob-shaft toward the handle. The pin may be shaped to engage with the knob of the customizable bat. The bat may also include a customizable marker that indicates information associated with the bat. The customizable marker may be removably integrated with the top of the knob and the pin of the bat. The customizable marker may be configured to securely fit around the pin of the bat.

Abstract: A ball bat extending about a longitudinal axis. The bat includes a handle and a barrel portion. The barrel portion has an outer surface and includes a proximal member and a distal member. The proximal member has first and second end regions and the distal member has third and fourth end regions. The first end region is coupled to the handle portion, the second end region of the proximal member is coupled to the third end region of the distal member, and the fourth end region of the distal member is coupled to an end cap. At least a portion of each of the proximal and distal members defines the outer surface of the barrel portion. One of the second and third end regions overlaps the other of the second and third end regions.

Abstract: The bat safety restraint will keep all of the larger portions of a failed bat attached to the handle thus preventing them from leaving the failed bat and injuring other people in proximity to the failed bat. The larger pieces of a failed bat are the ones with significant mass to cause significant injuries.

Abstract: A ball bat extending about a longitudinal axis. The bat includes a handle and a barrel portion having an outer surface and including a proximal member and a distal member. The proximal member has first and second end regions and the distal member has third and fourth end regions. The first end region is coupled to the handle portion, the second end region of the proximal member is coupled to the third end region of the distal member, and the fourth end region of the distal member is coupled to an end cap. The proximal and distal members are formed of first and second materials, respectively. The second material is a fiber composite material, the second fiber composite material of the distal member is co-molded to the outer surface of the second end region of the proximal member.

Abstract: A ball bat extending about a longitudinal axis. A bat includes a tubular bat frame. The bat frame includes first and second frame pieces. The first frame piece has a gripping portion integrally formed to a transition portion, and the transition portion has a distal end region. The second frame piece has a proximal end region. The distal end region of the first piece is coupled to the proximal end region of the second piece. One of the distal and proximal end regions overlaps the other of the distal and proximal end regions. The bat has a center of percussion, and the mid-length of the overlap of the distal and proximal end regions is positioned within plus or minus three inches of the center of percussion of the bat.

Abstract: A laminated wood bat having may comprise wedges of wood adhered together in such a manner that the entire surface or sections of the surface of the bat barrel, throat, and handle have the tight grain of the normal hitting surface. Adjacent wedges of wood may be cut from the same strip of wood. The bat may be glued together with a low viscosity polyurethane adhesive.

Abstract: A baseball bat structure includes a center portion in the form of a round bar, and at least one sheet-shaped wind wooden unit wound around the center portion. A direction of the grain of the grain portions of one layer of wind wood unit is different from that of the grain portions of a neighboring layer of wind wood unit, so that the grain portions of one layer of wind wood unit are arranged in a staggered manner with respect to the grain portions of the neighboring layer of wind wood unit, and therefore, the staggered grain portions can enhance the structure strength. Being laminated structures, the wind wood units can offer a better structure elasticity to the baseball bat structure, making the baseball bat structure less likely to crack while extending the service life.

Abstract: A non-wood baseball or softball bat wherein the barrel portion of the bat is filled with an inner foam layer which has a relatively low compressibility surrounded by an outer foam layer having high compressibility. This configuration would not hinder the hitting performance of less skilled players in an effort to control the maximum rebound speed generated by the best players.

Abstract: A baseball bat includes a wood portion and a filling material contained by the wood portion. The filling material fills a longitudinal hole in the length of the wood portion to form a cord and a pair of widened portions at either end of the longitudinal portion to form a pair of plugs. The plugs positively contain the wood portion and the cord maintains a connection between the plugs in case of breakage of the wood portion. The filling material is preferably selected such that it does not alter the hitting properties of the baseball bat. In some embodiments the filling material is a polymeric material applied to the hole in a molten state and allowed to cure. In some embodiments the filling material is a mixture of multiple components. Methods of manufacturing a baseball bat are also disclosed.

Abstract: A bat has a core section made from wood or grass material fibers artificially fused together and an outer section for substantially surrounding the core section. The core section can be made exclusively of bamboo fibers artificially fused together. The outer section has opposite bottom and top subsections and opposite side subsections, adhered to corresponding sides of the core section. The outer section can be made of bamboo strips. The bat also has an insert or plug made of a wood material. The insert or plug is disposed in a void provided in a distal end portion of the bat.

Abstract: A ball bat extending about a longitudinal axis. The bat includes a bat frame, a knob and an annular member. The bat frame has a handle portion and a tubular barrel portion. The bat has a proximal end, a distal end, a center of percussion and a length of at least thirty inches. The barrel portion has an inner surface. The knob is coupled to the handle portion. The annular member is coupled to the inner surface. The annular member has a center of mass and is positioned within the barrel portion such that the center of mass is longitudinally spaced apart from the center of percussion by a first distance of at least 0.25 inches. The annular member increases the moment of inertia of the bat measured about an axis positioned six inches from the base of the knob of the bat by no more than twenty percent.

Abstract: A baseball or softball bat improved in repulsiveness while maintaining sufficient durability is obtained. The bat is a baseball or softball bat including a hitting portion, a tapered portion and a grip portion, and the hitting portion offers a hitting portion core as a core, an elastic body and an outer shell member. The elastic body is arranged on the outer periphery of the hitting portion core. The outer shell member is arranged on the outer periphery of the elastic body. The outer shell member includes outer shell member portions which are a plurality of portions elastically deformable independently of each other.

Abstract: A Heart Wood baseball bat is a solid wooden bat with a profile and type of wood which may be dictated by the professional baseball player's individual choice. There are no visual signs of longitude linier grains. Methods of manufacturing a Heart Wood bat are also described.

Abstract: Variable property deposit, at least partially of fine-grained metallic material, optionally containing solid particulates dispersed therein, is disclosed. The electrodeposition conditions in a single plating cell are suitably adjusted to once or repeatedly vary at least one property in the deposit direction. In one embodiment denoted multidimension grading, property variation along the length and/or width of the deposit is also provided. Variable property metallic material deposits containing at least in part a fine-grained microstructure and variable property in the deposit direction and optionally multidimensionally, provide superior overall mechanical properties compared to monolithic fine-grained (average grain size: >20 micron) or entirely amorphous metallic material deposits.

Abstract: A hybrid material bat comprises an elongate shaft, a reinforcing member, a barrel body and a grip body. The shaft is made of rigid materials and includes a front portion, an intermediate portion and a rear portion. The barrel body is made of materials with good striking performance and includes a striking section for striking, impacting, or hitting and a mid-section. The grip body is made of resilient materials with good shock absorbing property, and has a front end and a terminal end. The reinforcing member is made of rigid materials and disposed on a distal end of said front portion of said shaft. The barrel body intimately surrounds the front portion of the shaft and the reinforcing member. The grip body intimately surrounds the rear portion of the shaft.

Abstract: Articles for automotive, manufacturing and industrial applications including shafts or tubes used, for example, as golf club shafts, ski and hiking poles, fishing rods or bicycle frames, skate blades and snowboards are at least partially electroplated with fine-grained layers of selected metallic materials. Parts with complex geometry can be coated as well. Alternatively, articles such as conical or cylindrical golf club shafts, hiking pole shafts or fishing pole sections, plates or foils and the like can also be electroformed of fine-grained metallic materials on a suitable mandrel or temporary substrate to produce strong, ductile, lightweight components exhibiting a high coefficient of restitution and a high stiffness for use in numerous applications including sporting goods.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to wooden bats that are used to play baseball, softball, or other games that require a player to strike a pitched ball. The invention relates more specifically to a mass distributive wooden bat wherein the mass of the barrel is evenly distributed between the distal end and proximal end, creating a larger sweet spot that is more forgiving of miss hits. The mass distributive design baseball bat generally includes taking the general shape of a traditional baseball bat that typically is of a tapered design where the thickest portion is near the distal portion of the bat with varying degrees of taper toward the handle and redistributing the mass such that there is a thicker area more toward the handle while leaving the diameter of the effective hitting zone and distal portion of the bat approximately the same as that of a traditional baseball bat.

Abstract: A ball bat includes a segmented or decoupled barrel, which reduces the axial stiffness and BBCOR of the barrel, while providing little or no increase in the bat's moment of inertia. Segmenting the barrel, alone or in combination with other performance-reducing features, may be used to lower the BBCOR (or other specified performance characteristic) of the ball bat below the performance limits of a given regulatory association or other governing body.