Abstract: Improvements to sections made of plastomer of U cross-section, which are intended especially for fitting to projecting edges of automobile bodywork or the like.

Abstract: A vehicle glass run channel comprises a pair of elongated members which are joined in a mitered corner at the intersection of the vehicle door header and vertical pillar. The elongated members are secured together and reinforced by a corner insert. The corner insert has a generally U-shaped body providing an inner and outer leg joined by a web. Generally horizontally extending inner and outer wings extend respectively from the inner and outer leg and generally vertically disposed inner and outer wings extend respectively from the inner and outer legs. The wings slidably fit within corresponding internal (channels) formed in legs of the glass run header channel and glass run vertical channel.

Abstract: The invention relates to reinforcement for a sealing strip and to a sealing strip including such reinforcement. The essential characteristic of the present invention lies in superposing webs that interconnect rung members of the reinforcement so as to facilitate bulging or edgewise bending of the reinforcement and of the sealing strip. The invention is mainly applicable to providing sealing in the motor industry.

Abstract: A window construction for vehicle includes a sash frame rectangular in shape for receiving glass panes in a window opening thereof, and a seal member secured to the sash frame and adapted to be mounted on a vehicle's body. The sash frame has a projection extending outwardly from the outer surface thereof, and the seal member has a recess or groove in which the projection is fitted. The seal member has one hook for gripping the edge of the inside wall of the sash frame and one abutment portion for abutment engagement with the edge of the outside wall of the sash frame.

Abstract: A low friction tape adhesively connected to a movable vehicle door glass for isolating the door glass from a rubber glass run channel and providing a low friction surface for slidably engaging the glass run channel to prohibit glass chatter and noise created by the sliding engagement of the door glass within the glass run channel. The glass run channel is housed within a stationary frame portion of the vehicle door and is utilized to support and guide the door glass as well as seal the door glass to the vehicle door. Separate segments of the low friction tape are applied to the vertical edges and the periphery of the sides of the door glass to prohibit direct contact of the door glass and the glass run channel. Due to the curvature of the door glass, the low friction tape must be applied in several separate segments so that wrinkling of the low friction tape is avoided when applying the tape segments to the door glass.

Abstract: A low friction wear resistant coating for the base of a glass run channel and method. A thermoplastic powder is applied to a thermoset rubber substrate. The combination is heated to form free form shaped domains of thermoplastic on the thermoset rubber.

Abstract: Metal armature for a tight strip or a seal, for use in particular in the automotive industry and specially for the production of members such as guides, slides, pane bottom or car window wiper rings ... etc, having a U-shape in its operational condition and comprising of sequence of elements arranged at intervals and connected with each other, each element, being composed of two nearly parallel strips joined by means of spacers and two adjacent elements being connected to each other using a connecting strip. The spacers and connecting strips are slanted to the mean longitudinal direction of the armature yet with opposite angles. The armature is for use in particular in the automotive industry and especially for the production of elements such as guides, slides, pane bottom or car window wiper rings.

Abstract: A glass guidance component having an injection molded thermoplastic chassis integrally bonded to a fabric interface during the molding process. The chassis is a thermoplastic polymer formed by injecting the thermoplastic into a mold in which the fabric interface is predisposed. During the injection and setting of the thermoplastic chassis, the fabric integrally bonds to the chassis. The fabric interface is disposed at locations which contact a glass panel and may include a pile material.

Abstract: A resilient, supportive material provides low friction contact with moving parts, and includes a plurality of small diameter, resilient bristles disposed on at least one surface of a substrate. The plurality of bristles include at least a first and second group of bristles, where the first bristles of the first group have a first spring constant and a first bristle height for low friction contact with a moving part, and the second bristles in the second group have a second spring constant and a lower, second bristle height for low friction contact with a moving part. The second bristles in the second group are positioned to inhibit damage to the first group of bristles due to contact with a moving part which deviates from an intended path. As well, the first and second bristles provide two levels of resilient support to a part which is subjected to lateral forces.

Abstract: A window frame assembly for use in a vehicle body panel. The assembly has a frame portion with an inner and an outer periphery. Two channels are provided in the inner periphery of the frame to support one or more sliding window panes and at least one fixed window pane. A channel is also provided in the outer periphery of the frame. The sliding window pane is adapted to close the central portion of the frame and is slidable to a position substantially adjacent one of the fixed window panes. A sealing member is received in the channel supporting the fixed window panes to provide a sealing interface with the sliding window pane, at least when it is closed. An elastomeric cover is supported from the channel in the outer periphery as well as that channel in the inner periphery of the frame in which the fixed window panes and the sealing member are received.

Abstract: Watertight section for the frame of a movable window of a vehicle, namely an automobile, formed from a resilient material (6) in which is embedded a metal frame (5) includes two adjoining inverted U-shaped parts, one (1) known as a clip, intended to cap a protruding rim (3) of the window frame, while the second U-shaped part (4) known as a runner, is intended to guide and receive the peripheral portion of the movable window in its closed position. The frame (5) of the U-shaped arm of the runner that is intended to be placed facing the exterior of the vehicle juts out laterally from the resilient material and curves toward the outside of this arm, while at the base of this same arm, the resilient material forms a boss (9) below the base of the U, so that a C-shaped ornament (8) can be fastened at right angles onto the section by means of a clip on the above mentioned boss (9) and on the curved protruding part (11) of the frame.

Abstract: A sealing and guiding strip, for a motor vehicle door having a slidable window pane, comprises a length of rubber and a rigid metal support. The sealing strip extends around the sides and top of the frame of the window and down into the hollow lower part of the door. It is produced by a molding operation, the rigid metal support being placed in the mold and thus becoming bonded to the rubber during the molding operation and the subsequent vulcanization. The metal support ensures that the finished sealing strip is rigidly held in the correct shape and configuration and it is thus easily handled, packed, delivered and fitted to the vehicle, the latter process being aided by clips or fixtures which are attached to the support when it is placed in the mold. The rubber defines a glass-receiving channel, and lips and for providing a seal against the adjacent part of the vehicle body.

Abstract: A glass run channel strip for providing an improved chamfered surface transition from an end flange of a vehicle to a slidable window pane, said glass run strip comprising a core member, a first chamfer forming lip portion extending from the core member in a direction toward the glass run channel and normally positioned at an angle to a window pane, said first lip portion including an outer surface for forming a chamfered surface between the end flange and the window pane, said lip portion being under cut at its attachment to the core member for allowing flexible hinging of the lip portion, wherein a second lip portion extending into the glass run channel, said second lip portion for deflecting the window pane during movement of the window pane relative to the strip away from the end flange to an extend which ensures that the first lip portion will hinge to its normal position for forming the chamfered surface transition.

Abstract: An elongate carrier for use in the manufacture of extruded and other products comprising a plurality of longitudinally spaced transversely extending members (3 or 31) and means (9,11,13 or 83,85,87,89,90) extending lengthwise of the carrier to control the spacing of said members, wherein the transverse location in said carrier of said means (9,11,13 or 83,85,87,89,90) is varied along the length of said carrier. In one embodiment the carrier may be formed of zig-zag wire the longitudinal extension of which is controlled by textile or other warps extending lengthwise of the carrier but whose transverse location is varied, and in another embodiment of the invention, the carrier may be slotted or stamped metal or plastics, the location of the slots or slits in the stamped material being varied transversely. The invention also extends to a method of manufacturing the carrier.

Abstract: A flat web-shaped blank is formed with a pair of parallel recesses, each of which defines an angle of less than 90.degree. to permit the faces of the recess to press against each other when the side sections of the blank are pivoted into a U-shape. The pressing of the lateral faces of the recess against each other serves to bias the side sections away from each other. The flat blank can be wound in a coil for storage and transportation purposes. The blank can be readily shaped into a U-shaped guide rail and inserted into the groove of an associated window frame portion. Shoulders on the outside of the side sections of the blank can snap fit into grooves in the walls of the groove of the window frame portion.

Abstract: A door frame and galss run assembly for a motor vehicle including a door frame, a door molding secured along an inner periphery of the door frame, and a glass run inserted in the channel portion formed by the door frame and the door molding. The glass run has a solid rubber base portion which is generally U-shaped in cross-section and is inserted into the channel portion. A projection made of sponge rubber is formed on an outer surface of an outside corner portion of the base portion with respect to the passenger compartment of the motor vehicle. When the base portion is inserted into the channel portion, the projection comes into pressing contact with an inner surface of an outside corner portion of the channel portion with respect to the passenger compartment.

Abstract: An assembly of a motor vehicle having a roof, a door, and a window pane includes a box-like frame of the door, and a window guide profile section to be retained on the door frame. The door frame has a top with a longitudinally extending gap formed therein. The window guide profile section has a sealing lip, an inner surface with a rib-like projection thereon, and a U-shaped cross section. The window guide profile section is slipped onto the door frame with the sealing lip protruding laterally toward the window pane and laterally toward the roof, and the projection snapping into the gap.

Abstract: A slider for door windows of vehicles, comprising: a metal slide base comprising a base frame fixed to a door window glass, a sub-frame parallel with said base frame spaced by a predetermined distance from the base frame and having at least one mounting member, a side frame connecting end portions of the base frame the sub-frame; and slide pieces of a synthetic resin which are molded on the mounting members by using metal molds arranged with reference to the base frame, and which are slidably engaged with a guide fail fixed to the inner portion of a door.

Abstract: The invention relates to a movable flush-glass system (3) for an automobile door comprising two metal panels (1) which are fixed to one another and between which this movable glass can be retracted, and a glass frame obtained from the said panels or fixed to these, this frame defining with the panels an aperture intended to be closed off by the movable glass and comprising, on the sides of the aperture other than that on which the glass can be retracted between the panels, a rebate (5) projecting in the direction of the aperture.According to the invention, on the inner face of the pane (3) there is a guide element (20) capable of capping an elastomeric section (6) which caps the rebate (5).

Abstract: A molding strip is provided for sealing a gap between a slidable window pane and an adjacent frame structure. The molding strip is substantially S-shaped and comprises an inverted U-shaped flange seat which shares a common wall with a U-shaped glass-run channel. The flange seat is comprised of a first elastomer while the glass-run channel is comprised of a second higher durometer elastomer. The higher durometer elastomer extends at least 25 percent of the height of the common wall so that the glass-run channel is held rigidly in position against the flange as well as against the window and the adjacent sheet metal mounting surface. The glass-run channel further includes interior and exterior sealing lips which form a sealing contact with the window pane. The contacting surface of the sealing lips and the window channel base have a low friction surface.

Abstract: A glass run channel weather strip has a frame member and sealing member. The frame member has an overall S-shape in cross-section with a mechanism to retain the frame onto a flange. Also, the S-shape member includes a mechanism to mechanically retain the seal member within the frame member to form an integral glass run channel.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a system for the guiding and sealing of a movable window of an automobile door, especially of a flush window, comprising a profiled section (7) made from a reinforced elastomer, a first part (9) of which is capable of being secured to the window frame, whereas a second part (10) ensures the guiding and sealing of the movable window (4). According to the disclosure, a rectilinear part of the profiled section, adjacent to the center pillar of the body, is equipped with a slide (13), whereas the movable window has, on the lateral part of its outer face adjacent to the center pillar, at least at the upper part of this face, a guide shoe (12) engaged in this slide (13) and capable of sliding in this slide during the entire displacement of the movable window.

Abstract: A waterproof sealing strip is disclosed which is adapted for sealing a moveable glass pane of a vehicle. The sealing strip includes a body having a pair of leg portions extending in opposing spaced-apart relation to form a clamp for mounting the strip to a vehicle. A first portion of the body has a flock coating of textile fibers for engaging the face of the pane. A second portion of the body has a second surface coating harder than the flock coating and having a low coefficient of friction also for engaging the pane and assisting in sliding movement of this glass pane.

Abstract: A vehicle door has a front loading glass run channel frame assembly. The glass run frame assembly is adapted to receive a vehicle window and enable movement of the same within a channel. The glass run frame assembly includes a mechanism to enable securing of the frame assembly to a flange of the vehicle door. Also, the frame assembly includes mirror trim which enables mounting of a side view mirror or the like. The frame assembly may be front loaded onto the vehicle door.

Abstract: A glass run channel molding for automobile windows has a "U"-shaped cross-section portion and an "L"-shaped cross-section portion which cooperate to form a mounting channel and a glass run channel. A tubular biasing and sealing element is disposed in the glass run channel to bias a window edge against an opposing leg of the glass run channel.

Abstract: A windowpane guide structure in an automobile door assembly includes a windowpane drive mechanism for driving a windowpane up and down between closed and open positions, at least one guide rail member housed completely within the windowpane chamber defined between outer and inner door panels of the door assembly, and a slide member operatively interconnecting the windowpane and the guide rail member. The guide rail member is stationarily supported by the door assembly so as to extend substantially parallel to the direction of movement of the windowpane and is shaped and curved to permit the lower edge of the windowpane during the movement of the windowpane from the closed position towards the open position to progressively move generally straight downwards, slightly deflect towards the inner door panel and then deflect towards the outer door panel before the windowpane reaches the open position, i.e. to travel in a generally S-shaped trajectory.

Abstract: A guide arrangement for a sliding window of a vehicle includes a generally "U" shaped guide rail secured in a frame of the window opening and a runner slidable in said guide rail and which straddles and is fixed to the an edge of the window. The runner has a thin web disposed between the outer surface of the window and an outer leg of the guide rail in which the runner slides, so that the outside surface of the window is almost flush with the outer surface of the vehicle. A weatherstrip like seal mounted on the frame of the window opening engages the window.

Abstract: A door glass run for a motor vehicle provided with a door mirror, has straight extruded door glass runs to be respectively mounted in an inclined front frame and a vertically extending frame supporting the door mirror bracket, and a molded door glass run in the form of a corner, which connects the straight extruded door glass runs to each other. A flange-shaped sealing wall is formed in an outer periphery of the molded door glass run for sealing a space between the molded door glass run and the opposed inclined front frame thereby preventing the occurance of wind noise due to the high speed blowing of air through the space during running of the motor vehicle.

Abstract: The rear edge of the glass of a window for a motor vehicle door is provided with two appendages which are guided for sliding in a channel formed in a weather strip fixed to the window frame. This weather strip has an auxiliary portion which ensures the seal between the door frame and the glass and the seal between the door frame and the body of the motor vehicle. The arrangement is such that the outer surface of the glass is flush with the surfaces of the bodywork adjacent the glass.

Abstract: A door glass run for automobile provided with a recessed groove for sliding a door glass thereon, installed on a door panel, which comprises an insert positioned on an inner periphery side of the recessed groove and consisting of a hard synthetic resin formed along a profile of the door panel, and a body consisting of elastomer position on an outer periphery side of the insert. A glass slide positioned on a bottom portion of the recessed groove and a glass retainer positioned on a side portion of a car outside of the door glass in the recessed groove are formed on the insert. Further, a locking leg projecting to pass through the body from a predetermined position on an outer periphery side of the glass slide and mountable in a fitting hole of the door panel is formed on the insert.

Abstract: The seal and guide includes two portions which are connected by an elastomeric hinge. One of the portions is a fixation member which attaches to the flange on the frame of an automobile. The other portion includes a guiding and sealing channel which receives a movable window. Due to the elastomeric hinge, the guiding and sealing channel is allowed to flex so as to compensate for irregularities in the shape of the door frame. In this manner, the window may be easily moved and properly sealed on a variety of door frames.

Abstract: A movable window assembly includes a transparent sheet having a retention shield formed of a plastic material. An edge support is formed about at least a predetermined periphery of the transparent sheet and is adapted to cooperate with a channel formed in a vehicle window opening frame to retain the window assembly in the frame when pressure is applied to the window assembly tending to force it out of the frame. The edge support can have a reinforcing core and can be molded in situ on the transparent sheet. In an alternate embodiment, the edge support and the retention shield can be molded on a transparent glass sheet at the same time.

Abstract: In a motor vehicle door of the so-called "open" type, the sliding window is constituted by a single unit having a runner cooperating with a fixed or telescopically-extendible guide rail which can extend from the upper edge of the body of the door.The guide rail supports the window in an intermediate position between the two vertical end sides of the door.

Abstract: The sealing and guiding element comprises a single structure which defines at least three sides of an automotive window track and provides the sealing and guiding structures for the window. The sealing and guiding element may have a unitary body or may be formed of a plurality of individual elements connected together before installation on an automotive body. The sealing and guiding element may also include trim pieces for the exterior of the automobile and may be unitarily molded with other functional elements of the automobile such as mirror housings or the like.

Abstract: An automobile window glass assembly for raising and lowering a window glass set in a door of an automobile includes a pair of guide rails secured to the door and having a longitudinally extending groove for guiding two opposing edges of the window glass. Guide rollers are secured to the two opposing edges of the window glass for being raised and lowered along corresponding ones of the guide rails. Each of the guide rollers includes a cylindrical roller consisting of a synthetic resin and secured to the head of a shaft fixed to the window glass, and a cap fitted into an open end portion of the cylindrical roller and having a freely elastically deformable portion contacting a surface of the groove of the corresponding guide rail at all times to assure that the window glass will not develop looseness or play in the direction of door width.

Abstract: A frame (9) guiding the rear marginal portion of a first window pane (13) received in a door (7) is widened to overlap the exterior of a second pane (17) which abuts the first pane (13) guided in the frame (9). The second pane may comprise a pane (17) received in a second door (15), or it may comprise a fixedly mounted pane.

Abstract: A device for the simultaneous sealing of the window pane of a door and the region between the upper edge of the door and the roof region of a motor vehicle includes a single elastomer profile having an outer front surface, the profile including:at least one element for sealing the window pane;at least one element for sealing the region between the upper edge of the door and the roof;a mounting region having two U-shaped recesses formed therein defining holding lips clamped to projecting sheet metal edges of the frame of the door; anda reinforcement insert disposed in the profile, surrounding the two U-shaped recesses and extending to the outer front surface of the profile.

Abstract: A watertight window assembly adapted to be mounted in an automobile comprises a window frame, two sliding panes, weather strips which are mounted in a guide groove formed in the frame and which abut on the panes in a watertight manner, frame members mounted to the opposite ends of the panes, and a seal member of a resilient material. The seal member is mounted to one of the frame members and abuts on the other in a watertight manner. The end portions of the frame members and of the seal member are received in the weather strips. The portions of the frame members which bear on the weather strips are inclined to the direction in which the panes slide. These inclined portions face the panes.

Abstract: A window assembly for a motor vehicle door wherein the outer surface of the window and the outer surface of the door frame are substantially flush with each other. The assembly includes a window pane with at least one bracket secured to the outer surface of an end of the pane and projecting outwardly from that end in a direction substantially parallel to the surface of the glass. The assembly also includes a door frame having a vertically positioned guide portion with a guide groove open in the direction of the window pane. A slide piece is secured to the end of the bracket opposite the end secured to the pane and is slidably engaged within the guide groove so that the outer surface of the guide portion is substantially flush with the window pane and the window pane is guided in the vertical direction. Finally, there is a weather strip between the window pane and the door frame which is positioned at the vehicle compartment side of the guide portion.

Abstract: A construction of a door in a motor vehicle, comprising: a guide piece secured to an end edge of a door glass and protruded into a compartment; a guide member disposed adjacent the end edge of the door glass on the side of the compartment, for slidably guiding the guide piece in the direction of opening or closing of the door glass; and a door glass weather strip having an inner seal lip secured to a door window frame adjacent the end edge of the door glass and being in contact with the side surface of the end edge of the door glass on the side of the compartment to seal between the end edge and the door window frame; wherein a support portion extended to the side surface of the inner seal lip on the side of the compartment, for contacting the inner seal lip from the side of the compartment to support same is integrally formed on the guide member.

Abstract: A vehicle door structure is disclosed which includes a door equipped with a door frame. The door frame has a door glass run at an inner peripheral portion which functions to seal a passenger compartment from the exterior of the vehicle. The door glass run comprises an inner lip and an outer lip. The inner lip is in contact with an interior surface of a door glass, and the outer lip is in contact with an exterior surface of the door glass. The outer lip has an inclined tip portion and a prop portion. The inclined tip portion is in contact with the exterior surface of the door glass, and the prop portion can sustain the door glass when it is biased toward the exterior of the door by force generated by a difference in pressure between the passenger compartment and the exterior surface of the door when a vehicle runs at a high speed.

Abstract: A device for guiding and holding an edge region of a window pane to body parts of a motor vehicle, includes a one-piece metal profile having a U-shaped clamping region and a window pane guiding region, a first rubber profile disposed in the U-shaped clamping region for surrounding the body parts, and at least one second rubber profile disposed in the window pane guiding region for guiding and retaining the edge region of the window pane.

Abstract: In a vertically adjustable window pane which is to be guided on only one side of the window, a stationary resilient guide member provided with an undercut facing in a direction away from the window and a guide rail secured to a side edge of the window which is cooperably received within the guide member to guide the window pane when it is vertically adjusted.

Abstract: A metal core is obtained from a continuous metallic strip, having proper characteristics as far as plasticity and ductility are concerned. This metal band or strip is die-cut to provide a reticulate structure formed by hexagons rather contracted lengthwise. These hexagons constitute a lineup in such longitudinal direction and, in a later phase, are subjected to a folding operation so that their larger sides similar to adjacent hexagons form the central portion of the channeled section, while the joints remain on the side portions of the channeled section. Besides, the side apices of these hexagons extend, forming small flaps which, in turn, make the joints in between take the center line of the mentioned side portions of the channeled sections.

Abstract: A door assembly for an automobile having a door body, which comprises a window sash including a pair of upright guide rail assemblies, extending upwardly from the door body in spaced relation to each other, and a top guide rail assembly extending between the upright guide rail assemblies, and a window pane adapted to be raised from and lowered into the door body and having at least a pair of upright edges and a top edge. The edges of the window pane are positioned generally inwardly of the window sash with respect to the interior of the automobile. At least one first guide shoe having a guide groove defined therein is secured to the window pane with the guide groove of the first guide shoe slidingly receiving one of the upright guide rail assemblies.

Abstract: A door assembly for an automobile having a door body, which comprises a window pane adapted to be raised from and lowered into the door body, a window sash mounted on the top of the door body and positioned generally inwardly of the window pane with respect to the interior of the automobile, which window sash includes an inner peripheral flange of generally U-shaped cross section opening in a direction towards and outwardly of a peripheral edge of the window pane, and also an outer peripheral flange carrying a sealing member for sealing a gap between the window pane and the window sash, and guide blocks secured to the window pane, each of which guide blocks has a finger portion slidingly protruding into the U-sectioned space in the inner peripheral flange for the guidance of the window pane during the raising and lowering thereof from and into the door body.

Abstract: A window assembly for a motor vehicle door which includes a window pane having a window piece secured to one end. The window piece has a slide portion at a forward end offset toward the interior of the vehicle and is substantially crank-shaped in cross-section. A seal member is disposed on the side of the door frame and is in contact with the slide portion of the window piece on opposite sides thereof in a direction lateral to the window pane so the slide portion is slidable in the direction of opening or closing of the window pane. The seal member forms a seal between the door frame and the window piece. A sliding piece projects inwardly toward the interior of the vehicle and is secured to the window pane at a position closer to the center of the window pane than the window piece. A guide is formed on the door frame for guiding the sliding piece in the direction of opening or closing of the window pane and for regulating the lateral position of the window pane at a point through the sliding piece.

Abstract: In an arrangement for a vertically adjustable window pane which is disposed flush with the adjacent body panels, the guide means for the window pane are to be inserted into the guide tracks laterally from the outboard side of the vehicle. This objective is being achieved in that the guide means on the rearward edge of the window pane is disposed in a forwardly pointing direction and is adapted to engage into a rearwardly facing opening of an elongate guide member, and in that the projecting guide portions of the guide means on the forward edge of the window pane are adapted for insertion substantially transversely of the window pane into the associated guide track through openings provided therein and are guided within the guide track in all directions.

Abstract: A vertically adjustable window panel, especially for use in a door of a motor vehicle, which is arranged so as to be flush with the adjacent parts of the vehicle body and in which the guide means thereof as well as the window sealing means are disposed inboard of the window panel.

Abstract: A window guide and seal for a lowerable window in a motor vehicle of which the plane of the window is in alignment with the external surface of the bodywork and which is connected at its edges with edge strips forming inward rebounding rims which interact with guideways and sealing strips disposed in the frame opening, the window (4) is firmly connected only at its lateral vertical edges (5 and 6) with guideways (7 and 8) and at its upper inclined and horizontal edge (9) interacts with a sealing strip (10) fixed in the frame opening (3). The guideways (7 and 8) fixed at lateral vertical edges (5 and 6) here have an S shaped profile and encompass with their narrower section (14) the vertical edges (5 and 6) of the window (4) and slide with their wider section (15) on an edge protection guideway (25) or in a sealing and guiding track (18). The guideways (7 and 8) are here preferably clamped at the edges (5 and 6) of the window (4).