Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalytic composition which comprises microspheroidal alumina and an active component containing a mixture comprising Gallium and/or Gallium oxides, Tin and/or Tin oxides, a quantity ranging from 1 ppm to 500 ppm with respect to the total weight of the catalytic composition of platinum and/or platinum oxides, and oxides of alkaline and/or alkaline earth metals.

Abstract: An apparatus for cleaning exhaust gas. The apparatus includes a housing having an upstream end configured to receive exhaust gas and a downstream end configured to release the exhaust gas. At least one coalescing filter layer and a catalyst filter layer are disposed within the housing. The catalyst filter layer includes molded sintered pellets formed from a porous material and a non-precious metal catalyst. The molded sintered pellets create a porous area for coalescing oil mist, and the catalyst hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for dehydrogenating a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon and/or 5-membered ring compound with a dehydrogenation catalyst. The dehydrogenation catalyst comprises: (i) 0.05 wt % to 5 wt % of a metal selected from Group 14 of the Periodic Table of Elements; and (ii) 0.1 wt % to 10 wt % of a metal selected from Groups 6 to 10 of the Periodic Table of Elements. The process is conducted under dehydrogenation conditions effective to dehydrogenate at least a portion saturated cyclic hydrocarbon and/or 5-membered ring compound.

Abstract: The disclosure provides molybdenum and/or tungsten containing catalyst materials useful for the sour gas shift reactions and methods for using such catalyst materials, for example, for converting carbon monoxide and steam to carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

Abstract: Titania having high visible light photocatalytic activity is prepared by (a) mixing titania with carbon powder; (b) heating the titania/carbon powder mixture to at least about 1000° C. in an inert or weakly reactive atmosphere; and (c) thereafter heating the resultant powder mixture to a temperature in the range of about 350 to about 1000° C. in an oxidizing atmosphere. The resultant titania may be used for detoxifying or disinfecting liquids for gases, for generating hydrogen from aqueous media and in sunscreens and sunglasses.

Abstract: This invention relates to a dehydrogenation catalyst having a macropore size and a high active density of platinum, suitable for use in dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon gas. This dehydrogenation catalyst having a macropore size and a high active density of platinum is highly active, has high active density per unit catalytic surface area, facilitates material transfer of reactants and products, delays deactivation due to coke formation, keeps the initial activity constant after being regenerated thanks to the disposal of coke, has high strength and so is resistant to external impact, and undergoes neither structural changes due to heat nor changes in the properties of active materials.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a supported hybrid vanadium-chromium-based catalyst, characterized in the catalyst is supported on a porous inorganic carrier and a V active site and a inorganic Cr active site are present on the porous inorganic carrier at the same time. The present invention further relates to a process for producing a supported hybrid vanadium-chromium-based catalyst. The invention also provides the preparation method of the catalyst, titanium or fluorine to compounds, vanadium salt and chromium salt according to the proportion, different methods of sequence and load on the inorganic carrier, after high temperature roasting, still can further add organic metal catalyst promoter prereduction activation treatment on it. The catalyst of the present invention can be used for producing ethylene homopolymers and ethylene/?-olefin copolymers.

Abstract: The present invention concerns spheroidal alumina particles, catalysts comprising such particles as a support and a process for the production of spheroidal alumina particles, comprising the following steps: a) preparing a suspension comprising water, an acid and at least one boehmite powder for which the ratio of the crystallite dimensions in the [020] and [120] directions obtained using the Scherrer X-ray diffraction formula is in the range 0.7 to 1; b) adding a pore-forming agent, a surfactant and optionally water, or an emulsion comprising at least one pore-forming agent, a surfactant and water to the suspension of step a); c) mixing the suspension obtained in step b); d) shaping the spheroidal particles by the oil-drop method using the suspension obtained in step c); e) drying the particles obtained in step d); f) calcining the particles obtained in step e).

Abstract: A process for producing an olefin oxide which comprises reacting an olefin with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst comprising (a) ruthenium metal or a ruthenium oxide, (b) manganese oxide and (c) alkaline metal component or alkaline earth metal component.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst comprising a ceramic support with a BET surface area of less than 40 m2/g and (a) 1.0 to 100 g of at least one metal of groups 8 to 12 of the periodic table of the elements, (b) 1.0 g to 100 g of at least one metal of groups 4 to 6 and 12 of the periodic table of the elements and (c) 1.0 g to 100 g of at least one metal of groups 14 and 15 of the periodic table of the elements per litre of bulk volume of the ceramic support, wherein the catalyst is additionally doped with (d) potassium in a content of from 0.0050% by weight to 0.20% by weight, based on the total weight of the catalyst. The present invention also provides the use of such a catalyst in the catalytic gas phase hydrogenation of nitroaromatics.

Abstract: A composition that comprises a titanium compound, an iron compound, and a tungsten compound, wherein the titanium compound has a microcrystalline anatase structure and/or is obtained in the production of TiO2 according to the sulphate process, during hydrolysis of a solution which contains titanyl sulphate, and also in that the composition has a vanadium content, calculated as V, of less than 0.15 wt. % in relation to the solids content of the composition.

Abstract: Provided is a catalyst used for a living radical polymerization method, which contains a central element consisting of carbon and at least one halogen atom binding to the central element. Further, a hydrocarbon compound can be used as a catalyst precursor. A monomer having a radical-reactive unsaturated bond is subjected to a radical polymerization reaction in the presence of the catalyst, consequently a polymer having narrow molecular weight distribution can be obtained, and thus the cost of the living radical polymerization can be remarkably reduced. The present invention is significantly more environmentally friendly and economically excellent than conventional living radical polymerization methods, due to advantages such as low toxicity of the catalyst, low amount of the catalyst used, high solubility of the catalyst, mild reaction conditions, and no coloration/no odor (no need of any post-treatments for a molded article), and the like.

Abstract: One embodiment is a catalyst for catalytic reforming of naphtha. The catalyst can have a noble metal including one or more of platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium, an alkali or alkaline-earth metal, a lanthanide-series metal, and a support. Generally, an average bulk density of the catalyst is about 0.300 to about 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter. The catalyst has a platinum content of less than about 0.375 wt %, a tin content of about 0.1 to about 2 wt %, a potassium content of about 100 to about 600 wppm, and a cerium content of about 0.1 to about 1 wt %. The lanthanide-series metal can be distributed at a concentration of the lanthanide-series metal in a 100 micron surface layer of the catalyst less than two times a concentration of the lanthanide-series metal at a central core of the catalyst.

Abstract: A solid catalyst component for olefin polymerization includes a solid component obtained by causing a magnesium compound (a), a titanium halide compound (b), and an electron donor compound (c) to come in contact with each other, the titanium compound in an amount equivalent to a titanium content of 0.2 to 2.5 wt % in the solid catalyst component being washed away from the solid catalyst component by washing with heptane. A granular or spherical polymer that has high stereoregularity and a narrow particle size distribution can be obtained in high yield while suppressing production of a fine powder by polymerizing an olefin using a catalyst that includes the solid catalyst component.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are processes in which precipitation permits removal of metal halides (e.g. AlCl3) from ionic liquids. After precipitation, the precipitated metal halides can be physically separated from the bulk ionic liquid. More effective precipitation can be achieved through cooling or the combination of cooling and the provision of metal halide seed crystals. The ionic liquids can be regenerated ionic liquid catalysts, which contain excess metal halides after regeneration. Upon removal of the excess metal halides, they can be reused in processes using ionic liquid catalysts, such as alkylation processes.

Abstract: A quaternary oxide includes a dopant metal, a dopant nonmetal, titanium, and oxygen. The atomic ratio of titanium, oxygen and dopant nonmetal may be 1:0.5-1.99:0.01-1.5. Quaternary oxides may be used in catalytic compositions, in coatings for disinfecting surfaces and in coatings for self-cleaning surfaces. A method of making a quaternary oxide includes combining ingredients including a titanium source, a dopant nonmetal source, a dopant metal salt, and a polar organic solvent to form a reaction mixture; and heating the reaction mixture.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of preparing a dehydrogenation catalyst comprising a group VIII metal, a group IVA metal and a refractory oxide support. The method comprises stages of preparing the dry impregnation aqueous solution containing said group VIII metal, ammonia, either in solution or in gas form, and a complexing agent. It then comprises stages of aging the aqueous solution, of dry impregnation of the support, of maturing the impregnated support, of drying the impregnated support and of calcining the dried support.

Abstract: A composition comprising an extruded inorganic support comprising an oxide of a metal or metalloid, and at least one catalytically active metal, wherein the extruded inorganic support has pores, a total pore volume, and a pore size distribution, wherein the pore size distribution displays at least two peaks of pore diameters, each peak having a maximum, wherein a first peak has a first maximum of pore diameters of equal to or greater than about 120 nm and a second peak has a second maximum of pore diameters of less than about 120 nm, and wherein greater than or equal to about 5% of a total pore volume of the extruded inorganic support is contained within the first peak of pore diameters.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst for preparation of chlorine by catalytic gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen, in which the catalyst comprises calcined tin dioxide as a support and at least one halogen-containing ruthenium compound, and to the use thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparation of polyester resin in the presence of a novel catalyst system comprising an antimony compound and inorganic tin compound. The present invention also relates to a catalyst system for the preparation of polyester comprising an antimony compound and inorganic tin compound which reduces the polymerization time at all stages of polyester synthesis and reduces the generation of degradation product. This invention further relates to polyester resin with improved L color having significant importance in end-use applications.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst for preparation of chlorine by catalytic gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen, in which the catalyst comprises at least tin dioxide as a support material and at least one ruthenium-containing compound as a catalytically active material, and comprises, as an additional secondary constituent, a compound of an element or an element selected from the group of: Nb, V, Ta, Cr, Mo, Au, In, Sc, Y and lanthanoids, especially La and Ce.

Abstract: A solid catalyst comprising an effective amount of iridium and at least one second metal selected from gallium, zinc, indium and germanium associated with a solid support material is useful for vapor phase carbonylation to produce carboxylic acids and esters from alkyl alcohols, esters, ethers or ester-alcohol mixtures. The iridium and at least one second metal are deposited on a support material. In some embodiments of the invention, the catalyst is useful for vapor phase carbonylation.

Abstract: A process for producing an olefin oxide which comprises reacting an olefin with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst comprising (a) ruthenium metal or a ruthenium oxide, (b) manganese oxide and (c) alkaline metal component or alkaline earth metal component.

Abstract: A doped material comprises TiO2 and three non-metal dopants. The first non-metal dopant comprises sulfur, the second non-metal dopant comprises fluorine, and the third non-metal dopant comprises carbon. The sulfur dopant comprises a cationic dopant, the carbon dopant comprises a cationic dopant, and the fluorine dopant comprises an anionic dopant. The molar ratio of the TiO2 to the sulfur is approximately 99.75:0.25. The molar ratio of the TiO2 to the fluorine is approximately 99.1:0.9. The molar ratio of the TiO2 to the carbon is approximately 98.7:1.3. The material has a transparent, lateral growth crystalline atomic structure. The crystallite particle size is approximately 1 nm. The material is soluble to facilitate dissolving of the material in a solvent without requiring any dispersants to form a true solution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel processes for the manufacture of chroman derivatives such as ?-tocopherol (TCP) and alkanoates thereof, especially ?-tocopheryl acetate (TCPA), whereby at least one step of the processes is carried out in the presence of a Lewis acid or a mixture of a Lewis acid with a Bronsted acid as the catalyst under pressure, preferably at an absolute pressure of at least 1.1 bar. As starting materials for the manufacture of TCP and its alkanoates either a mixture of 2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone (TMHQ) or 2,3,6-trimethylhydroquinone-1-alkanoate (TMHQA) and a compound selected from the group consisting of phytol (PH), isophytol (IP) and (iso)phytol derivatives or 2-phytyl-3,5,6-trimethyl-hydroquinone (PTMHQ)/3-phytyl-2,5,6-trimethylhydroquinone-1-alkanoate (PTMHQA) and/or an isomer thereof are used. Suitable Lewis acids are indium(III) salts and scandium(III) salts. Suitable acid mixtures are iron/iron(II) chloride/hydrogen chloride and zinc(II) chloride/hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: Provided is a catalyst for fuel reformation that causes carbon monoxide contained in hydrogen gas, which is produced from a variety of hydrocarbon fuels, to react with hydrogen and thereby to be transformed into methane, while inhibiting methanation of carbon dioxide contained in the hydrogen gas. The selective CO methanation catalyst includes at least one of a halogen, an inorganic acid, and a metal oxo-acid adsorbed or bonded as a carbon dioxide reaction inhibitor to a carbon monoxide methanation active component.

Abstract: A composite oxide is provided which has large oxygen absorption and desorption over a wide temperature range, in particular in a higher temperature range of not lower than 700° C. and/or in a lower temperature range of not higher than 400° C. The composite oxide contains oxygen, R composed of at least one of Ce and Pr, and Zr at a particular ratio, and optionally a particular ratio of M composed of at least one element selected from alkaline earth metals and the like.

Abstract: A composition for hydrogen storage includes a receptor, a hydrogen dissociating metal doped on the receptor, and a metal salt doped on the receptor. The hydrogen dissociating metal is configured to spill over hydrogen to the receptor, and the metal salt is configured to increase a rate of the spill over of the hydrogen to the receptor.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be a catalyst for catalytic reforming of naphtha. The catalyst can have a noble metal including one or more of platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium, a lanthanide-series metal including one or more elements of atomic numbers 57-71 of the periodic table, and a support. Generally, an average bulk density of the catalyst is about 0.300-about 0.620 gram per cubic centimeter, and an atomic ratio of the lanthanide-series metal:noble metal is less than about 1.3:1. Moreover, the lanthanide-series metal can be distributed at a concentration of the lanthanide-series metal in a 100 micron surface layer of the catalyst less than about two times a concentration of the lanthanide-series metal at a central core of the catalyst.

Abstract: The invention concerns a homogeneous bed of particles of a catalyst, said catalyst comprising at least one amorphous matrix, at least one noble metal, at least one additional metal M and at least one halogen, and in which, for a catalyst particle, CPt is the local concentration of noble metal Pt; CM is the local concentration of additional metal M; CX is the local concentration of halogen; said catalyst being in the form of a homogeneous bed of particles, in which across the diameter of the particle, at least 70% of the values CPt/CM or CPt/CX differ from the mean local ratio by at most 30%, and in which the mole ratio M/Pt in the catalyst is in the range 1.8 to 6.

Abstract: Catalyst compositions of palladium supported on alumina or zirconium oxide supports having low or no silicon dioxide contents and having a specific surface area or modified with alkali, alkaline earth, or phosphine oxide compounds are selective in a vapor phase hydrogenolysis reaction to convert cyclic acetal compounds and/or cyclic ketal compounds in the presence of hydrogen to their corresponding hydroxy ether hydrocarbon reaction products.

Abstract: A process for producing an olefin oxide which comprises reacting an olefin with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst comprising (a) copper oxide, (b) ruthenium metal or ruthenium oxide and (c) alkaline metal component or alkaline earth metal component.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of preparing a reforming catalyst comprising a group VIII metal, a halogen, at least one metal selected from the group made up of the group VIIB metals and group IVA metals, a refractory oxide support. The method comprises stages of preparing a dry impregnation aqueous solution containing ammonia, either in solution or in gas form and a complexing agent, of aging the aqueous solution, of dry impregnation of the support, of maturing the impregnated support, of drying and of calcination.

Abstract: A process is provided for preparing a carrier which process comprises incorporating into the carrier at any stage of the carrier preparation a strength-enhancing additive. Also provided is the resultant carrier having incorporated therein a strength-enhancing additive and a catalyst comprising the carrier. Also provided is a process for the epoxidation of an olefin employing the catalyst. Also provided is a method of using the olefin oxide so produced for making a 1,2-diol, a 1,2-diol ether or an alkanolamine.

Abstract: This invention relates to a supported nonmetallocene catalyst and preparation thereof. The supported nonmetallocene catalyst can be produced with a simple and feasible process and is characterized by an easily controllable polymerization activity. This invention further relates to use of the supported nonmetallocene catalyst in olefin homopolymerization/copolymerization, which is characterized by a lowered assumption of the co-catalyst as compared with the prior art.

Abstract: A titanium oxide photocatalyst that is capable of improving a decomposition rate, and a method for producing the same are provided. The titanium oxide photocatalyst of the present invention is a titanium oxide photocatalyst containing at least an anatase-type titanium oxide and fluorine, wherein a content of the fluorine is 2.5 wt % to 3.5 wt %, and 90 wt % or more of the fluorine is chemically bonded to the anatase-type titanium oxide.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a liquid composition for promoting plant growth containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The liquid composition contains, as an active ingredient, an aqueous solution prepared by adjusting the pH of colloidal titanium dioxide, a plant growth promoting component, to 0.4-0.6, in order to prevent rapid precipitation of the colloidal titanium dioxide, and then diluting the colloidal titanium dioxide with water to a predetermined concentration. The colloidal titanium dioxide, an environmentally friendly substance harmless to plants and the human body, which is contained in the plant growth promoting composition, is prevented from rapidly precipitating when it is diluted for application to plants. The plant growth promoting composition is harmless to organisms, reduces environmental contamination caused by over-application of biochemical fertilizers and is inexpensive, leading to an increase in farmer's income.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an optimized reforming catalyst comprising at least platinum, at least one promoter metal selected from the group formed by rhenium and iridium, at least one halogen, and at least one alumina support with a low sulphur and phosphorus content.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst that comprises a metal M from the group of platinum, at least one promoter X1 that is selected from the group that consists of tin, germanium, and lead, and optionally at least one promoter X2 that is selected from the group that consists of gallium, indium and thallium, a halogenated compound and a porous substrate, in which the atomic ratio X1/M and optionally X2/M is between 0.3 and 8, the Hir/M ratio that is measured by hydrogen adsorption is greater than 0.40, and the bimetallicity index BMI that is measured by hydrogen/oxygen titration is greater than 108. The invention also relates to the process for the preparation of this catalyst and a reforming process using said catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for making a Ziegler-Natta catalyst having controlled particle size and distribution. The process enables improved catalyst consistency regardless of production scale and customizing of catalyst morphology to desired polymer morphology. The novel catalyst components may be used to prepare polymers, and end-use articles therefrom, having desirable properties. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract which will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.

Abstract: A method is disclosed of producing stable nanosized colloidal suspensions of particles with limited crystallinity loss, products thereof, use of the products and an apparatus for the method. In particular the present invention relates to a wet milling method with small beads wherein the size of the final particles in suspension are stabilized in the nanorange (D50<75 nm) and at the same time the particles substantially maintain the crystallinity.

Abstract: A polyacid-promoted, zirconia catalyst or catalyst support having a high crush strength, surface area and pore volume is described. The polyacid-promoted, zirconia catalyst or catalyst support may be made by combining a zirconium compound with a polyacid/promoter material that includes the group 6 metals (i.e., chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W)), as well as phosphoric acids, sulfuric acids, and polyorganic acids. The zirconyl-promoter precursor may be extruded in the absence of any binder or extrusion aid. The polyacid-promoted, zirconia catalyst or catalyst support is hydrothermally stable in aqueous phase hydrogenation or hydrogenoloysis reactions.

Abstract: This invention relates to a dehydrogenation catalyst having a macropore size and a high active density of platinum, suitable for use in dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon gas. This dehydrogenation catalyst having a macropore size and a high active density of platinum is highly active, has high active density per unit catalytic surface area, facilitates material transfer of reactants and products, delays deactivation due to coke formation, keeps the initial activity constant after being regenerated thanks to the disposal of coke, has high strength and so is resistant to external impact, and undergoes neither structural changes due to heat nor changes in the properties of active materials.

Abstract: Disclosed are a photocatalyst-coated body that can realize a good weather resistance, a photocatalyst-coated body that, in removing NOx, particularly in removing NOx in air, can suppress the production of an intermediate product such as NO2 while increasing the NOx removed, and a photocatalytic coating liquid for use in the formation of the photocatalyst-coated body. The photocatalyst-coated body comprises a photocatalyst layer provided on a substrate. The photocatalyst layer comprises at least photocatalytic titanium oxide particles, silica particles, and a product obtained by drying water soluble zirconium compound.

Abstract: The invention is directed to iridium oxide based catalysts for use as anode catalysts in PEM water electrolysis. The claimed composite catalyst materials comprise iridium oxide (IrO2) and optionally ruthenium oxide (RuO2) in combination with a high surface area inorganic oxide (for example TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2 and mixtures thereof). The inorganic oxide has a BET surface area in the range of 50 to 400 m2/g, a water solubility of lower than 0.15 g/l and is present in a quantity of less than 20 wt. % based on the total weight of the catalyst. The claimed catalyst materials are characterised by a low oxygen overvoltage and long lifetime in water electrolysis. The catalysts are used in electrodes, catalyst-coated membranes and membrane-electrode-assemblies for PEM electrolyzers as well as in regenerative fuel cells (RFC), sensors, and other electrochemical devices.

Abstract: A process for preparing 1-butene polymers comprising polymerizing 1-butene and optionally ethylene, propylene or higher alpha-olefin, in the presence of a catalyst system obtainable by contacting: a) metallocene compound of formula (I): wherein: M is a transition metal; p is an integer from 0 to 3; X, same or different, is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a hydrocarbon group; L is a divalent C1-C40 hydrocarbon radical; R1 is a C1-C40 hydrocarbon radical; T1, is a moiety of formula (IIa) or (IIb): wherein R2 and R3, are C1-C40 hydrocarbon radicals or they can form together a C3-C7-membered ring; R4 is C1-C40 hydrocarbon radicals; T2 and T3, are a moiety of formula (IIIa) or (IIIb): wherein R6 and R7, equal to or different from each other, are hydrogen atoms or C1-C40 hydrocarbon radicals; R5 is a hydrogen atom or a C1-C40 hydrocarbon radicals; with the proviso that if T1 is a moiety of formula (IIa) at least one between T2 and T3 is a moiety of formula (IIIb), and if T1 is a moiety of formula

Abstract: Bismuth-containing catalytic systems, formed using inorganic particles coated with at least one inorganic or organic bismuth compound that is catalytically active when polymerising polymers, characterised in that the inorganic bismuth compound is selected from the group comprising bismuth oxychloride, bismuth hydroxo-sulphate and bismuth carbonate, and in that the organic bismuth compound is selected from the group comprising bismuth acetate, bismuth benzoate, bismuth citrate, bismuth lactate and bismuth phthalate.

Abstract: An improved method for the formation of composite hydroxides or oxides comprising, on an oxide basis, Al2O3 and ZrO2, and optionally CeO2, La2O3, Nd2O3, Pr6O11, Sm2O3, Y2O3, and other rare earth oxides, comprising the steps of preparing an aqueous metal salt solution and forming a hydroxide precipitate slurry by combining the aqueous metal salt solution with an aqueous solution of a caustic alkali at a pH greater than 8.5 to precipitate out all the metal species. The variation in pH during the precipitation reaction is ±1. The invention also relates to composites formed by this method comprising 20-70 wt % Al2O3, 10-77 wt % ZrO2, 0-34 wt % CeO2 and 0-22 wt % REOs other than CeO2, and to composites per se comprising, on an oxide basis, 42-70 wt % Al2O3, 10-48 wt % ZrO2, 2-34 wt % CeO2 and 0-9 wt % REOs other than CeO2 and having the following properties after heating to 850° C. over four hours and holding at 850° C.

Abstract: A catalyst composition, useful for a diversity of chemical production processes, preferably comprises a glass substrate, with one or more functional surface active constituents integrated on and/or in the substrate surface. A substantially nonporous acid resistant glass substrate has (i) a total surface area between about 0.01 m2/g and 10 m2/g; (ii) a predetermined isoelectric point (IEP) obtained in a pH range greater than or equal to 6.0, but less than or equal to 14, and (iii) a SARCNa less than or equal to about 0.5. At least one catalytically-active region may be contiguous or discontiguous and has a mean thickness less than or equal to about 30 nm, preferably less than or equal to 20 nm and more preferably less than or equal to 10 nm.

Abstract: A shell catalyst for the preparation of vinyl acetate monomer, comprising an oxidic porous catalyst support with an outer shell, containing metallic Pd and Au, wherein the framework structure of the porous catalyst support contains hafnium oxide units. This shell catalyst is suitable for the preparation of VAM and is characterized by a relatively high activity and VAM selectivity and maintains this activity and selectivity over relatively long service lives. Also, processes for the preparation and use of the shell catalyst.