Abstract: A method for processing a chemical stream includes contacting a feed stream with a catalyst in a reactor portion of a reactor system that includes a reactor portion and a catalyst processing portion. The catalyst includes platinum, gallium, or both and contacting the feed stream with the catalyst causes a reaction which forms an effluent stream. The method includes separating the effluent stream from the catalyst, passing the catalyst to the catalyst processing portion, and processing the catalyst in the catalyst processing portion. Processing the catalyst includes passing the catalyst to a combustor, combusting a supplemental fuel in the combustor to heat the catalyst, treating the heated catalyst with an oxygen-containing gas to produce a reactivated catalyst, and passing the reactivated catalyst from the catalyst processing portion to the reactor portion. The supplemental fuel may include a molar ratio of hydrogen to other combustible fuels of at least 1:1.

Abstract: We provide a process for regenerating a spent acidic ionic liquid, comprising contacting the spent acidic ionic liquid with hydrogen and without an addition of a hydrogenation catalyst; wherein a conjunct polymer content is decreased in the spent acidic ionic liquid to produce regenerated acidic ionic liquid. We also provide a process for making an alkylate gasoline blending component, comprising: a) alkylating a mixture of isoparaffins and olefins using an acidic ionic liquid and an alkyl halide or a hydrogen halide, wherein a conjunct polymer accumulates in a spent acidic ionic liquid; and b) feeding the spent acidic ionic liquid and a hydrogen, and without an addition of a hydrogenation catalyst, to a regeneration reactor operated under selected hydrogenation conditions to produce a regenerated acidic ionic liquid that is used for the alkylating, wherein the conjunct polymer in the regenerated acidic ionic liquid is decreased by at least 50 wt %.

Abstract: Processes for regenerating ionic liquid catalyst by contacting the ionic liquid catalyst with hydrogen gas in a regeneration reactor. The amount of hydrogen is less than 550 SCF/BBL (97.96 m3/m3) of spent ionic liquid catalyst, or less than 500 SCF/BBL (89.05 m3/m3) of spent ionic liquid catalyst, or between 550 and 45 SCF/BBL (97.96 and 8.015 m3/m3) of spent ionic liquid catalyst, or between 500 and 50 SCF/BBL (89.05 and 8.905 m3/m3) of spent ionic liquid catalyst. Alkylation processes are also disclosed.

Abstract: Processes for regenerating ionic liquid catalyst in which reaction vessel is operated under conditions sufficient to perform, in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst, a hydrocarbon conversion reaction and provide a reaction effluent. The reaction effluent is separated into a hydrocarbon phase and a spent ionic liquid catalyst, wherein the spent ionic liquid catalyst includes conjunct polymer. The spent ionic liquid catalyst is contacted with hydrogen in a regeneration zone at conditions sufficient to reduce an amount of conjunct polymer in the spent ionic liquid catalyst to provide a regenerated effluent. The regenerated effluent is separated into a liquid phase comprising regenerated ionic liquid catalyst and a vapor phase comprising hydrogen and hydrogen chloride. The hydrocarbon phase is separated into a plurality of liquid hydrocarbon streams. The vapor phase is isolated from the liquid hydrocarbon streams. Alkylation processes are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for depolymerizing the polymer component of fiber reinforced polymers to facilitate the recovery of free fibers.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for activating or regenerating a Fischer Tropsch catalyst used in a gas-to-liquids process operating in recycle mode. The method permits the use of specific inert gases to adjust the mole weight of the gas so that the recycle compressor designed for normal steady state operation can also be used in the ROR method. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are specifically excluded for the reduction steps of the ROR method as they have been demonstrated to have a negative effect on the method. Nitrogen is used in the oxidation step with small amounts of oxygen containing gas, preferably air, and may be modified with the addition of argon, helium, or carbon dioxide if the mole weight of the oxidation gas needs to be modified to satisfy the requirements of the compressor.

Abstract: Reactant materials for use in the synthesis of compounds comprising a non-metal and hydrogen, and methods of making and using the same are provided. The reactant materials generally comprise first and second non-metals, metals, a cation, and a transition metal, and can be formed and used in reactions occurring at relatively low-pressure conditions using heat energy that can be supplied via solar radiation. In particular, the reactant materials can be used in the synthesis of ammonia and various hydrocarbon compounds using air, water, and sunlight.

Abstract: We provide a process for regenerating a spent acidic ionic liquid, comprising contacting the spent acidic ionic liquid with hydrogen and without an addition of a hydrogenation catalyst; wherein a conjunct polymer content is decreased in the spent acidic ionic liquid to produce regenerated acidic ionic liquid. We also provide a process for making an alkylate gasoline blending component, comprising: a) alkylating a mixture of isoparaffins and olefins using an acidic ionic liquid and an alkyl halide or a hydrogen halide, wherein a conjunct polymer accumulates in a spent acidic ionic liquid; and b) feeding the spent acidic ionic liquid and a hydrogen, and without an addition of a hydrogenation catalyst, to a regeneration reactor operated under selected hydrogenation conditions to produce a regenerated acidic ionic liquid that is used for the alkylating, wherein the conjunct polymer in the regenerated acidic ionic liquid is decreased by at least 50 wt %.

Abstract: A method of reducing the amount of carbon monoxide present during the metal reduction step of start-up, thus, maintaining metal dispersion and improving the metal reduction and catalyst yields. Carbon monoxide formation is minimized during the start-up procedure and during the initial catalyst dryout phase in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere, gas is purged from the reactor system, either continuously at constant pressure or by a series of pressure/depressure cycles, to remove carbon monoxide. The purging is conducted at temperatures of about 30-500° C. and pressures of about ?90-5,000 kPa(g) (?0.9-50 bar(g)). In this temperature range, carbon monoxide absorbed to the surface of the metal will desorb into the hydrogen-containing atmosphere and can be removed from the system along with carbon monoxide present in the atmosphere through the purging.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for regenerating metal catalysts used in the purification of inert gases for use in fiber draw furnaces and other applications. The methods described herein can regenerate metal catalysts alone or in combination with molecular sieves. The methods disclosed herein are able to prevent the formation and retention of unwanted byproducts during and after the regeneration process, thereby efficiently converting oxidized catalysts to their reduced or elemental form. Gases purified with catalysts regenerated by the methods disclosed herein, when used in fiber draw furnaces and similar applications, can lead to extended equipment lifetimes and higher-quality products due to the lack of degradation by contaminants in the gas stream.

Abstract: Devices and methods for preparing oxygen-containing liquid fuel by bio-oil catalytic conversion. A device includes a biomass fast thermal cracking system for preparing bio-oil, a bio-oil oil-water separating system for separating the bio-oil into oil phase bio-oil and water phase bio-oil that is output to an oil phase bio-oil chemical chain hydrogen production system, and a water phase bio-oil catalytic hydrogenation system. The hydrogen production system outputs produced hydrogen to the water phase bio-oil catalytic hydrogenation system to prepare a liquid fuel. A method includes the steps: thermally cracking the biomass to prepare bio-oil, separating the water phase and the oil phase, producing hydrogen from the oil phase bio-oil through a chemical chain method so as to provide a hydrogen source for the water phase bio-oil to carry out two-stage catalytic hydrogenation in a slurry bed, and separating and purifying the hydrogenated products to obtain an oxygen-containing liquid fuel.

Abstract: A method for regenerating deactivated acidic ionic liquid is described. The method involves reducing a level of free hydrochloric acid in the deactivated acidic ionic liquid in a removal zone using at least one of heat, a stripping fluid, reduced pressure, and liquid-liquid extraction to form a deactivated acidic ionic liquid having a reduced level of free hydrochloric acid; and regenerating the deactivated acidic ionic liquid having the reduced level of free hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for regenerating a catalyst used in the decarbonylation of an aldehyde, wherein the catalyst is a heterogeneous, supported catalyst containing a metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt and mixtures thereof, and wherein the catalyst is subjected to a gas stream comprising hydrogen at a temperature of from 200 to 600° C., wherein substantially no oxygen is used in the regeneration process.

Abstract: We provide alkylation process units, one comprising: a) a hydrogenation reactor that produces a regenerated catalyst effluent; b) a fractionation unit that separates the effluent into gas and light hydrocarbon; c) a connection between the fractionation unit for transmitting the gas to the hydrogenation reactor; and d) a connection between the fractionation unit and an alkylation reactor to transmit the light hydrocarbon to the alkylation reactor.

Abstract: A method of regenerating a silyl or boryl compound is described. The silyl or boryl compound is contained in an organic phase with conjunct polymer. The silyl or boryl compound is chemically reduced with a hydrogen containing compound in a silane or borane regeneration zone under regeneration conditions to form at least one regenerated silane or borane compound and a metal salt compound. The regenerated silane or borane compound is recovered.

Abstract: A system including at least one hydrogen extraction unit comprising an inlet for a synthesis feedgas from a synthesis feedgas line and adapted to remove at least one hydrogen-rich gas and at least one hydrogen-lean gas from the synthesis feedgas to yield a refined synthesis gas; and at least one hydrocarbon synthesis reactor, at least one dedicated activation reactor, or both, wherein the at least one hydrocarbon synthesis reactor is fluidly connected with the at least one hydrogen extraction unit and configured to provide liquid hydrocarbons and a first byproduct gas from a synthesis reactor feedstream comprising at least a portion of the refined synthesis gas; and wherein the at least one dedicated activation reactor is fluidly connected with the at least one hydrogen extraction unit, the at least one hydrocarbon synthesis reactor, or both, and configured for activation of hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst via an activation gas.

Abstract: A method of producing an alumina-supported cobalt catalyst for use in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, which comprises: calcining an initial ?-alumina support material at a temperature to produce a modified alumina support material; impregnating the modified alumina support material with a source of cobalt; calcining the impregnated support material, activating the catalyst with a reducing gas, steam treating the activated catalyst, and activating the steam treated catalyst with a reducing gas.

Abstract: The present invention relates to: a catalyst activation method for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; a catalyst regeneration method for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; and a method for producing a liquid or solid hydrocarbon by using the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction. The temperatures required for a metal carbide producing and activating reaction is markedly lower than existing catalyst activation temperatures, and the catalyst can be activated under conditions that are the same as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction conditions, and thus there is no need for separate reduction equipment in the reactor, and a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst which has been used for a long time can be regenerated within the reactor without the catalyst being isolated or extracted from the reactor.

Abstract: A process is presented for the management of sulfur on a catalyst. The catalyst is a dehydrogenation catalyst, and sulfur accumulates during the dehydrogenation process. Sulfur compounds are stripped from the spent catalyst and the catalyst is cooled before the regeneration process. The process includes controlling the amount of sulfur that needs to be removed from the catalyst before regeneration.

Abstract: A method for continuous production of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas in the presence of a cobalt-based catalyst which comprises a step of providing synthesis gas from a source (1) of synthesis gas in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor (4). The method also includes the following steps: a) conditioning of the catalyst in reduced state in a conditioning reactor (2) by contact with a flow of reducing gas from a synthesis gas source supplying the synthesis reactor, the reducing conditioning gas comprising carbon monoxide (CO) or a mixture comprising hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO), the H2/CO molar ratio of which is between 0.1 and 0.9, at a temperature between 200 and 500° C., and a total pressure between 0.1 and 5 MPa and under a gas flow between 1 and 20 NI/h/g of catalyst to be treated, b) supply of reduced catalyst conditioned in step a) to the synthesis reactor (4).

Abstract: A process and apparatus is presented for the removal of sulfur from a catalyst. The catalyst is a dehydrogenation catalyst, and sulfur accumulates during the dehydrogenation process. The sulfur is removed before the catalyst is regenerated to prevent the formation of undesirable sulfur oxide compounds created during regeneration. The catalyst, during regeneration, includes redispersion of a metal on the catalyst, and removal of sulfur oxides overcomes the interference with chloride retention and metal redispersion in the regeneration process.

Abstract: A process for regenerating a spent cobalt Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst includes subjecting a spent particulate cobalt Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst sequentially to a dewaxing treatment, an oxidation treatment at a pressure of 4 to 30 bar(a) and a reduction treatment, thereby regenerating the catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of increasing stability of a catalyst used in a dehydrogenation process. The method includes storing fresh catalyst in a reduction zone, passing a gas through the reduction zone, introducing hydrocarbons and hydrogen gas into a reactor positioned downstream from the reduction zone to facilitate a dehydrogenation reaction, and replenishing spent catalyst in the reactor with fresh catalyst from the reduction zone. The gas has a moisture content at or below about 4000 ppmv and a temperature at or below about 290° C. The reactor includes catalyst for increasing the rate of the dehydrogenation reaction. The moisture content of the gas may be reduced to at or below about 4000 ppmv by passing the gas through a drier or by using an inert gas stream. The temperature of the gas may also be reduced.

Abstract: A process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation including (a) collecting at least one sample of an ionic liquid catalyst; (b) hydrolyzing the at least one sample to provide at least one hydrolyzed sample; (c) titrating the at least one hydrolyzed sample with a basic reagent to determine a volume of the basic reagent necessary to neutralize a Lewis acid species of the ionic liquid catalyst; and (d) calculating the acid content of the at least one sample from the volume of basic reagent determined in step (c) is described. Processes incorporating such a process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation are also described. These processes are an alkylation process, a process for controlling ionic liquid catalyst activity in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers, and a continuous process for maintaining the acid content of an ionic liquid catalyst at a target acid content in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers.

Abstract: To improve stability of catalytic performance, an aromatizing catalyst for converting lower hydrocarbons into aromatic compounds is regenerated. A regeneration process of the aromatizing catalyst according to the present invention includes the steps of: (a) reacting the aromatizing catalyst with a hydrogen gas in an atmosphere containing the hydrogen gas after using the aromatizing catalyst in an aromatizing reaction for converting lower hydrocarbons into aromatic compounds; (b) decreasing a temperature of the atmosphere containing the hydrogen gas reacted with the aromatizing catalyst, by supplying one of an inert gas and a reducing gas to the atmosphere; (c) reacting the aromatizing catalyst reacted with this inert gas, with an oxidizing gas; and (d) reacting the aromatizing catalyst reacted with the oxidizing gas, with a reducing gas.

Abstract: This invention relates to the field of Fischer-Tropsch catalysis, in particular to activation of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. More particularly the invention relates to a method of activating an iron based Fischer-Tropsch catalyst which includes iron in a positive oxidation state by contacting in a reactor said iron based catalyst with a reducing gas selected from the group consisting of CO and a combination of H2 and CO; at a temperature of at least 245° C. and below 280° C.; at a reducing gas pressure of above 0.5 MPa and not more than 2.2 MPa; and at a GHSV of total gas fed to the reactor of at least 6000 ml(N)/g cat/h, thereby reducing the iron that is in a positive oxidation step in the catalyst.

Abstract: The invention concerns a xylenes isomerization process for the production of equilibrium or near-equilibrium xylenes. The process utilizes a catalyst comprising HZSM-5 or MCM-49 and process conditions including a temperature of less than 295° C. and a pressure sufficient to maintain the xylenes in liquid phase. In embodiments, the process can be operated in a continuous mode with ppm levels of dissolved H2 in the feed and in other embodiments in a cyclic mode without the H2 in feed but with periodic regenerations using a feed having low ppm levels of H2.

Abstract: A process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation including (a) collecting at least one sample of an ionic liquid catalyst; (b) hydrolyzing the at least one sample to provide at least one hydrolyzed sample; (c) titrating the at least one hydrolyzed sample with a basic reagent to determine a volume of the basic reagent necessary to neutralize a Lewis acid species of the ionic liquid catalyst; and (d) calculating the acid content of the at least one sample from the volume of basic reagent determined in step (c) is described. Processes incorporating such a process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation are also described. These processes are an alkylation process, a process for controlling ionic liquid catalyst activity in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers, and a continuous process for maintaining the acid content of an ionic liquid catalyst at a target acid content in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for vaporizing and transporting an alkali metal salt is shown. The apparatus has a first conduit capable of transporting an alkali metal salt solution and a second conduit in fluid communication with the first conduit, the second conduit capable of transporting steam so that the alkali metal salt is dissipated into the steam forming a solution that can be transported, such as to a remote reaction zone. The solution can be transported via a third conduit that is capable of being heated by a heat source. The method can be used to add a promoter to a dehydrogenation catalyst during a dehydrogenation reaction.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a catalyst, which comprises regenerating a catalyst comprising a CHA zeolite as an active ingredient and having an ethylene conversion lowered through reaction of producing propylene by bringing into contact with ethylene in a vapor phase, by bringing the catalyst into contact with a gas which does not comprise oxygen and comprises hydrogen having a hydrogen partial pressure of 0.01 MPa or more as an absolute pressure thereof.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a method for rejuvenating a catalyst, comprising contacting the catalyst with a gaseous feedstock at rejuvenation conditions for at least one hour to form a rejuvenated catalyst and a gaseous product, wherein the catalyst comprises at least 10 wt. % of a molecular sieve, wherein the catalyst prior to the contacting step comprises from 0.001 wt. % to 45 wt. % of hydrocarbons and 0.001 to 10 wt.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for regenerating a hydrogenation catalyst. More specifically, disclosed is a method for regenerating a hydrogenation catalyst poisoned during hydrogenation of a hydroformylation product for preparation of alcohol by stopping hydrogenation in a hydrogenation stationary phase reactor in which the hydrogenation catalyst is set and flowing hydrogen gas under a high temperature normal pressure. The method has an effect in that the poisoned hydrogenation catalyst can be efficiently recovered through a simple process.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction (HC-SCR) catalyst is regenerated using a nitrogen-based reductant agent. The HC-SCR catalyst is in communication with a power system such as an internal combustion engine and receives exhaust gasses from the internal combustion engine. Sulfur in the exhaust gasses may deactivate the HC-SCR catalyst by sulfur oxides forming thereon. To remove the sulfur oxides, a nitrogen-based reductant agent is introduced to the exhaust gasses. The nitrogen-based reductant agent decomposes to nitrogen oxides and hydrogen. The hydrogen reacts with the sulfur oxides to form hydrogen sulfides thereby removing the sulfur oxides from the HC-SCR catalyst.

Abstract: A process is presented for the management of sulfur on a catalyst. The catalyst is a dehydrogenation catalyst, and sulfur accumulates during the dehydrogenation process. Sulfur compounds are stripped from the spent catalyst and the catalyst is cooled before the regeneration process. The process includes controlling the amount of sulfur that needs to be removed from the catalyst before regeneration.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for nonoxidative dehydroaromatization of aliphatic hydrocarbons by converting a reactant stream comprising aliphatic hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst which comprises at least one metallosilicate as a support, at least one element selected from the group of Mo, W and Re as an active component and at least one further transition metal which is not a noble metal as a dopant, wherein the catalyst is regenerated regularly with hydrogen under nonoxidative conditions. The further transition metal used is preferably Fe, Ni, Cu and Co.

Abstract: A process for regenerating a spent ionic liquid catalyst including (a) applying a voltage across one or more pairs of electrodes immersed in a spent ionic liquid catalyst comprising conjunct polymer-metal halide complexes to provide freed conjunct polymers and a regenerated ionic liquid catalyst; and (b) separating the freed conjunct polymers from the regenerated ionic liquid catalyst is described. An alkylation process incorporating the regeneration process is also described.

Abstract: A process for regenerating a used acidic catalyst which has been deactivated by conjunct polymers by removing the conjunct polymers so as to increase the activity of the catalyst is disclosed. Methods for removing the conjunct polymers include addition of a basic reagent and alkylation. The methods are applicable to all acidic catalysts and are described with reference to certain ionic liquid catalysts.

Abstract: Systems that facilitate operating proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are provided. The systems employ a fuel supply component that supplies fuel to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell; and a regeneration component that provides a reducing agent comprising a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen, or a reducing plasma to a cathode catalyst of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell to reduce the cathode catalyst.

Abstract: Processes are disclosure which comprise alternately contacting an oxygen-carrying catalyst with a reducing substance, or a lower partial pressure of an oxidizing gas, and then with the oxidizing gas or a higher partial pressure of the oxidizing gas, whereby the catalyst is alternately reduced and then regenerated to an oxygenated state. In certain embodiments, the oxygen-carrying catalyst comprises at least one metal oxide-containing material containing a composition having the following formulas: (a) CexByB?zB?O?, wherein B=Ba, Sr, Ca, or Zr; B?=Mn, Co, and/or Fe; B?=Cu; 0.01<x<0.99; 0<y<0.6; 0<z<0.5; (b) Ce1-x-yNixByO2-*, wherein B=Zr, Ba, Ca, La, or K; 0.02<x<0.1; 0<y<0.1; and 0.02<*<0.15; and 1<?<2.2 and (c) coal ash either as a catalyst material itself or as a support for said unary or binary metal oxides.

Abstract: Nitrogen oxide storage catalysts are used to remove the nitrogen oxides present in the lean exhaust gas of lean-burn engines. As a result of the stress due to high temperatures in vehicle operation, they are subject to thermal aging processes which affect both the nitrogen oxide storage components and the noble metals present as catalytically active components. The present invention provides a process with which the catalytic activity of a nitrogen oxide storage catalyst which comprises, in addition to platinum as a catalytically active component, basic compounds of strontium and/or barium on a support material comprising cerium oxide, said catalytic activity being lost owing to the thermal aging process, can be at least partly restored. The two-stage process is based on the fact that strontium and/or barium compounds formed during the thermal aging with the support material, which also comprise platinum, are recycled to the catalytically active forms by controlled treatment with specific gas mixtures.

Abstract: Process for the in-situ regeneration of a zeolite catalyst in a carbonylation process for the production of at least one of methyl acetate and acetic acid. The process is carried out by (a) contacting a carbonylatable reactant selected from methanol, dimethyl ether and dimethyl carbonate and carbon monoxide in a reactor with a zeolite catalyst and recovering a product stream containing at least one of methyl acetate and acetic acid from the reactor, (b) ceasing contact of the catalyst with the carbonylatable reactant, (c) regenerating the catalyst with a regenerating gas selected from hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide at a temperature in the range 250 to 600 C, and (d) terminating the hydrogen regenerating step and resuming contact of the catalyst with the carbonylatable reactant and carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A catalyst having decreased activity is subjected to a contact treatment with a reducing gas containing carbon monoxide and/or hydrogen. Also, the catalyst can be effectively activated by being treated by contacting with an oxidizing gas after having been treated by contacting with the reducing gas. As the catalyst for production of chlorine, a ruthenium catalyst, particularly a catalyst containing ruthenium oxide is suitably activated.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a catalyst, which comprises regenerating a catalyst comprising a zeolite as an active ingredient and having an ethylene conversion lowered through reaction of producing propylene by bringing into contact with ethylene in a vapor phase, by bringing the catalyst into contact with a gas which does not comprise oxygen and comprises hydrogen having a hydrogen partial pressure of 0.01 MPa or more as an absolute pressure thereof.

Abstract: Some or all of the needs above can be addressed by embodiments of the invention. According to embodiments of the invention, systems and methods for facilitating hydrogen storage using naturally occurring nanostructure assemblies can be implemented. In one embodiment, a method for storing hydrogen can be provided. The method can include providing diatoms comprising diatomaceous earth or diatoms from a predefined culture. In addition, the method can include heating the diatoms in a sealed environment in the presence of at least one of titanium, a transition metal, or a noble metal to provide a porous hydrogen storage medium. Furthermore, the method can include exposing the porous hydrogen storage medium to hydrogen. In addition, the method can include storing at least a portion of the hydrogen in the porous hydrogen storage medium.

Abstract: The instant invention provides a process for improving catalytic activity of catalyst systems for reductive amination of aliphatic cyanoaldehydes to aliphatic diamines. The process for improving catalytic activity of catalyst systems for reductive amination of aliphatic cyanoaldehydes to aliphatic diamines comprises the steps of: (1) feeding ammonia, optionally hydrogen, and optionally one or more solvents over one or more heterogeneous metal based catalyst systems having a reduced catalytic activity for a period of greater than 1 hour at a temperature in the range of from 50° C. to 500° C.; wherein said one or more heterogeneous metal based catalyst systems have a yield of less than 90 percent based on the molar conversion of cyanoaldehydes to diamines; and (2) thereby improving the catalytic activity of said one or more heterogeneous metal based catalyst systems.

Abstract: Systems and methods that facilitate operating proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are provided. The methods can involve contacting a reducing agent comprising a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen, or a reducing plasma with a cathode catalyst of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell to reduce the cathode catalyst. The systems employ a fuel supply component that supplies fuel to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell; and a regeneration component that provides a reducing agent comprising a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen, or a reducing plasma to a cathode catalyst of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell to reduce the cathode catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed are a system and an apparatus for regenerating an ionic liquid catalyst, which has been deactivated by conjunct polymers during any type of reaction producing conjunct polymers as a by-product, for example, isoparaffin-olefin alkylation. The system and apparatus are designed such that solvent extraction of conjunct polymers, freed from the ionic liquid catalyst through its reaction with aluminum metal, occurs as soon as the conjunct polymers de-bond from the ionic liquid catalyst.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to apparatus, systems, and methods (a) for performing catalytic reactions using a fixed-bed catalyst (e.g., packed particulate bed or catalyst supported on a monolithic substrate) and (b) for regenerating the catalytic activity of the catalyst. An autothermal reformation (ATR) reaction system is described for illustrative purposes, although the apparatus, systems, and methods can be applied more generally to other catalytic cracking/reformation reaction systems and other catalytic reaction systems, in particular reaction systems in which carbon-based and/or sulfur-based catalyst contaminants are produced during system operation.

Abstract: A process for regenerating a used acidic ionic liquid catalyst, comprising: a. contacting the catalyst and hydrogen with a supported hydrogenation catalyst under hydrogenation conditions; and b. recovering a conjunct polymer that is a clear and colorless oil from the catalyst. A process for regenerating a used acidic ionic liquid catalyst which has been deactivated by conjunct polymers comprising the steps of contacting the used catalyst and hydrogen with a supported hydrogenation catalyst in a reaction zone under hydrogenation conditions in the presence of an inert hydrocarbon in which saturated conjunct polymers are soluble for a time sufficient to hydrogenate at least a portion of the conjunct polymers; and recovering the saturated conjunct polymers. Also, a process comprising: contacting the used acidic ionic liquid catalyst and hydrogen with a hydrogenation catalyst comprising a hydrogenation component under hydrogenation conditions; and recovering a conjunct polymer that is a clear and colorless oil.

Abstract: Processes and reactor systems are provided for the conversion of sugars to sugar alcohols using a hydrogenation catalyst, which includes apparatus and method for in-line regeneration of the hydrogenation catalyst to remove carbonaceous deposits.