Abstract: Emulsified organosiloxane polymers are useful in consumer product compositions. In one aspect, a method of making a consumer product having an organosiloxane polymer emulsion comprising the steps: providing a surfactant/solvent mixture; providing an organosiloxane polymer; mixing the surfactant/solvent mixture and the organosiloxane polymer to obtain a homogenous silicone premix; and adding to the homogenous silicone premix to a consumer product precursor composition to obtain the consumer product is disclosed.
Type:
Application
Filed:
April 1, 2011
Publication date:
October 6, 2011
Inventors:
Jeremy Wayne Cox, Rajan Keshav Panandiker, Julie Ann Menkhaus, Kerry Andrew Vetter
Abstract: A fabric softener active composition, comprising at least 50% by weight of a bis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-dimethylammonium methylsulphate fatty acid ester having a molar ratio of fatty acid moieties to amine moieties of from 1.5 to 1.99, wherein the average chain length of the fatty acid moieties is from 16 to 18 carbon atoms and the iodine value of the fatty acid moieties, calculated for the free fatty acid, is from 0.5 to 50, and from 0.5 to 5% by weight fatty acid provides high softening performance and good storage stability in aqueous dispersion and can be handled and processed in a liquid state without addition of a flammable solvent.
Type:
Application
Filed:
March 26, 2011
Publication date:
October 6, 2011
Applicant:
EVONIK DEGUSSA GMBH
Inventors:
Hans-Jürgen Köhle, Ulrike Kottke, Harald Jakob, Jens Hildebrand
Abstract: Methods of making a fabric softener composition comprising 1% to 49% of the bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-dimethylammonium chloride fatty acid ester by weight of the composition are provided.
Abstract: The present application relates to organosilicones and compositions such as consumer products comprising such organosilicones, as well as processes for making and using such organosilicones and such compositions. Such compositions comprising such organosilicones are easier to formulate, and provide more economical and superior care benefits when compared to current silicone containing compositions.
Type:
Application
Filed:
April 1, 2011
Publication date:
October 6, 2011
Inventors:
Rajan Keshav Panandiker, Steven Daryl Smith, Bernard William Kluesener, Mark Gregory Solinsky, Matthew Scott Wagner
Abstract: The present application relates to care agents, for example care polymers, and compositions such as consumer products comprising such care agents, as well as processes for making and using such care agents and such compositions. The performance of the care polymers that Applicants teach, can be further increased by following the emulsification teaching of the present specification and/or combining such care polymers with silicone materials.
Type:
Application
Filed:
April 1, 2011
Publication date:
October 6, 2011
Inventors:
Rajan Keshav Panandiker, Nicholas David Vetter, Jennifer Beth Ponder
Abstract: The present application relates to care agents, for example care polymers, and compositions such as consumer products comprising such care agents, as well as processes for making and using such care agents and such compositions. The performance of the care polymers that Applicants teach, can be further increased by following the emulsification teaching of the present specification and/or combining such care polymers with silicone materials.
Type:
Application
Filed:
April 1, 2011
Publication date:
October 6, 2011
Inventors:
Rajan Keshav Panandiker, Luke Andrew Zannoni, Steven Daryl Smith, Robert Joseph McChain
Abstract: A fabric softener active composition, comprising from 65 to 95% by weight of a bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-dimethylammonium chloride fatty acid ester having a molar ratio of fatty acid moieties to amine moieties of from 1.80 to 1.96, an average chain length of the fatty acid moieties of from 16 to 18 carbon atoms and an iodine value of from 0 to 50, from 2 to 8% by weight of a fatty acid triglyceride having an average chain length of the fatty acid moieties of from 10 to 14 carbon atoms and an iodine value of from 0 to 15, and from 3 to 12% by weight of an alcohol selected from ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol has low melt viscosity, high stability towards dealkylation in the molten state and low flammability.
Type:
Application
Filed:
March 26, 2011
Publication date:
October 6, 2011
Applicant:
EVONIK DEGUSSA GMBH
Inventors:
Hans-Jürgen Köhle, Matthias Schöppner, Axel Euler, Harald Jakob, Saji John Meledathu, Todd L. Kurth, Delbert G. Young, Ingo Hamann, Georg Schick
Abstract: This invention relates to fabric and home care products comprising one or more cold water proteases and processes for making and using such products. Such compositions provide improved cleaning and freshness. Such cold water proteases may be derived from parent enzymes, including BPN? subtilisin and subtilisin derived from Bacillus lentus, by substitution, insertion and/or deletion of one or more of the parent enzymes' amino acids.
Type:
Application
Filed:
December 9, 2010
Publication date:
September 29, 2011
Inventors:
Philip Frank Souter, Glenn Steven Ward, Viktor Yuryevich Alekseyev, Joshua Roy Basler, Luis Gustavo Cascão-Pereira, David A. Estell, Ayrookaran J. Poulose, James T. Kellis, JR., Alexander Pisarchik, Daniel Esteban Torres-Pazmino
Abstract: Optimizing water conductivity, water temperature, and fabric softener active percentage when making a concentrated fabric softener active hydrate yields fabric softener products of desired rheology and stability.
Type:
Application
Filed:
March 24, 2011
Publication date:
September 29, 2011
Inventors:
Darren Franklin King, Alessandro Corona, III, Eric Foster Hopper, Brian Christopher Groendyke
Abstract: The invention provides fabric conditioning compositions, which include as the conditioning agent, one or more quaternary ester ammonium salt compounds, which include a mixture of quaternary mono-, di- and tri-ester ammonium salt components, wherein the amount of quaternary diester ammonium salts is greater than about 40% by weight, and the amount of quaternary triester ammonium salts is less than about 20% by weight based on the total amount of quaternary ester ammonium salts. The composition contains a high level of quaternary diester ammonium salt content, and low level of quaternary triester ammonium salt content.
Abstract: A method and composition for deodorizing soft surfaces such as carpeting and upholstery are disclosed. The method includes the spraying of a liquid composition on a soft surface and allowing the composition to absorb into the soft surface, form liquid agglomerations within the soft surface to the agglomerations can make contact with malodorants disposed within the soft surface. The composition is capable of penetrating rapidly and deeply into the soft surfaces for contacting odor-causing substances embedded therein. The composition comprises an active ingredient such as a glycol or triethanolamine. Other ingredients that contribute to the surface penetration and/or agglomeration formation include ethanol, water, fragrance and a combination of at least one nonionic and at least one ionic surfactant.
Type:
Grant
Filed:
June 7, 2007
Date of Patent:
September 20, 2011
Assignee:
S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc.
Inventors:
Peter N. Nguyen, Cary E. Manderfield, Maciej K. Tasz
Abstract: An asymmetric organomodified disiloxane surfactant having the formula: MM? wherein M comprises branched hydrocarbon substituents and M? comprises a cationic, anionic or zwitterionic substituent and a polyether substituent that may be combined as one moiety, wherein the disiloxane surfactant has an enhanced resistance to hydrolysis between a pH of about 3 to about 12.
Type:
Application
Filed:
December 26, 2008
Publication date:
August 18, 2011
Inventors:
Mark D. Leatherman, George A. Policello, Wenqing N. Peng, Liping Zheng, Roland Wagner, Suresh K. Rajaraman, Xia Zijun
Abstract: Provided are home and personal care compositions comprising a cationic hydrophobically modified galactomannan ether and a silicone, where the cationic hydrophobically modified galactomannan ether have a cationic degree of substitution (DScat) from 0.01 to 0.5 and a hydrophobic degree of substitution (DSH) from 0.00001 to less than 0.001 These compositions provide a benefit to hair, skin or fabric onto which they have been applied. Benefits may include softness, level of silicone deposition and ease of detangling.
Abstract: The invention relates to novel polyurea- and/or polyurethane-polyorganosiloxane compounds, processes for the preparation thereof, and their use and novel reactive 1- or 2-component systems and cured compositions therefrom.
Type:
Application
Filed:
August 14, 2008
Publication date:
July 28, 2011
Applicant:
MOMENTIVE PERFORMANCE MATERIALS GMBH
Inventors:
Roland Wagner, Karl-Heinz Sockel, Anita Witossek, Walter Simon
Abstract: A fabric enhancer composition comprising: (a) a cationic polymer; (b) less than about 20% silicone; and (c) a deposition aid; wherein the composition is essentially free of a coacervate.
Type:
Application
Filed:
March 28, 2011
Publication date:
July 21, 2011
Inventors:
Errol Hoffman Wahl, Gayle Marie Frankenbach, Jodi Lee Brown, Tania Edmee Berges Cabrera
Abstract: The present invention relates to a wrinkle-removing composition containing a specific PO/EO-added compound represented by formula (1) and (b) a specific compound represented by formula (2): R1—Y—[(PO)m/(EO)n]—H??(1) wherein R1is a hydrocarbon group having 10 to 22 carbon atoms, PO represents C3H6O, EO represents C2H4O, m and n each represent the added mole number on the average, m is a number of 3 to 100, n is a number of 1 to 10, (PO) and (EO) may be added in a random or block form, and the order in which (PO) and (EO) are added is not limited; and Y is —O—, —COO—, —CONH— or —NHCO—, R2—Z—CH2CH(OH)CH2OH??(2) wherein R2represents a hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms, and Z is —O— or —COO—.
Abstract: A method is disclosed for stabilizing liquid enzyme-containing liquid formulations by adding at least one boron compound and at least one alpha-hydroxy-mono-carboxylic acid or the salt of an alpha-hydroxy-mono-carboxylic acid capable of forming an enzyme-stabilizing compound. An enzyme-stabilized formulation is disclosed comprising an alpha-hydroxy-mono-carboxylic acid or the salt of an alpha-hydroxy-mono-carboxylic acid, a boron containing compound capable complexing with an alpha-hydroxy-mono-carboxylic acid, the complex formed by the boron compound and the an alpha-hydroxy-mono-carboxylic acid, and an enzyme. The invention applies to both enzyme concentrate raw materials, and to useful product formulations.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a softening detergent composition containing a glyceryl monoether represented by formula (I) and (b) a clay mineral: R—O—(C3H6O2)n—H??(I) wherein R represents a hydrocarbon group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms and n represents the degree of condensation of glycerin and denotes a number from 3 to 5.
Abstract: A gel surfactant composition suitable for hard surface cleaning, washing clothes and dishes, and which can be employed for household, institutional and/or industrial applications, composed by water and a) nonionic surfactants in the range of 1 to 50%, b) a cationic surfactant or association of cationic surfactants in the range of 20 to 50% and c) optionally amphoteric surfactants.
Type:
Application
Filed:
August 28, 2009
Publication date:
June 23, 2011
Applicants:
CLARIANT FINANCE (BVI) LIMITED, CLARIANT S.A., BRAZIL
Inventors:
Matthias Loeffler, Emesto Iwa Horikoshi, Gustavo Haruki Kume, Ana Regina Coimbra, Karine Lima Goncalves Framesqui, Manlio Gallotti, George Italo Pitombeira Nunes
Abstract: An apparatus for retrieving articles from a dryer or otherwise retrieving article from places not easily accessible is described herein. The apparatus comprises a handle with a head attached thereto. The head can be mounted so as to be detachable, swivable, or interchangeable. The handle can be telescoping for further reaching capability or foldable for easy storage. The apparatus can provide illumination as well as be configured to reach into small, various shaped, and otherwise not easy to reach locations.
Abstract: Described herein are compositions and articles containing a polymeric matrix and an active liquid intermixed with at least a portion of the polymeric matrix. Methods of making and using the compositions and articles are also described herein.
Abstract: The present invention is a solid fabric care composition comprising a water-soluble carrier, a water-soluble polymer, a fabric care compound, a polysaccharide and a fragrance, wherein the water-soluble carrier is in particle form, having a coating comprising the water-soluble polymer and the fragrance, and a mixture of the fabric care compound and the polysaccharide being incorporated at least partly into the coating, or the coating of the water-soluble carrier being coated at least partly with a mixture of the fabric care compound and the polysaccharide. Also described herein are fabric care washing or cleaning products comprising the fabric care compositions.
Type:
Application
Filed:
December 13, 2010
Publication date:
April 7, 2011
Applicant:
HENKEL AG & CO. KGaA
Inventors:
Noelle Wrubbel, Karl-Heinz Scheffler, Daniel Tigges, Rene-Andres Artiga Gonzalez, Matthias Sunder, Mario Sturm, Tobias Segler, Konstanze Mayer
Abstract: A surfactant composition comprising one or more surfactant derivatives of isomers of acyclic detergent alcohol having 11, 16, or 21 carbon atoms and two, three, four or five methyl or ethyl branches or mixtures thereof wherein the surfactant derivatives are selected from the group consisting of cationic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, amine oxide surfactants, alkylpolyglycoside surfactants, soaps, fatty acids, di-long-chain alkyl cationic surfactants and mixtures
Type:
Application
Filed:
September 22, 2010
Publication date:
February 10, 2011
Inventors:
Kenneth Nathan Price, Randall Thomas Reilman, Jeffrey John Scheibel, Robert Edward Shumate, Stephanie Ann Urbin
Abstract: Hybrid copolymers include a synthetic polymer which is derived from at least one anionic or non-anionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer and a naturally derived hydroxyl containing chain transfer agent as an end group. The hybrid copolymer may be prepared as a blend with a builder or a chelating agent. Hybrid copolymers also include a synthetic portion derived from at least one ester monomer and a naturally derived hydroxyl containing chain transfer agent as an end group. Ester graft copolymers include a naturally derived hydroxyl moiety backbone and side chains derived from at least one ester monomer. Further, a method of determining the concentration of a hybrid copolymer in an aqueous system and methods of preparing a hybrid copolymer are also included.
Type:
Application
Filed:
July 31, 2009
Publication date:
February 3, 2011
Applicant:
AKZO NOBEL N.V.
Inventors:
Klin A. RODRIGUES, Allen M. Carrier, Jannifer Sanders
Abstract: A fabric conditioning articles containing a particulate lubricant agent comprising a platelet which is optionally hexagonal in shape, said platelet optionally having a planar aspect ratio of particle size to thickness of from about 50 to about 300. Non-limiting examples of suitable particulate lubricant agents can include materials such as a boron nitride, a tungsten disulfide, a molybdenum disulfide, a polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), a talc, a calcium fluoride, a cerium fluoride and a tungsten disulfide, and a mixture thereof.
Abstract: The invention concerns a composition for cotton textile care in particular, comprising an anionic polysaccharide (in particular anionic polygalactomannan) having a mole weight higher than 250000. The composition can be a solid or liquid detergent formulation, a liquid rinsing and/or softening formulation, a drying additive contacted with wet textile in a dry textile, an aqueous ironing formulation, a prespotting washing additive deposited on the textile before a washing operation.
Abstract: A fabric softening composition comprising a fabric softening compound and from 5 to 50% by weight, preferably 5 to 25% by weight of the composition of a material (HH material) capable of changing its hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties in response to an activation step.
Type:
Application
Filed:
July 8, 2010
Publication date:
January 27, 2011
Applicant:
The Sun Products Corporation
Inventors:
Christopher BOARDMAN, Kenneth Stuart Lee
Abstract: A fabric enhancer composition comprising a di-hydrocarbyl complex formed from a mono-hydrocarbyl amido quaternary ammonium component comprising the structure: wherein R1 comprises a C6-C18 hydrocarbyl chain, wherein R2, R3 and R4 are individually selected from the group consisting of C1-C4 hydrocarbyl, C1-C4 hydroxy hydrocarbyl, —(CH2CH2O)xH where x has a value from about 1 to about 2, and mixtures thereof, L is a linking group selected from the group consisting of C(O)O—, —(CH2CH2O)n—, —C(O)—, [CH2CH(CH2)O] and n has value of 1 to 2 with z having a value of 0 or 1, and an anionic surfactant, wherein the fabric enhancer composition provides sufficient softness and anti-static benefits.
Type:
Application
Filed:
July 20, 2009
Publication date:
January 20, 2011
Inventors:
Matthew Lawrence Lynch, Yonas Gizaw, Thomas Edward Kodger, Lois Jean Boekley, Mark Robert Sivik
Abstract: The invention relates to compositions which are suitable as fabric softeners, particularly for softening fabrics that have been washed with highly concentrated detergents. Said compositions are obtainable by esterification of a C6-C22 fatty acid with triethanolamine and subsequent quaternization, said compositions containing non-quaternized di-esteramine, non-quaternized tri-esteramine, quaternized mono-esteramine, quaternized di-esteramine and quaternized tri-esteramine, wherein the weight ratio of non-quaternized tri-esteramine to quaternized tri-esteramine is higher than 1.5.
Type:
Application
Filed:
November 9, 2007
Publication date:
December 30, 2010
Applicant:
KAO CORPORATION, S.A.
Inventors:
Maria Jose Bermejo Oses, Blanca Nogues Lopez
Abstract: The present invention relates to fabric softening compositions providing improved stability upon storage as well as improved resistance to shear.
Abstract: The present application relates to particles, compositions comprising such particles, and processes for making and using such particles and compositions. Such particles minimize or eliminate certain drawbacks of benefit agents including encapsulated benefit agents. When employed in compositions, for example, cleaning or fabric care compositions, such particles increase the efficiency of benefit agent delivery, there by allowing reduced amounts of benefit agents to be employed. In addition to allowing the amount of benefit agent to be reduced, such particles allow a broad range of benefit agents to be employed.
Abstract: Compositions comprising an ionic liquid active composed of an ion active and an ionic liquid-forming counter ion, wherein the ion active is capable of delivering a fabric treating benefit, a surface treating benefit, and/or an air treating benefit. The compositions are substantially free of added water and have a viscosity less than about 5000 mPa·s at room temperature. The compositions are easily diluted with water and/or organic solvent, without formation a gel phase during the dilution process. Various products, especially a unit dose product, made with such compositions are also disclosed.
Type:
Grant
Filed:
October 31, 2005
Date of Patent:
August 17, 2010
Assignee:
The Procter & Gamble Company
Inventors:
Glenn Thomas Jordan, IV, Stacie Ellen Hecht, Kenneth Nathan Price, Patricia Sara Berger, Yousef Georges Aouad, Jean Wevers, Dennis Allen Beckholt, Frank William Denome, Kevin George Goodall, Jose Luis Vega, Michael Stanford Showell, Kenneth Richard Seddon, Harambage Quintus Nimal Gunaratne
Abstract: A fabric conditioning active composition comprising an esterquat mixture of quaternised mono- di- and tri-esters of alkanolamine in which the tri-esterquat content of the quaternised esterquat mixture is from 25 to 50% by weight of said esterquat mixture. Additionally, (i) when the triesterquat content is from 25 to 30% by weight of said esterquat mixture the free amine content of the composition is less than 0.5% by weight on the weight on said esterquat mixture, and (ii) when the tri-esterquat content is more than 30% by weight of said esterquat mixture the free amine content of the composition is less than 6% by weight based on the weight of said esterquat mixture. The composition may contain less than 1% by weight of free fatty acid based on said esterquat mixture.
Type:
Application
Filed:
February 10, 2006
Publication date:
August 5, 2010
Inventors:
Marshall J. Nepras, Michael R. Terry, Matthew I. Levinson, Randal J. Bernhardt
Abstract: A method of preparing a composition for use in a unit dose fabric treatment system, the method comprising the steps of reacting together, in the presence of water, a ester-containing soap precursor, a base material, and optionally a solvent.
Type:
Grant
Filed:
September 23, 2005
Date of Patent:
July 27, 2010
Assignee:
The Sun Products Corporation
Inventors:
Stephen Leonard Briggs, Craig Warren Jones
Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing a fabric softener composition containing a quaternary ammonium salt, and a silicone or organic oil. The process involves forming a thick phase aqueous dispersion of the quaternary ammonium salt with the silicone or organic oil, and further admixing additional water to form a fabric softener composition.
Abstract: This invention relates to cationically derivatized polycalactomannans obtained from cassia tora and cassia obtusifolia and to their use in personal care, household care, and institutional care compositions.
Abstract: A fabric care composition containing non-ionic softening compounds, antistatic agents and perfume. Particularly, the fabric care composition is suitable for use in the rinse cycle of a textile laundering operation to provide excellent fabric softening/static control benefits, and surprisingly improved perfume freshness and longevity. The fabric care composition is preferably at a neutral pH.
Type:
Grant
Filed:
December 5, 2006
Date of Patent:
July 6, 2010
Assignee:
The Procter & Gamble Company
Inventors:
Shulin Larry Zhang, Renae Dianna Fossum, Michelle Marie Mulvaney, Daniel Dale Ditullio, Jr., Glenn Thomas Jordan, IV
Abstract: The invention is directed to fabric treatment compositions comprising at least one cationic polymer and at least one anionic polymer, wherein at least one of these two polymers is a silicone polymer, and wherein said composition forms a coacervate phase.
Type:
Grant
Filed:
March 12, 2007
Date of Patent:
June 15, 2010
Assignee:
The Procter & Gamble Company
Inventors:
Patrick Firmin August Delplancke, Jean-Pol Boutique, Roland Wagner
Abstract: A textile care agent comprising amine-modified cellulose ether for protecting textiles, and the use of the agent for improving water absorption, for improving shape retention, for lint reduction, for reducing pilling, for reducing wrinkling, for smoothing and improving softness to the touch, and for making ironing easier for textile web materials.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for textile softener comprising a cationic surfactant, the ratio of which C7-C21 alkyl substituents analyzed by HLPC (high pressure liquid chromatography) or GC (gas chromatography) is 0.6 or more, as an effective ingredient, and a sheet for textile softener comprising the same. Since the present composition for textile softener has excellent dissolving and dispersing effect even in low temperature water, the sheet comprising this composition is used at a rinse time during washing procedures to represent excellent anti-static effect and textile softening effect to textiles and clothes.
Abstract: A granulate for use in a particulate cleaning product, the granulate consisting of granules which comprise: (a) at least 30% by weight of granulation auxiliary selected from water-soluble non-acid organic crystalline solids; and (b) at least 0.1% by weight of functional cleaning material other than an enzyme or an inorganic compound; and (c) optionally, one or more other ingredients. The granulate may instead comprise: (a) at least 20% by weight of granulation auxiliary selected from non-acid water-soluble organic crystalline solids; and (b) at least 0.1% by weight of temperature sensitive functional cleaning material other than an enzyme or an inorganic compound; and (c) optionally, one or more other ingredients.
Abstract: Compositions and methods for treating substrates, such as fibrous materials, are disclosed. Such compositions and methods can be used to impart or maintain a level of oil repellency and/or water repellency in fibrous substrates such as paper-based materials and/or textiles. In general, such compositions can utilize a copolymer having a plurality of polycationic segments, which can be joined by various other polymeric segments such as silicones and/or hydrophilic polymeric segments. The copolymer can be formulated as a highly-branched polymer, which can have substantivity to a fibrous material to impart oil repellency and/or water repellency. In several instances, the copolymer can be formulated to be fluorine-free. Various details of such copolymers are discussed, as well as methods of utilizing and making such copolymers.
Type:
Application
Filed:
April 16, 2009
Publication date:
March 18, 2010
Applicant:
Nano-Structured Consumer Products, LLC
Inventors:
David S. Soane, Michael C. Berg, William A. Mowers
Abstract: The instant disclosure relates to compositions comprising selected polyglycerol esters and a treatment and/or care agent. The disclosed compositions may be useful in fabric care compositions, for example, detergents, fabric softening compositions and the like. Methods of making and using compositions comprising polyglycerol esters and a treatment and/or care agent are also disclosed.
Type:
Application
Filed:
August 14, 2009
Publication date:
February 18, 2010
Inventors:
Jennifer Beth Ponder, Keith Homer Baker, Rajan Keshav Panandiker, Kerry Andrew Vetter, Robert John Strife
Abstract: This invention relates to fabric softener compositions comprising a fabric softener component or a mixture of fabric softener components and at least one polymer formed from the polymerization of c) a water soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomer or blend of monomers comprising at least one cationic monomer and/or at least one non-ionic monomer, d) a cross-linking agent or a mixture of cross-linking agents in an amount of less than 5 ppm by the weight of component a), and c) optionally at least one chain transfer agent, with the proviso that (i) if the polymer is a cationic homopolymer then the amount of the crosslinking agent is always more than 0 ppm, as thickeners, as well as to new fabric softener compositions.
Type:
Grant
Filed:
November 19, 2003
Date of Patent:
February 9, 2010
Assignee:
Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp.
Inventors:
Emmanuel Martin, Keith Graham, David Normington, Malcolm Skinner