Abstract: Disclosed herein are “paraxanthine-BHB” compositions including a combination of: (1) paraxanthine; (2) a BHB ketone body component such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) salts, BHB esters or BHB acid; and (3) optionally a dietetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A BHB precursor such as 1,3-butanediol can be used in addition to or instead of BHB. Also disclosed herein are methods of using such compositions for producing desired physiological effects, such as enhanced cognitive flexibility, improved sustained attention, improved working memory, and neuroprotection in a mammal. In addition to such improved mental acuity characteristics, the compositions can also beneficially increase resting energy expenditure (resting metabolic rate), enhancing fat loss principally through ketosis while promoting muscle formation and maintenance, as well as modulating lethargy/lightheadedness when entering a ketogenic state.

Abstract: An energy-promoting composition includes an exogenous ketone body component that provides a source of caloric energy, a vasodilator component, a stimulant component, such as caffeine, and optionally a nootropic component. In most if not all cases, the vasodilator, stimulant, and nootropic components do not themselves provide a source of caloric energy but may increase metabolism of available caloric energy. The separate components beneficially and synergistically interact with one another to enhance the overall energy-promoting effect of the composition more rapidly and to a greater degree than if one or more of the components are omitted. The energy-promoting composition is also formulated to minimize the crash effect common to stimulants such as energy drinks.

Abstract: Described herein are formulations including pharmaceutical agents comprising ester and/or lactone ring structures, and methods of using the same. The invention is also directed to a method and ophthalmic pharmaceutical compositions including solution and semisolid dosage forms (i.e. ophthalmic creams, gels, lotions, serums, and/or ointments) of treating a patient with various ocular diseases including presbyopia and dry eyes. The method comprising instructing a patient to apply one strip of the ophthalmic composition to the eyelids that includes pilocarpine or other active pharmaceutical ingredients containing ester and/or lactone ring structures with and without the buffering system.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and compositions for the prevention, amelioration, or alleviation of one or more neurological disorders associated with microbially-induced amyloid formation. Methods of inhibiting, ameliorating, reducing the likelihood, delaying the onset of, treating, or preventing an amyloid disorder are disclosed. Methods of identifying compounds capable of inhibiting the formation of microbially-induced amyloid fibrils are disclosed.

Abstract: The application relates to a 2,6-dioxo-purine derivative, 2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)pyridazin-3-yl)acetamide, and the use of this compound in the modulation of the Wnt pathway, and treating a disease or condition associated with Wnt pathway activity, such as cancer, a fibrotic disease, a degenerative disease or a metabolic disease.

Abstract: A method of treating skeletal muscle cachexia and inflammation associated with burn injury in a subject in need thereof is provided, the method including administering to the subject an effective amount of a phosphodiesterase-4B (PED4B)-selective inhibitor.

Abstract: Compounds having a structure according to formula (I) or (II) where R1, R2, R3, R4, Ar and X1 are as defined herein, are agonists for the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and can be used as adjuvants for stimulating the immune system. Some such compounds can be used in conjugates for targeted delivery to the organ or tissue of intended action.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment relates to novel protein modulators capable of altering function of the mutant CFTR protein and their use for treating diseases associated with CFTR protein malfunction. The invention provides compositions, pharmaceutical preparations and methods of correcting the cellular alteration of a mutant CFTR protein wherein the CFTR mutation is a mutation ?F508-CFTR, or another mutation of class II.

Abstract: The invention discloses a crystal form A of a compound (I) and a preparation method thereof, and further discloses an application of the crystal form A as a PDE2 or TNF-? inhibitor.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a subject and methods of determining the prognosis in patients with AD. The adhesion molecules P-selectin and L-selectin are described for the first time for use as biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of AD. The invention further describes the use of one or more of L-selectin, MCP-1, IL-1?, IL-8 and IFN-? to aid in the prognosis of either accelerated cognitive decline (ACD) or slow cognitive decline (SCD) in patients with AD.

Abstract: Compounds, compositions and methods are described for inhibiting the TRPC5 ion channel and disorders related to TRPC5.

Abstract: A method of treating cancer by inhibiting expression of ubiquitin associated and SH3 domain containing B (UBASH3B) gene or by inhibiting the activity of UBASH3B protein or a functional variant thereof.

Abstract: The present invention discloses substituted fused pyrimidine compounds of formula (I), their tautomers, polymorphs, stereoisomers, solvates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or pharmaceutical compositions containing them and methods of treating conditions and diseases that are mediated by adenosine receptor (AR) activity; the compounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment, prevention or suppression of diseases and disorders that may be susceptible to improvement by antagonism of the adenosine receptor, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, angiogenesis, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, allergic diseases, inflammation, reperfusion injury, myocardial ischemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, congestive heart failure, retinopathy, diabetes mellitus, obesity, inflammatory gastrointestinal tract disorders, and/or autoimmune diseases.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention relates to caffeine-containing compositions comprising caffeine and one or more esters. The caffeine-containing compositions disclosed herein can be used for effective transdermal delivery of caffeine to a subject. Another aspect of the invention relates to applications and preparations of the caffeine-containing compositions.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of therapy of cognitive deficits associated with a central nervous system disorder or condition, methods of enhancing cognitive performance and methods for repeated stimulation of neuronal activity or a pattern of neuronal activity, such as that underlying a specific neuronal circuit(s). The methods comprise combining cognitive training protocols and a general administration of CREB pathway-enhancing agents.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel compounds that are substituted xanthine derivatives and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. For example, this invention relates to novel substituted xanthine derivatives that are derivatives of pentifylline. This invention also provides compositions comprising one or more compounds of this invention and a carrier and the use of the disclosed compounds and compositions in methods of treating diseases and conditions for which pentifylline and related compounds are beneficial.

Abstract: A process for extracting antioxidants from a plant, including contacting a plant material from a guayusa plant for a first time with a solvent, thereby obtaining a first slurry, filtering said first slurry, thereby obtaining a first extract, contacting said plant material for a second time with said solvent, thereby obtaining a second slurry, filtering said second slurry, thereby obtaining a second extract, combining said first extract and said second extract, thereby generating an third extract containing at least antioxidants, xanthines, and amino acids, and substantially drying said third extract.

Abstract: A coating film comprising ethyl cellulose as a component A and an (ethyl acrylate)-(methyl methacrylate) copolymer or a plasticized vinyl acetate polymer as a component B, and having a tensile elongation of 150% or more and a tensile strength of 9 N or more.

Abstract: A method for modifying a quality of a fruit includes cutting a live stem attached to a live fruit at a cut distance from the fruit, producing a cut end of the stem, contacting only the cut end of the stem with a solution comprising at least one mobile and quality-modifying food ingredient while protecting the fruit from contact with the solution, and keeping the cut end of the stem in contact with the solution for an incubation time sufficient to allow absorption and transport of the food ingredient into the fruit, the food ingredient conferring a modified quality upon the fruit. A system for practicing the method and an edible raw plant product produced by the method are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions for modifying fertility in a male mammalian subject by contacting the subject's testis cells, germ cells or sperm with a sufficient amount of a composition comprising a ligand that binds, activates, or inhibits activation of, a TAS2R receptor expressed on the cells. Also described are methods for screening a test molecule for its effect on fertility by examining changes in male germ cells, testis cells or sperm resulting from contact with a molecule that binds, activates, or inhibits activation of, a TAS2R receptor expressed on the cells. Compositions for modifying fertility in a mammalian subject, e.g., contraceptive products, include a ligand that binds, inhibits or activates a TAS2R receptor in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Abstract: There is provided a skin rejuvenation composition which comprises at least one oxidant, at least one photoactivator capable of activating the oxidant, and at least one healing factor chosen from hyaluronic acid, glucosamine and allantoin, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Abstract: The present document describes methods of use of photo activated compositions for oral disinfection and/or treatments which comprise at least one oxidant, at least one photoactivator capable of activating the oxidant, and at least one healing factor chosen from hyaluronic acid, glucosamine and allantoin, in association with a pharmacologically acceptable carrier.

Abstract: The present invention relates to therapeutically active xanthine derivative compounds of Formula (I): corresponding processes for manufacture of said derivatives, pharmaceutical formulations containing and uses of such compounds in therapy, particularly in treatment of diseases where under-activation of the HM74A receptor contributes to the disease or where activation of the receptor will be beneficial.

Abstract: There is provided a wound healing composition which comprises at least one oxidant, at least one photoactivator capable of activating the oxidant and at least one healing factor chosen from hyaluronic acid, glucosamine and allantoin in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In addition, a method of topically treating wounds using at least one oxidant and at least one photoactivator capable of activating the oxidant followed by illumination of said photosensitizer is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a product for at least one of medicinal, cosmetic, coloring or dermatologic use. The product comprises a fibrous plant product and a plant extract which is applied thereto. Further, the invention relates to a corresponding method for producing said product and its use in at least one of medicinal, cosmetic, coloring or dermatologic products or applications or treatments. The plants used may be all plants comprising one or more substances of interest to achieve a desired medicinal, cosmetic, coloring or dermatologic effect.

Abstract: Disclosed is a tablet containing anhydrous calcium hydrogen phosphate, granules (A) which contain sugars, and granules (B) which contain nuclear particles having a diameter of 10-500 ?m, medicine and a film coating, and which have a particle diameter of 700 ?m or less. The present invention enables tablet-making difficulties during the manufacture of the tablet to be suppressed. In addition, the tablet has an appropriate hardness, an excellent disintegration time, and feels very good to ingest.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel compounds that are substituted xanthine derivatives and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. For example, this invention relates to novel substituted xanthine derivatives that are derivatives of pentoxifylline. The compound of the invention are represented by one of the following structural formulas: The variables for these structural formulas are described herein. This invention also provides compositions comprising one or more compounds of this invention and a carrier and the use of the disclosed compounds and compositions in methods of treating diseases and conditions for which pentoxifylline and related compounds are beneficial.

Abstract: Hydroxytyrosol or olive juice containing hydroxytyrosol in combination with at least one of the compounds selected from the group consisting of: creatine, coenzyme Q10, resveratrol, caffeine, carnitine, B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, and/or B12) and ginseng (preferably: root) extract. can be used to maintain or increase mitochondrial biogenesis in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscles, and liver tissue.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions comprising sugar, cysteine, and/or sugar-cysteine products, methods of preparing the same, and/or using the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates to pharmaceutical formulations comprising xanthine or xanthine derivatives, kits thereof, and methods for treating fibrotic diseases by local administration.

Abstract: Compositions, methods, and kits useful for treating pulmonary conditions are provided herein. Such compositions can contain synergizing amounts of a non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, such as a methylxanthine, in combination with leucine and/or a leucine metabolite, and resveratrol.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and compositions for stimulating or promoting bone regeneration or repairing bone fracture or for stimulating or increasing differentiation or activation of osteoblasts by administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of an adenosine receptor agonist, or an analog, derivative or combination thereof, an adenosine receptor antagonist, or an analog, derivative or combination thereof, or adenosine or a compound that upregulates, increases the amount of or increases the biological activity of adenosine. The invention also extends to pharmaceutical compositions such as those comprising an agent that modulates an adenosine receptor such as an adenosine A2A agonist or A1 antagonist.

Abstract: Controlled release preparations and soft capsules are provided. Also provided are emulsions and suspensions, including compositions and methods of manufacturing controlled release soft capsules, where the fill contains a suspension and/or an emulsion.

Abstract: There is provided a skin rejuvenation composition which comprises at least one oxidant, at least one photoactivator capable of activating the oxidant, and at least one healing factor chosen from hyaluronic acid, glucosamine and allantoin, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Abstract: The invention provides compounds and plant extract compositions that inhibit pancreatic enzymes, such as lipases and amylases, and most particularly pancreatic lipase and phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and COX-2 enzyme, and improve the inflammatory state or response conditions in animals. The compounds and plant extracts can be used in methods and administration regimens to treat animals for obesity-related conditions, diabetes and related conditions, metabolic syndrome, metabolic endotoxemia, and inflammatory conditions. The compounds and plant extracts can also be used to produce comestible compositions to be incorporated into a normal diet to improve health or prevent or reduce the uptake of free fatty acids during digestion or the production of inflammatory eicosanoids or cytokines. The inhibitor compounds and compositions include cocoa-derived polymers of epicatechin, such as epicatechin-rich polymers of 2 units through polymers of 14 units and combinations of them.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical dosage forms, particularly dosage forms in granular form having good palatability and capable of rapidly and completely dispersed in the mouth when orally administered.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cosmetic or dermatological composition containing a continuous aqueous phase in which are dispersed vesicles based on at least one alkyl polypentoside, and also comprising at least one alcohol and at least one surfactant. More precisely, the cosmetic or dermatological composition comprises at least one cosmetic or dermatological active agent and at least one continuous aqueous phase in which are dispersed vesicles, said vesicles comprising at least one alkyl polypentoside obtained by reaction of a pentose and of at least a first and a second fatty alcohol comprising a different number of carbon atoms ranging from 10 to 12, said polypentoside having an average polymerization degree of less than or equal to 2, and said composition also comprising at least one surfactant having a HLB of less than 10, and at least one alcohol containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Provided is a method for increasing hair shaft diameter, the method including applying a hair care composition to a region of the hair, wherein the hair care composition includes from about 0.01% to about 5% of chlorinated resorcinol; and from about 0.1% to about 10% of a rheology modifier.

Abstract: A method of preparing a thin film, the method comprising: (a) mixing a lipid, emulsifier, and solvent to provide a uniform first mixture; (b) contacting an active ingredient with the uniform first mixture to provide a thickened second mixture; (c) contacting a binder with the thickened second mixture to provide a slurry; and (d) hot extruding, casting, and condensing the slurry to provide the thin film; or cooling, shearing, mixing, casting, and condensing the slurry to provide the thin film.

Abstract: An oral rinse composition that comprises an aqueous solution that includes a high molecular weight polymer and an energy supplement that stimulates central nervous system activity.

Abstract: The present invention provides biomarkers for sensitive, specific, accurate and quantitative diagnosis and assessment of chronic hypoxia. In particular, the present invention provides 2-hydroxyglutarate as a biomarker that is differentially produced in chronic hypoxia. Furthermore, embodiments of the invention are able to differentiate between chronic and acute hypoxia. Assays for levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate may be used alone or in conjunction with additional biomarkers of hypoxia to increase the precision of analysis. In particular embodiments of the invention, the level of 2-hydroxyglutarate and at least one second biomarker may be assayed to generate a hypoxic profile that can be compared to a reference or control profile, thereby diagnosing a subject as normoxic, chronically hypoxic, or acutely hypoxic.

Abstract: Sustained-released beads providing active ingredients over an extended period of time to an individual orally ingesting the sustained release beads. The sustained-release beads can be part of a suspension wherein the sustained-release beads are suspended and evenly dispersed in the suspension. Binding agents are used to form the structural framework of the sustained released beads and retain the active ingredients without chemical or electrical bonding. The components of the dispersion medium are GRAS designated, making the suspension suitable for use as a food product.

Abstract: Sustained-released beads providing active ingredients over an extended period of time to an individual orally ingesting the sustained release beads. The sustained-release beads can be part of a suspension wherein the sustained-release beads are suspended and evenly dispersed in the suspension. Binding agents are used to form the structural framework of the sustained released beads and retain the active ingredients without chemical or electrical bonding. The components of the dispersion medium are GRAS designated, making the suspension suitable for use as a food product.

Abstract: Sustained-released beads providing active ingredients over an extended period of time to an individual orally ingesting the sustained release beads. The sustained-release beads can be part of a suspension wherein the sustained-release beads are suspended and evenly dispersed in the suspension. Binding agents are used to form the structural framework of the sustained released beads and retain the active ingredients without chemical or electrical bonding. The components of the dispersion medium are GRAS designated, making the suspension suitable for use as a food product.

Abstract: Provided are: an agent for suppressing an undesirable effect of an opioid-type analgesic (opioid), which comprises a compound having adenosine A2A receptor antagonistic activity or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient; the agent for suppressing an undesirable effect of an opioid-type analgesic (opioid), wherein the undesirable effect of the opioid-type analgesic (opioid) is analgesic tolerance or constipation; the agent for suppressing an undesirable effect of an opioid-type analgesic (opioid), wherein the undesirable effect of the opioid-type analgesic (opioid) is analgesic tolerance; and the like.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for treating disease or condition susceptible to amelioration by AMPK activators and compounds of formula which are useful to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the use of the compounds in the prevention or treatment of disease, including pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes, syndrome X, metabolic syndrome and obesity.

Abstract: A method of measuring the effect of an active agent or a stressor on the baseline metabolic indicators of one or more hair follicles, the method including (a) obtaining one or more hair follicles; (b) placing the one or more hair follicles in a vessel, wherein the one or more hair follicles are positioned under one or more sensors; (c) using the one or more sensors to measure the one or more hair follicles' baseline metabolic indicators for both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation; (d) exposing the one or more hair follicles to an active agent or a stressor; and (e) using the one or more sensors to measure the one or more hair follicles' respondent metabolic indicators for both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.

Abstract: Compounds, compositions and methods are described for inhibiting the TRPC5 ion channel and disorders related to TRPC5.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides polymer conjugates comprising a polymer and an agent, the agent linked to the polymer via a linking group containing a cleavable moiety.

Abstract: A composition for human consumption includes a base composition having a pH of about 2 to about 5 and encapsulated caffeine dispersed throughout at least a portion of the base composition. The encapsulated caffeine can be a caffeine complex. The base composition can include a liquid or a food. An oral pouch product includes a porous pouch wrapper, an inner botanical filling material contained within the pouch wrapper, and encapsulated caffeine dispersed throughout at least a portion of the oral pouch product. The encapsulated caffeine is included in the composition and/or the oral pouch product an amount sufficient to release about 50 mg to about 200 mg of caffeine. The composition can provide immediate release of caffeine and/or release of caffeine over an extended period of time.