Abstract: Disclosed are fire extinguishants comprising from about 20% to about 80% by weight of 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFO-1233zd) and from about 20% to about 80% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone (FK5-1-12), and to methods, systems and containers which use the fire extinguishants.

Abstract: Disclosed are fire extinguishants comprising from about 20% to about 80% by weight of 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFO-1233zd) and from about 20% to about 80% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone (FK5-1-12), and to methods, systems and containers which use the fire extinguishants.

Abstract: Embodiments are described herein to provide refrigerant and/or refrigerant composition that is suitable for providing lubrication to, for example, moving parts of a chiller system. Embodiments are also described herein to provide an additive, such as a corrosion inhibitor and/or stabilizers, that can be added to the refrigerant to form refrigerant compositions that is suitable for providing lubrication to, for example, moving parts of a chiller system.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I wherein R1a is H; and R1b is C1-C6 alkyl, Carbocyclyl or Het; or R1a and R1b together define a saturated cyclic amine with 3-6 ring atoms; R2a and R2b are H, halo, C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4haloalkyl, C1-C4alkoxy; or R2a and R2b together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a C3-C6cycloalkyl; R3 is a branched C5-C10alkyl chain, C2-C4haloalkyl or C3-C7cycloalkylmethyl, R4 is Het, Carbocyclyl, optionally substituted as defined in the specification and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates and N-oxides thereof; are inhibitors of cathepsin S and have utility in the treatment of psoriasis, autoimmune disorders and other disorders such as asthma, arteriosclerosis, COPD and chronic pain.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a stable fluorocarbon emulsion having a continuous aqueous phase and discontinuous fluorocarbon phase comprising two fluorocarbons and surprisingly demonstrates that perfluorodecyl bromide is as effective in stabilizing perfluorooctyl bromide emulsions of certain concentrations than much more highly concentrated perfluorooctyl bromide/perfluorodecyl bromide emulsions without the significant problems experienced in higher concentrated emulsions such as longer organ retention times, formation of PFDB crystals, larger emulsion particles, manufacturing problems and inability of repeat dosing inherent with higher concentrations of perfluorodecyl bromide.

Abstract: The invention provides compounds of Formula (I): R1?R2??(I) wherein R1 and R2 have any of the values or specific values defined herein, as well as compositions comprising such compounds and therapeutic methods comprising the administration of such compounds.

Abstract: The subject application provides a method of treating pruritus comprising administering to the skin of a subject afflicted with pruritus an amount of a perfluorocarbon effective to treat the pruritus. The subject application also provides a method of alleviating a symptom of psoriasis comprising administering to the skin of a subject afflicted with psoriasis an amount of a perfluorocarbon effective to alleviate the symptom of psoriasis. The subject application also provides a perfluorocarbon composition for use in treating a subject afflicted with pruritus or psoriasis. The subject application further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a perfluorocarbon for use in treating pruritus or psoriasis.

Abstract: The subject application provides a method of treating pruritus comprising administering to the skin of a subject afflicted with pruritus an amount of a perfluorocarbon effective to treat the pruritus. The subject application also provides a method of alleviating a symptom of psoriasis comprising administering to the skin of a subject afflicted with psoriasis an amount of a perfluorocarbon effective to alleviate the symptom of psoriasis. The subject application also provides a perfluorocarbon composition for use in treating a subject afflicted with pruritus or psoriasis. The subject application further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a perfluorocarbon for use in treating pruritus or psoriasis.

Abstract: Methods of identifying death receptor sensitizing compounds and methods of using death receptor sensitizing compounds are provided.

Abstract: This invention relates to compositions, methods and systems having utility in numerous applications, and in particular, uses for compositions containing the compound cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (Z-HFO-1336mzzm), which has the following structure:

Abstract: Medicine, in particular medications for treating blood losses, hypoxic and ishemic states, for improving a blood oxygen supply and for preserving isolated perfused organs and tissues. The inventive medical emulsion of perfluororganic compounds includes rapidly excretable perfluororganic compounds such as perfluordecalin, perfluoractilbromide, a perfluoroganic additive embodied in the form of a mixture of perfluorinated tertiary amines and phospholipids in the form of a water-salt dispersion. The perfluordecalin and perfluoractilbromide are contained in the composition of the rapidly excretable perfluororganic compounds at a ratio ranging from 10:1 to 1:10. The mixture of perfluorinated tertiary amines is embodied in the form of the mixture of perfluorotpripropylamine and the co-products thereof: cis- and trans-isomers perfluor-1-propyl 3,4-dimethylpirrolidone and perfluor-1-propyl-4-methhylpiperidine.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a stable fluorocarbon emulsion having a continuous aqueous phase and discontinuous fluorocarbon phase comprising two fluorocarbons and surprisingly demonstrates that perfluorodecyl bromide is as effective in stabilizing perfluorooctyl bromide emulsions of certain concentrations than much more highly concentrated perfluorooctyl bromide/perfluorodecyl bromide emulsions without the significant problems experienced in higher concentrated emulsions such as longer organ retention times, formation of PFDB crystals, larger emulsion particles, manufacturing problems and inability of repeat dosing inherent with higher concentrations of perfluorodecyl bromide.

Abstract: An additive mixture useful as a flame retardant is described. The mixture is comprised of (i) a poly(bromophenyl)alkane having in the molecule in the range of 13 to 60 carbon atoms and in the range of two to four aryl groups and (ii) a poly(bromophenyl)bromoalkane having in the molecule in the range of 13 to 60 carbon atoms and in the range of two to four aryl groups, said poly(bromophenyl)bromoalkane being in an amount which is greater than 25 wt %, based on the total weight of the additive mixture. A facile process for making the poly(bromophenyl)bromoalkane is also described.

Abstract: Compounds having a formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, are provided, and are useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders.

Abstract: An additive mixture useful as a flame retardant is described. The mixture is comprised of (i) a poly(bromophenyl)alkane having in the molecule in the range of 13 to 60 carbon atoms and in the range of two to four aryl groups and (ii) a poly(bromophenyl)bromoalkane having in the molecule in the range of 13 to 60 carbon atoms and in the range of two to four aryl groups, said poly(bromophenyl)bromoalkane being in an amount which is greater than 25 wt %, based on the total weight of the additive mixture. A facile process for making the poly(bromophenyl)bromoalkane is also described.

Abstract: An emulsion of perfluoroorganic compounds (PFOC) comprises a rapidly eliminable perfluorocarbon (PFC) and a slowly eliminable perfluorinated cyclic tertiary amine, perfluoro-N-4-(methylcyclohexyl)-piperidine and additionally comprises not less then three rapidly eliminable and three slowly eliminable PFOC admixtures with the critical temperature of dissolution in hexane (CTDH) close to that of main PFOC. The PFOC emulsion is stabilized with a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer having low viscosity to provide high dynamic oxygen capacity and enhancing oxygen delivery to tissues. To prepare the emulsion the stabilizing agent is heated up to 75° C., all components are saturated with carbon dioxide gas to minimize the reactogenicity in intravessel injection as a means of compensation for mass blood loses, perfusion of organs cut of blood flow, treating air-and fat embolism, obliterating vascular injuries of extremities and preventing toxic injuries caused by various xenobiotics.

Abstract: Storage stable fluorocarbon emulsions having a continuous aqueous phase and a discontinuous fluorocarbon phase, in which the fluorocarbon phase comprises a major amount of a first fluorocarbon or fluorocarbon mixture, and a minor amount of a second fluorocarbon or fluorocarbon mixture, in which the second fluorocarbon has a molecular weight greater than that of the first fluorocarbon and the second fluorocarbon includes a lipophilic moiety in its structure, whereby the second fluorocarbon serves to promote particle size stability in the emulsion while simultaneously providing favorably short organ retention times when administered to animals in vivo.

Abstract: One can impart outstanding resistance against collapse under pressure to gas-filled microvesicle used as contrast agents in ultrasonic echography by using as fillers gases whose solubility in water, expressed in liter of gas by liter of water under standard conditions, divided by the square root of the molecular weight does not exceed 0.003.

Abstract: Storage stable fluorocarbon emulsions having a continuous aqueous phase and a discontinuous fluorocarbon phase, in which the fluorocarbon phase comprises a major amount of a first fluorocarbon or fluorocarbon mixture, and a minor amount of a second fluorocarbon or fluorocarbon mixture, in which the second fluorocarbon has a molecular weight greater than that of the first fluorocarbon and the second fluorocarbon includes a lipophilic moiety in its structure, whereby the second fluorocarbon serves to promote particle size stability in the emulsion while simultaneously providing favorably short organ retention times when administered to animals in vivo.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are microemulsion insecticides that do not contain conventional actives. The microemulsion form permits insects to be killed by an oil/surfactant combination.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a class of dihydrophenanthrene which are isolated from Calanthe discolor Lindl. and derivatives thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to aerosol formulations of use for the administration of medicaments by inhalation and in particular to a pharmaceutical aerosol formulation which comprises (a) particulate medicament; (b) at least one sugar; and (c) a fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon propellant. A method of treating respiratory disorders which comprises administration by inhalation of an effective amount of a pharmaceutical aerosol formulation as defined is also described.

Abstract: Apparatus for topical anesthesia by evaporative cooling with ethyl chloride (chloroethane) constitutes a container holding liquid ethyl chloride under pressure. A valve attached to the container hermetically seals the container in a first mode of operation. A second mode of operation of the valve is affected by finger pressure to emit a divergent fluid stream of ethyl chloride. The method of topical anesthesia using the apparatus constitutes positioning the surface area to be anesthetized at a distance from a divergent fluid stream of ethyl chloride such that a substantial portion of that area will subtend the divergent stream to provide faster and more uniform cooling than the non-divergent ethyl chloride stream of the prior art.

Abstract: Storage stable fluorocarbon emulsions having a continuous aqueous phase and a discontinuous fluorocarbon phase, in which the fluorocarbon phase comprises a major amount of a first fluorocarbon or fluorocarbon mixture, and a minor amount of a second fluorocarbon or fluorocarbon mixture, in which the second fluorocarbon has a molecular weight greater than that of the first fluorocarbon and the second fluorocarbon includes a lipophilic moiety in its structure, whereby the second fluorocarbon serves to promote particle size stability in the emulsion while simultaneously providing favorably short organ retention times when administered to animals in vivo.

Abstract: A method of increasing the shelf life of a sterilant mixture of ethylene oxide and one or more halocarbons when the mixture is in contact with iron oxide on the surface of a storage vessel. Sufficient carbon dioxide is added to the mixture to reduce the reactivity of the iron oxide for converting ethylene oxide to reaction products of ethylene oxide. In an alternate embodiment, a hollow carbon steel vessel which holds a mixture of ethylene oxide and a halocarbon as a sterilizing gas has its inside surface passivated by forming a reaction product of iron oxide and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A thermodynamically stable molecular solution providing enhanced bioavailability for lipophilic pharmaceutical agents, comprising a liquid carrier comprising one or more physiologically acceptable lipophilic fluorochemicals, and a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one lipophilic pharmaceutical agent in said liquid carrier to form a thermodynamically stable molecular solution, optionally also including a co-solvent for facilitating solubilization of the pharmaceutical agent. Methods of making and using the molecular solution are also disclosed.

Abstract: This invention relates to compositions comprising highly fluorinated, chloro-substituted, non-cyclic organic compounds having 7 to 9 carbon atoms and to processes of making and using them. More particularly, this invention relates to emulsions comprising those highly fluorinated, chloro-substituted organic compounds. This invention also related to emulsion comprising noncyclic perfluorochlorethers having 7 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 7 to 9 carbon atoms. These novel emulsions have various medical and oxygen transport applications. They are especially useful medically as contrast media, for various biological imaging modalities such as nuclear magnetic resonance, ultrasound, x-ray, computed tomography, .sup.19 F-magnetic resonance imaging, and position emission tomography, as oxygen transport agents or "artificial bloods," in the treatment of heart attack, stroke, and other vascular obstructions, as adjuvants to coronary angioplasty and in cancer radiation treatment and chemotherapy.

Abstract: A fluorocarbon emulsion which exhibits reduced pulmonary gas-trapping properties in species-sensitive laboratory animals is disclosed. Additionally, the fluorocarbon component(s) exhibit short organ retention time(s). The emulsion includes an aqueous phase, an emulsifier, and a fluorocarbon (or fluorocarbon composition), having a vapor pressure of less than about 8 torr to reduce pulmonary gas-trapping, and having an organ retention half life of less than about 6 weeks and more preferably less than about 3 to 4 weeks.

Abstract: One can impart outstanding resistance against collapse under pressure to gas-filled microvesicle used as contrast agents in ultrasonic echography by using as fillers gases whose solubility in water, expressed in liter of gas by liter of water under standard conditions, divided by the square root of the molecular weight does not exceed 0.003.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are agents for enhancing the contrast in an ultrasound image. These agents are extremely small bubbles, or "microbubbles," comprised of specially selected gases. The microbubbles described herein exhibit long life spans in solution and may be produced at a size small enough to traverse the lungs, thus enabling improved ultrasound imaging of the cardiovascular system and other vital organs. Also disclosed herein is a method for selecting gases from which contrast agents may be produced. The method is based on calculations using inherent physical properties of gases and describes a means to associate the properties of a gas with the time for dissolution of a microbubble comprised of the gas.

Abstract: Ultrasound contrast media comprising gaseous perfluoropentane and gaseous perfluorohexane are disclosed.

Abstract: Nonaqueous thixotropic drug delivery vehicles for use in aqueous physiological systems are disclosed comprising a substantially homogeneous dispersion of at least one suspending aid in a nonaqueous perfluorocarbon or fluorinated silicone liquid carrier. Pharmaceutical compounds may be incorporated to provide thixotropic pharmaceutical compositions having improved delivery profiles and high drug localization. The thixotropic compositions act as free-flowing, drop-instillable liquids upon the application of stress yet behave as a visco-elastic material when at rest. Due to these thixotropic properties the pharmaceutical compositions have improved bioavailability, are capable of low dose volume delivery, and do not degrade the incorporated therapeutic or diagnostic compounds making them well suited for multidose packaging and administration.

Abstract: Improved emulsions of highly fluorinated organic compounds. The emulsions comprise a highly fluorinated organic compound, an oil, that is not substantially surface active and not significantly water soluble, and a surfactant. They are characterized by a well-defined relationship in the relative amounts of the three components.

Abstract: This invention relates to compositions comprising highly fluorinated, chloro-substituted, non-cyclic organic compounds having 7 to 9 carbon atoms and to processes of making and using them. More particularly, this invention relates to emulsions comprising those highly fluorinated, chloro-substituted organic compounds. These novel emulsions have various medical and oxygen transport applications. They are especially useful medically as contrast media, for various biological imaging modalities such as nuclear magnetic resonance, ultrasound, x-ray, computed tomography, .sup.19 F-magnetic resonance imaging, and position emission tomography, as oxygen transport agents or "artificial bloods," in the treatment of heart attack, stroke, and other vascular obstructions, as adjuvants to coronary angioplasty and in cancer radiation treatment and chemotherapy.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are agents for enhancing the contrast in an ultrasound image. These agents are extremely small bubbles, or "microbubbles," comprised of specially selected gases. The microbubbles described herein exhibit long life spans in solution and may be produced at a size small enough to traverse the lungs, thus enabling improved ultrasound imaging of the cardiovascular system and other vital organs. Also disclosed herein is a method for selecting gases from which contrast agents may be produced. The method is based on calculations using inherent physical properties of gases and describes a means to associate the properties of a gas with the time for dissolution of a microbubble comprised of the gas.

Abstract: A non-toxic, brominated perfluorocarbon emulsion for internal and intravenous use in animals (including humans) is disclosed, for use as an oxygen transport medium and as a contrast enhancement medium capable of facilitating the detection of tumors and other elements within the body. This emulsion is stable and maintains its very small particle size characteristics for extended periods of time, often exceeding eighteen months after sterilization, and further may include a stabilizing component selected from the group consisting of steroids, tocopherols, cholesterols, and combinations thereof. An anti-oxidizing component enhances delivery in oxygen transport.

Abstract: Compositions of ethylene oxide and monochlorotetrafluoroethane which are useful as sterilizing agents. These novel compositions are environmentally acceptable, possess improved flammability suppressant characteristics, and are capable of maintaining a greater ethylene oxide concentration than traditional sterilizing gas compositions.

Abstract: Improved emulsions of highly fluorinated organic compounds. The emulsions comprise a highly fluorinated organic compound, an oil, that is not substantially surface active and not significantly water soluble, and a surfactant. They are characterized by a well-defined relationship in the relative amounts of the three components.

Abstract: A diluent for perfluorocarbons used for retinal unfolding (unfolding PFCL), consisting of a perfluorocarbon (diluent PFCL), which has a low viscosity and is volatile at room temperature, with a boiling point between body temperature (about 38.degree. C.) and 100.degree. C., for removing residual quantities of unfolding PFCL from the eye after performance of a retinal unfolding treatment. A method of treatment consisting of introducing into an eye the above diluent for the above purpose.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for administering systemically active agents including therapeutic agents through the skin or mucosal membranes of humans and animals and into the blood stream in a transdermal device or formulation comprising topically administering with said systemic agent an effective amount of a membrane penetration enhancer being a carboxylic acid derivative or a salt thereof represented in one embodiment by the general formula ##STR1## wherein W represents oxygen, sulfur, or two hydrogen radicals; wherein Z represents oxygen, sulfur, or --CH.sub.2 --;wherein R represents alkyl optionally substituted with one to three double or triple bonds, --SR'", --OR'", --NHR'", --CH.sub.3, or COOR.sub.1, and wherein R.sub.1 represents hydrogen or lower alkyl;wherein R'" represents alkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, substituted aminoalkyl, optionally substituted with a phenyl, benzoyl or heterocyclic group;wherein R' represents hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, alkylthio, hydroxy, --(CH.sub.2).sub.

Abstract: A non-toxic, brominated perfluorocarbon emulsion for internal and intravenous use in animals (including humans) is disclosed, for use as an oxygen transport medium and as a contrast enhancement medium capable of facilitating the detection of tumors and other elements within the body. This emulsion is stable and maintains its very small particle size characteristics for extended periods of time, often exceeding eighteen months after sterilization, and further may include a stabilizing component selected from the group consisting of steroids, tocopherols, cholesterols, and combinations thereof. An anti-oxidizing component enhances delivery in oxygen transport.

Abstract: A stable concentrated aqueous emulsion of perfluorochemical, a phospholipid and a triglyceride of fatty acids has been demonstrated which has enhanced stability, diminished particle size and heightened tolerance by biological systems. The emulsion has utility as an oxygen transport medium, such as artificial blood. The emulsion can optionally include additional emulsifiers of SURFYNOL.RTM.SE surfactant and PLURONIC.RTM. P-105 surfactant. The emulsion is produced using an improved emulsification technique. The invention includes methods of oxygen transport in vascular systems wherein the oxygen carrying capacity of the vascular systems is improved with the emulsions of the present invention. Methods are also described for organ preservation extra-vivo by perfusing, suffusing, flushing and filling organs outside the body with the oxygen carrying emulsions of the present invention.

Abstract: According to the invention, the parenteral administration of water-insoluble pharmacologically active agents is enhanced wherein the agents are administered in the lipoid phase of a carrier emulsion comprising a microemulsion of a finely dispersed lipoid in an aqueous phase. The lipoid preferably has a mean particle size below 1 micron. This makes it possible to administer water-insoluble agents in high concentrations, and thus a lower dose, whereby a rapid onset of the pharmacological effect is accompanied by a markedly reduced incidence of injury to body tissues.