Abstract: A negative-tone resist composition is provided that contains a free photoacid generator and a multifunctional polymer covalently bound to a photoacid-generating moiety, where the composition is substantially free of cross-linking agents. Multifunctional polymers useful in conjunction with the resist composition are also provided, as is a process for generating a resist image on a substrate using the present compositions and polymers.

Abstract: A hydrogen separation system and membrane is described for extracting hydrogen from gasifier streams at near atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature conditions. The system can be inserted between a small gasifier and an internal combustion engine which runs a genset to optionally co-produce hydrogen and electricity. The hydrogen is used in a number of important industrial processes.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for converting natural gas from a source, such as a wellhead, pipeline, or a storage facility, into hydrocarbon liquid stable at room temperature, comprising a skid or trailer mounted portable gas to liquids reactor. The reactor includes a preprocessor which desulfurizes and dehydrates the natural gas, a first stage reactor which transforms the preprocessed natural gas into synthesis gas, and a liquid production unit using a Fischer-Tropsch or similar polymerization process. The hydrocarbon liquid may be stored in a portable tank for later transportation or further processed on site.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a transition metal nano-catalyst, a method for preparing the same, and a process for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using the catalyst. The transition metal nano-catalyst comprises transition metal nanoparticles and polymer stabilizers, and the transition metal nanoparticles are dispersed in liquid media to form stable colloids. The transition metal nano-catalyst can be prepared by mixing and dispersing transition metal salts and polymer stabilizers in liquid media, and then reducing the transition metal salts with hydrogen at 100-200° C. The process for F-T synthesis using the nano-catalyst comprises contacting a reactant gas mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen with the catalyst and reacting. In addition, the transition metal nanoparticles have smaller diameter and narrower diameter distribution, which is beneficial to control product distribution. Meanwhile, the catalyst can be easily separated from hydrocarbon products and reused.

Abstract: Methods for converting a carbon-containing feedstock into a fluid transportation fuel are described. The methods may include converting the carbon-containing feedstock into a producer gas comprising H2, CO, CO2, and N2, and reacting the producer gas with a substrate catalyst to produce a combination of Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) products, the F-T products including the fluid transportation fuel. A portion of the F-T products may be catalytically cracked to produce additional amounts of the fluid transportation fuel. A portion of the F-T products may also be hydrogenated to produce additional amounts of the fluid transportation fuel. Apparatuses are also described or converting a carbon-containing feedstock into a fluid transportation fuel. The apparatuses may include a producer gas reactor, a Fischer-Tropsch reactor, a cracking reactor, and a hydrogenation reactor.

Abstract: A process and system for producing high octane fuel from carbon dioxide and water is disclosed. The feedstock for the production line is industrial carbon dioxide and water, which may be of lower quality. The end product can be high octane gasoline, high cetane diesel or other liquid hydrocarbon mixtures suitable for driving conventional combustion engines or hydrocarbons suitable for further industrial processing or commercial use. Products, such as dimethyl ether or methanol may also be withdrawn from the production line. The process is nearly emission free and reprocesses all hydrocarbons not suitable for liquid fuel to form high octane products. The heat generated by exothermic reactions in the process is fully utilized as is the heat produced in the reprocessing of hydrocarbons not suitable for liquid fuel.

Abstract: Process for converting a hydrocarbon feedstock into alcohol(s), wherein the hydrocarbons are first converted into syngas, which is subsequently converted into alcohols. The process is carried out by performing the steps of (1) converting a hydrocarbon feedstock, together with an oxygen feedstock, in a auto-thermal reactor (ATR), into a stream A, containing a mixture of carbon oxide(s) and hydrogen, (2) converting at least part of stream A, in the presence of a catalyst in a oxygenate synthesis reactor under a temperature between 150 and 400° C.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for recovering a natural gas contaminated with high levels of carbon dioxide. A gas containing methane and carbon dioxide is extracted from a reservoir containing natural gas, where carbon dioxide comprises greater than 40 vol. % of the extracted gas. The extracted gas is scrubbed with a wash effective to produce a washed extracted gas containing less carbon dioxide than the extracted gas and at least 20 vol. % carbon dioxide. The washed extracted gas is oxidized with an oxygen containing gas in the presence of a partial oxidation catalyst to produce an oxidation product gas containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The oxidation product gas is then utilized to produce a liquid methanol product.

Abstract: A Fischer-Tropsch process for producing diesel fuel or diesel blending stock with a high cetane number, in a concentration of 65-90 wt % at pressures below 200 psia, using a cobalt catalyst with a rhenium and/or ruthenium promoter. The catalyst is a cobalt catalyst with crystallites having an average diameter greater than 16 nanometers, and the resulting hydrocarbon product after a rough flash, contains less than 10 wt % waxes (>C23).

Abstract: Apparatus, methods, processes and designs are disclosed here for (i) the thorough drying of moist feed materials, (ii) the manufacture of a unique high-hydrogen, low-carbon synthetic gas mixture (“H-Syngas”) from dry feed materials, and (iii) the specialized uses of H-Syngas. H-Syngas may be produced from coal, natural gas, some oils and other feed materials using a special 3-dimensional “3D3P” plasma pyrolysis1 process. To produce this unique high-hydrogen, low-carbon H-Syngas mixture from moist feed materials, they must first be thoroughly dried. Removing water (H2O) prior to the 3D3P step minimizes a major source of oxygen in the H-Syngas reactor. The use of dry or dried feed materials (and the absence of moisture-supplied oxygen during the 3D3P step) limits the formation of certain unwanted oxide by-product gases, including the Greenhouse gases carbon-monoxide (CO) and carbon-dioxide (CO2).

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for removing carbon monoxide from a hydrogenous gas stream by reacting the carbon monoxide with hydrogen to give methane and water in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst. In this process, the catalyst is present in the form of a thin-layer catalyst on a support material. The invention further relates to an apparatus for carrying out the process.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for recovering a natural gas contaminated with high levels of carbon dioxide. A gas containing methane and carbon dioxide is extracted from a reservoir containing natural gas, where carbon dioxide comprises at least 50 vol. % of the extracted gas. The extracted gas is oxidized with an oxygen containing gas in the presence of a partial oxidation catalyst at a temperature of less than 600° C. to produce an oxidation product gas containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The oxidation product gas is then utilized to produce a liquid hydrocarbon or a liquid hydrocarbon oxygenate.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing and reacting compounds in a cyclone reactor (10) is disclosed and described. A liquid carrier can be provided which can include solid catalyst particles, liquid catalysts, and/or liquid reactants. The liquid carrier can be formed into a swirl layer (38) within the cyclone reactor (10). A reactant composition including at least one reactant can also be injected through at least a portion of the swirl layer (38) such that at least a portion of the reactant is converted to a reaction product.

Abstract: Disclosed is method for increasing the efficiency of a dirhodium catalyst. The method includes providing a dirhodium catalyst, providing an organic ester, and contacting the dirhodium catalyst and the organic ester under conditions effective to increase the efficiency of the dirhodium catalyst. The organic ester is selected such that it is not a substrate for catalysis by the dirhodium catalyst. Dirhodium catalyst compositions which include a dirhodium catalyst and an organic ester are also disclosed. In these compositions, the organic ester is not a substrate for catalysis by the dirhodium catalyst. The method and compositions can be used in a number of reactions, including insertion reactions (e.g., C—H insertions, Si—H insertions, O—H insertions, and N—H insertions) cyclopropanation reactions, annulations (e.g., [3+2] annulations and [3+4] annulations), and ?,?-diarylalkanoate syntheses.

Abstract: The present invention relates to improved catalyst compositions, as well as methods of making and using such compositions. In particular, preferred embodiments of the present invention comprise rare earth catalyst supports, catalyst compositions having rare earth supports, and methods of preparing and using the catalysts and supports. Accordingly, the present invention also encompasses an improved method for converting a hydrocarbon containing gas and an oxygen containing gas to a gas mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, i.e., syngas, using the rare earth catalyst supports in accordance with the present invention. In addition, the present invention contemplates an improved method for converting hydrocarbon gas to liquid hydrocarbons using the novel syngas catalyst supports and compositions described herein.

Abstract: An in situ process for conducting regeneration of spent hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst. Regenerated, but not yet re-activated, catalyst (15) may be introduced into an operating HCS reactor (1) that has catalyst rejuvenation means (14). Any combination of a fresh, activated catalyst, a fresh, passivated catalyst or short-term or long-term deactivated catalysts may already be present in the HCS reactor (1). The regenerated, but not yet re-activated catalyst is activated in the HCS reactor (1) with rejuvenation means (14) at normal process conditions. The HCS reactor (1) receives syngas through the inlet line (3) and releases liquid hydrocarbons through outlet line (4) and gaseous hydrocarbon and unreacted syngas through the offgas line (2). Catalyst is removed from the HCS reactor (1) through the slipstream line (5) and into a filtration unit (6) which is fed with a stripping fluid (7). The filtered catalyst proceeds to the regeneration unit (9) which is fed a regenerative fluid (10).

Abstract: A process for producing oxygenated products from an olefin-rich feedstock comprise reacting, in a hydroformylation stage, a Fischer-Tropsch derived olefinic product comprising linear and methyl branched olefins, with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalytically effective quantity of a hydroforhylation catalyst and under hydroformylation reaction conditions, to produce oxygenated products comprising linear and methyl branched aldehydes and/or alcohols. The Fischer-Tropsch derived olefinic product is that obtained by subjecting a synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) to Fischer-Tropsch reaction conditions in the presence of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst.

Abstract: According to the inventive method, the hydroformylation of the olefinically unsaturated compounds is carried out in the presence of an aqueous, water-soluble catalyst solution containing rhodium complex compounds, in a reaction column.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing hydrocarbons. The process involves contacting a feed stream comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide with a catalyst in a reaction zone maintained at conversion-promoting conditions effective to produce an effluent stream comprising hydrocarbons. In accordance with this invention the catalyst used in the process includes at least one catalytic metal selected for Fischer-Tropsch reactions (e.g., iron, cobalt, nickel and/or ruthenium); and a support selected from the group consisting of fluorides and fluorided oxides of at least one element selected from the elements of Groups 2 through 15 of the periodic table of elements and elements with atomic numbers 58 through 71 (e.g., zinc, magnesium, calcium, barium, chromium, yttrium, lanthanum, samarium, europium and/or dysprosium).

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing hydrocarbons. The process involves contacting a feed stream comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide with a catalyst in a reaction zone maintained at conversion-promoting conditions effective to produce an effluent stream comprising hydrocarbons. In accordance with this invention the catalyst used in the process includes at least one catalytic metal for Fischer-Tropsch reactions (e.g., iron, cobalt, nickel and/or ruthenium); and a support selected from the group consisting of an aluminum fluoride and fluorided aluminas.

Abstract: A plant and process for converting associated gas from crude oil to methanol at or near the wellhead. The process uses partial oxidation of the associated gas, direct quench, liquid phase methanol conversion wherein substoichiometric H.sub.2 :CO is converted to methanol, and a loop purge to a gas turbo generator to provide all of the plant power requirements. This results in avoiding a complex vapor phase, multiple reactor methanol loop and steam-catalytic reforming, and obtains a compact, low-cost, self-sufficient facility suitable for remote locations.

Abstract: The novel integrated process for production of acetic acid comprises the steps of subjecting a feed mixture consisting of (a) methane gas and (b) gaseous oxygen, air, or a mixture thereof to partial oxidation without production of synthesis gas in a reaction zone at elevated temperature and pressure to form a reaction mixture containing methanol, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor. At least a portion of the water vapor is removed from the reaction mixture, and the remaining partiai oxidation reaction mixture is fed, together with additional methanol from an external source, through a carbonylation reaction zone at elevated temperature and pressure to form a reaction product containing acetic acid and/or methyl acetate and methanol. The additional methanol is added in an amount such that the additional methanol together with the methanol produced by partial oxidation is sufficient to convert substantially all of the carbon monoxide produced by partial oxidation.

Abstract: Catalyst which has become deactivated during a hydrocarbon synthesis (HCS) process is reactivated - rejuvenated using an external reactivation - rejuvenation vessel resulting in a multiple HCS reaction - catalyst rejuvenation reactor vessel design. Flow of the catalyst is synthesis product slurry from the reactor vessel to the rejuvenation vessel and the flow of rejuvenated catalyst back to the reactor vessel are driven by gravity only.

Abstract: Methanol synthesis over a catalyst derived from an alloy of copper and/or a platinum group metal and a highly oxidizable metal such as a rare earth metal can be carried out at unusually low temperatures such as 70.degree. C. and using synthesis gas deficient in hydrogen. The process life of the catalyst is no longer if the starting alloy contains a further metal such as aluminum or manganese. The synthesis gas should preferably be very pure and substantially free of carbon dioxide and water vapor. The process can be advantageously carried out using the catalyst suspended in an inert liquid.

Abstract: A liquid phase process for the manufacture of C.sub.2+ alkanols by the reaction of hydrogen with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst containing ruthenium, cobalt, a halide-containing compound, and an aromatic compound substituted in adjacent ring positions by nitrogen atoms. The process embraces the use of rhodium as an additive to the catalyst system.

Abstract: Ethanol is prepared with high selectivity by the catalytic reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Abstract: Ethylene glycol is prepared from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in homogeneous liquid phase under superatmospheric pressure and at elevated temperature in the presence of a rhodium-containing catalyst and in the presence of an organic solvent, the organic solvent used being a C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 -n-alkanol and the concentration of this alkanol, based on the total amount of the mixture, constantly being maintained at not less than 50% by weight.

Abstract: Ethylene glycol is prepared from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a homogeneous liquid phase under superatmospheric pressure and at elevated temperatures in the presence of a rhodium-containing catalyst and in the presence of a porphyrin as organic nitrogen-containing promoter.

Abstract: A process for the production of ethylene glycol, methanol, ethanol and/or esters thereof from mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (synthesis gas) which comprises contacting a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a catalyst at elevated pressure in a liquid medium, said catalyst comprising ruthenium and at least one other metal from Group VIII of the Periodic Table, and wherein the molar proportion of ruthenium is at least 50 percent relative to the other Group VIII metals. The process is particularly applicable to the selective production of ethylene glycol. The preferred catalysts, which comprise ruthenium/rhodium, may be present in elemental form, as coordination compounds or salts, e.g. carbonyls, acetyl acetonates or carboxylates. It is especially preferred to use a co-catalyst comprising a compound of one or more the metals of Groups IA, IIA or IIB or a nitrogen containing cation and/or base. Suitable liquid media include carboxylic acids (e.g. acetic acid) and ethers (e.g. tetraglyme).

Abstract: This invention relates to the manufacture of valuable alkane polyols by reacting oxides of carbon, such as carbon monoxide, with hydrogen in the presence of a rhodium carbonyl complex in homogeneous liquid phase mixture using a solvent mixture of tetraglyme and a sulfolane.

Abstract: Ethylene glycol is prepared from carbon monoxide and hydrogen under superatmospheric pressure and at an elevated temperature in the presence of a rhodium-containing catalyst together with a cobalt catalyst, the molar ratio of rhodium to cobalt being from about 20:1 to 60:1.

Abstract: A process for producing aliphatic alcohols by reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a liquid phase in the presence of catalyst components, characterized in that rhodium and a trialkylphosphine represented by the general formula PR.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 where each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 is a primary alkyl group, a secondary alkyl group, a tertiary alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group, are used as the catalyst components.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for the production of C.sub.4 -C.sub.5 hydroxyketones by reaction of formaldehyde and synthesis gas in a basic organic solvent in the presence of a tungsten and Group VIII metal-containing catalyst composition.

Abstract: Ethylene glycol along with ethylene glycol derivatives and alcohols are prepared from syngas in improved yields by contacting a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a catalyst system comprising a ruthenium-containing compound and a manganese-containing compound, both dispersed in a low melting quaternary phosphonium compound dissolved in a solvent and heating the resulting reaction mixture at a temperature of at least 150.degree. C. and a pressure of at least 30 atm. for sufficient time to produce the desired ethylene glycol and monohydric alcohols, and then recovering the same from the reaction mixture. A rhodium-containing compound may optionally be used with the ruthenium-containing compound.

Abstract: Process of reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of halogen-containing rhodium catalysts to produce acetaldehyde and ethanol.

Abstract: Low molecular weight oxygenated compounds, and particularly ethylene glycol and methanol, are prepared from syngas in improved yields by contacting a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a catalyst system comprising a rhodium-containing compound, an organic ligand and a special cationic polynuclear aromatic compound possessing a nitrogen atom at a ring fusion position, dissolved in a suitable solvent, and heating the resulting reaction mixture at a temperature of at least 150.degree. C. and a pressure of at least 500 psi for sufficient time to produce the desired low molecular weight oxygenated compounds, and then recovering the same from the reaction mixture.

Abstract: Improved process for reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen. The reactant gases circulate downwardly in admixture with a liquid phase of inert diluent through a fixed bed catalyst. The superficial velocity of each of the gas phase and the liquid phase is at least 1.5 cm per second, preferably 3 to 20 cm per second. The products are hydrocarbons, for example methane, or alcohols, for example methanol, depending on the catalyst.

Abstract: Low molecular weight oxygenated compounds, and particularly ethylene glycol and methanol, are prepared from syngas in good yield by contacting a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a catalyst system comprising a rhodium-containing compound, an organic ligand and a sulfonium salt, preferably dissolved in a suitable solvent, and heating the resulting mixture at an elevated temperature and pressure for sufficient time to produce the desired low molecular weight oxygenated compounds, and then recovering the same from the reaction mixture.

Abstract: The process involves the separation of monohydric and polyhydric products from a liquid homogeneous mixture obtained from the reaction of hydrogen and oxides of carbon in a solvent solution containing a Group VIII metal carbonyl complex catalyst by extracting said solvent solution with a liquid polyhydric alcohol having at least four carbon atoms and at least four hydroxyl moieties at a temperature of at least 50.degree. C. Further, the process is advantageous in that it can be effected under pressure in the presence of oxides of carbon.

Abstract: Oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds containing from one to four carbon atoms, e.g. acids, alcohols and/or aldehydes are produced by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen in the presence of a supported mixture of a rhodium component and a chromium component, optionally incorporating also iron, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten or ruthenium at elevated temperature and generally at elevated pressure. A preferred support is silica which may be activated by the addition of metal and non-metal activators followed by calcination, prior to incorporation of the rhodium and chromium components.

Abstract: Ammonium carboxylates having the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon radical. The defined carboxylates promote the formation of alkane polyols in a homogeneous liquid phase mixture wherein hydrogen and carbon monoxide are reacted in the presence of a rhodium carbonyl complex at a temperature of from about 100.degree. C. to 375.degree. C. and a pressure of from about 500 psia to about 50,000 psia.

Abstract: Particular polynuclear rhodium carbonyl complexes are provided which are useful in the production of polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol by the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. These complexes are rhodium carbonyl cluster compounds comprising twenty-two rhodium atoms in the cluster cage.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process of making alkylene glycols and their ethers which comprises contacting a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a bimetallic catalyst system comprising ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate and rhodium(III) acetylacetonate dispersed in a low melting quaternary phosphonium or ammonium base or salt at a pressure of 500 psi or greater and at a temperature of at least 150.degree. C. for a sufficient time to provide said glycols and ethers.

Abstract: Lanthanum rhodate, or metal substituted lanthanum rhodate, having a perovskite structure is a highly active catalyst for the production of methanol from hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The lanthanum rhodate displays excellent stability and excellent selectivity to methanol.

Abstract: This invention relates to the manufacture of polyhydric alcohol(s) by the reaction of synthesis gas in the presence of a rhodium carbonyl complex dissolved in a cyclic urea solvent.

Abstract: A method of converting low H.sub.2 /CO ratio syngas to carbonaceous products comprising reacting the syngas with water or steam at 200.degree. to 350.degree. C. in the presence of a metal catalyst supported on zinc oxide. Hydrocarbons are produced with a catalyst selected from cobalt, nickel or ruthenium and alcohols are produced with a catalyst selected from palladium, platinium, ruthenium or copper on the zinc oxide support. The ratio of the reactants are such that for alcohols and saturated hydrocarbons:(2n+1).gtoreq.x.gtoreq.Oand for olefinic hydrocarbons:2n.gtoreq.x.gtoreq.Owhere n is the number of carbon atoms in the product and x is the molar amount of water in the reaction mixture.