Abstract: A roofing system, comprising: at least one underlayment roll having a top and a bottom, a first end and a second end and being impermeable to moisture, wherein the bottom has an adhesive layer applied to it; wherein the first end of the underlayment roll is fastened over a center of a top rib in a roof deck and the underlayment roll is roll dispensed in a first row and cut at the end of the roof deck creating a cut end and fastened at the cut end; and wherein a second row of the underlayment roll is positioned overlapping the first row and dispensed in a second row and cut at the end of the roof deck creating another cut end and fastened at the cut end.

Abstract: A floor panel having a backing of a plastics material that is pliable and flexible at the temperature at which a floor is used. A decorative layer disposed above the backing. Complementary mechanical locking profiles are provided on at least two edges of the panel and interact in the locked state of two floor panels. The locking profiles counteract movement apart of the floor panels. At least one of the locking profiles is provided, at least in certain regions, with at least one adhesive.

Abstract: A roofing product having at least two separate zones, with one of the zones having one or more certain functional characteristics such as flame retardancy, solar reflectivity, weather resistance, selected coloring, heat stabilization, algae resistance, and/or solar collection for electrical generation, and another of the zones not having such functional feature(s). The different zones can be present in core or capstock material. The product can be made by any of various processes, such as co-extrusion, forming, molding, coinjection, shot injection moldings, multiple step injection moldings and/lamination.

Abstract: A roofing system and kit including a texture layer for application to an upper surface of the deck of the roof with an upper face of the texture layer being contoured to resemble a different roofing material, a transition texture strip for positioning across gaps between texture layer occurring at transitions in the upper surface of the roof deck and having a contoured upper surface, and an edge strip for application along the perimeter edges of the roof to create an outer perimeter for the roofing system. A finish layer is applied to the texture layer, transition texture strip and edge strip positioned on the roof deck in a liquid sprayable form as a coating onto the texture layer, transition texture strip and edge strip to solidify into a solid layer such that the finish layer forms a continuous membrane over the texture layer, transition texture strip and edge strip.

Abstract: A net layer (32) defines the shell (40) of a building, carried by any necessary supports. A hardening layer (34) is applied to fix the shape of the net layer (32) and to establish wall, roof, and floor. Optionally the shell is of sufficient strength to receive application of further layers in order to define an exoskeleton. Structures of roof sections include parallel-sided segments and converging-sided segments, with troughed or domed section shapes. Structures of walls include opposed shell sides (35), (78) and central filler layers (70), together defining an exoskeleton. Posts (72) can add additional structural capacities for supporting walls, roof and floor and can be formed integrally of net (32) and hardener (34).

Abstract: The present invention relates to an external wall panel which is excellent in ornamental design and weather resistance and a coating method for the external wall panel. An external wall panel of the invention comprises a base panel having a three-dimensional ornamental design surface, a lower coating layer formed on the surface of the base panel, a mid-coating layer formed on the lower coating layer, a first clear layer containing beads formed on the mid-coating layer, and a second clear layer made of a transparent layer or semi-transparent layer formed on the first clear layer wherein the second clear layer has a thick film layer portion in the vicinity of a corner edge of a convex portion of the three-dimensional ornamental design surface.

Abstract: Connectors for joining adjacent modular floor covering units. Embodiments of the connectors include a film and an adhesive layer coated on one side of the film. The connectors can have a conductive component that allows electrical continuity to be maintained between adjacent tiles. In yet another embodiment, the connectors can be equipped as radio frequency identification tags by including radio frequency transponders. To install tiles using the connectors, a first tile is placed on the floor and a connector is positioned so that the adhesive layer faces upward and does not contact the floor. The connector is typically positioned so that only a portion of the adhesive layer adheres to the underside of the tile, leaving the remainder of the connector extending from the underside of the tile. One or more tiles are then positioned adjacent the first tile so that a portion of the connector adheres to the adjacent tiles. In this way, the connectors span adjacent tile edges.

Abstract: A multi-layered veneer panel that includes a foamed core, a concrete surface layer, and a mounting device. The concrete surface layer forms a front surface and an edge perimeter region of the veneer panel. The front surface approximates a desired topography of a simulated wall. The foamed core forms a back surface of the veneer panel and is disposed adjacent the concrete surface layer. The mounting device is cast into at least one of the concrete surface layer and the foamed core and extends from the edge perimeter region. A method of making a multi-layered veneer panel is also disclosed.

Abstract: Connectors for joining adjacent modular floor covering units. Embodiments of the connectors include a film and an adhesive layer coated on one side of the film. The connectors can have a conductive component that allows electrical continuity to be maintained between adjacent tiles. In yet another embodiment, the connectors can be equipped as radio frequency identification tags by including radio frequency transponders. To install tiles using the connectors, a first tile is placed on the floor and a connector is positioned so that the adhesive layer faces upward and does not contact the floor. The connector is typically positioned so that only a portion of the adhesive layer adheres to the underside of the tile, leaving the remainder of the connector extending from the underside of the tile. One or more tiles are then positioned adjacent the first tile so that a portion of the connector adheres to the adjacent tiles. In this way, the connectors span adjacent tile edges.

Abstract: A wall structure is provided, which, despite having a surface that is covered with elastic coating material and that is jointless, has an uneven pattern in the surface, and which does not require any great effort in the coating process and exhibit little variation in the finished design. The wall structure has a wall material, an elastic joint material, a mesh-shaped material and an elastic coating material. The surface of the wall material bears an uneven pattern in which the height difference between deepest portions and highest portions is 2.0 to 4.0 mm and a pattern loss ratio is 15% or less, and furthermore, the wall material is fixed in a state where a side end portion of the wall material is abutted against a side end portion of another wall material. The elastic joint material covers the surface of the abutting portion of the side end portions of the wall materials, and the elastic coating material covers the entire surfaces of the wall materials and of the elastic joint material.

Abstract: A demountable and remountable wall assembly for partitioning room space between an overhead and a floor, the major elements of which are reusable. The assembly provides one or two walls, at lease one of which has an outer fastener-free surface. Additionally, the fastener-free surface may be made substantially smooth and seamless. The walls are arranged in planar congruence, separated by internal spacers or studs, and vertically positioned between the overhead and floor of the room space to be partitioned. Removable tracks or spacers at the top and bottom of the wall assembly serves to interface the wall assembly with the floor and ceiling of the space. The walls are constructed of either finished or unfinished wall panels (e.g., fabric covered or sheet rock panels) which are incorporated into the assembly using a combination of removable fasteners and releasable adhesives. The finished or exposed area of a wall surface includes no fasteners.

Abstract: Flood proofing of buildings built on a slab is provided. Water having a depth less than a selected distance H above the slab is excluded from the building by windows, doors and panels that are sealed to prevent water entry. The panels may be applied over a variety of existing veneer materials or may be used in new construction.

Abstract: A net layer (32) defines the shell (40) of a building, carried by any necessary supports. A hardening layer (34) is applied to fix the shape of the net layer (32) and to establish wall, roof, and floor. Optionally the shell is of sufficient strength to receive application of further layers in order to define an exoskeleton. Structures of roof sections include parallel-sided segments and converging-sided segments, with troughed or domed section shapes. Structures of walls include opposed shell sides (35), (78) and central filler layers (70), together defining an exoskeleton. Posts (72) can add additional structural capacities for supporting walls, roof and floor and can be formed integrally of net (32) and hardener (34).

Abstract: A method for reinforcing building structures enables to obtain a reinforcing coating through the steps of: anchoring resistant film (2) of composite material to a building structure (s) to be reinforced and superposing onto the resistant film (2) an elastic film (8) at least partially uncoupled from the resistant film (2), in such a way that the elastic film (8) can be deformed and slide tangentially relative to the resistant film (2).

Abstract: A method for inhibiting growths on shingled roofs, one or more of the strips installed along shingle courses. The strips are preferably formed of copper and have an upper portion formed with a pattern of through holes along the length of the strip and pattern of dimples extending along a lower portion of the length of the strips to increase the duration and extent of contact of rain or dew with the copper metal to increase the release of cupric ions effective in inhibiting growths on the roof.

Abstract: Connectors for joining adjacent modular floor covering units. Embodiments of the connectors include a film and an adhesive layer coated on one side of the film. The connectors can have a conductive component that allows electrical continuity to be maintained between adjacent tiles. In yet another embodiment, the connectors can be equipped as radio frequency identification tags by including radio frequency transponders. To install tiles using the connectors, a first tile is placed on the floor and a connector is positioned so that the adhesive layer faces upward and does not contact the floor. The connector is typically positioned so that only a portion of the adhesive layer adheres to the underside of the tile, leaving the remainder of the connector extending from the underside of the tile. One or more tiles are then positioned adjacent the first tile so that a portion of the connector adheres to the adjacent tiles. In this way, the connectors span adjacent tile edges.

Abstract: A wall and door hole repair kit used for repairing a hole accidentally punched or intentionally cut during repair or remodeling of a wall or door. The repair kit includes a thin sheet first brace and a thin sheet second brace. A width of one or both braces is dimensioned for receipt inside the hole. Each of the two braces includes a round tube opening with a tube compression slit. The compression slits are disposed next to the tube openings. A small rubber or plastic tube is received through the tube openings in the first and second braces. An adhesive is applied to an inside surface of the first brace. The adhesive is used for securing the first brace to the inside of the wall or door and next to the hole. A portion of the tube is then inserted in the compression slits to hold the braces firmly against an inside and outside of the wall or door and next to the hole.

Abstract: A spray applied building construction coating material forms a waterproofing, water vapor permeable, air barrier, building wrap coating layer between an exterior facing surface of a building sheathing layer and an interior facing surface of an exterior building cladding layer. A building construction assembly is formed by spray coating the exterior surface of the sheathing layer with the coating material or by spray coating gaps in the sheathing layer with the coating material and spray coating the exterior surface of the sheathing layer and previously coated gaps in the sheathing layer with a second coat of the coating material and applying an exterior cladding layer over the coating layer(s). For most applications, the coating material is formulated or includes additives whereby it solidifies on the sheathing to form a coating layer that has an exterior facing, textured surface.

Abstract: A multi-layered panel comprises a first layer made of concrete, a second layer made of foam and an edge perimeter region. The first layer is a thin concrete layer of near uniform thickness that is cast onto the second layer. The exterior surface of the concrete layer simulates an exterior surface of a building. The front of the foam layer has dimensions designed to accommodate the application of the concrete layer. The back of the foam layer has features that assist in mounting the panel on an exterior surface of a building. The edge perimeter region includes a system for interconnecting adjacent multi-layered panels.

Abstract: A high strength low density multi-purpose panel. The preferred panel is made of a plurality of sections, organized into rows and columns, and each preferably including two voids. The voids are preferably triangular in cross-section and may be rounded at their apex and corners. Solid strips of material, extending between opposite corners and between the faces of each section, intersect at the center of each face, resulting in an X-shaped cross in each section. Each section is rotated ninety degrees with respect to each adjacent section. Each section shares sides with four adjacent sections and corners with four cater-corned sections. The common sides create perpendicular sets of parallel braces running the panel's length and width. The shared corners align and join the X-shaped cross braces with the X-shaped cross braces of their cater-cornered neighbors, creating diagonal braces that run across the entire panel.

Abstract: A coating system for in-situ coating of a surface formed by a plurality of plasterboard sections comprises a dry powder composition which is dispersible in an aqueous applicator medium and provides a very high quality surface finish to which gloss or matt paint may be applied directly without joint photographing or show-through of fasteners. The coating composition may be applied by a spray coating technique or a roller technique. The dry powder composition comprises calcium carbonate and, by weight, relative to calcium carbonate, from 4% to 11% of a polymeric binder, from 0.60% to 1.5% of a thickening agent and from 0.10% to 0.35% of a surfactant.

Abstract: A high strength low density multi-purpose panel. The preferred panel is made of a plurality of boxes, organized into rows and columns, and each preferably including four alternately inverted voids. The voids are preferably triangular in cross-section and rounded at their apex and corners. The box sides are preferably four solid panels. Cross panels, extending between opposite corners and between the faces of each box, intersect at each box center, resulting in an X-shaped cross in each box. Each box is rotated ninety degrees with respect to each adjacent box. Each box shares sides with four adjacent boxes and corners with four cater-corned boxes. The common sides create perpendicular sets of parallel braces running the panel's length and width. The shared corners align and join the X-shaped cross panels with the X-shaped cross panels of their cater-cornered neighbors, creating diagonal braces that run across the entire panel.

Abstract: An artificial shingle adapted for mounting on substantially any roof surface (e.g., spaced slat- or solid sheathing-type construction) whereupon conventional shingles might alternatively be mounted, wherein the artificial shingle provides superior cost, wear, fire resistance, weight, or other characteristics while presenting a substantially realistic appearance and resemblance to a natural material (e.g., slate, cedar). The artificial shingle comprises a top surface and a bottom surface. A lower top exposure portion of the top surface and an upper bottom exposure portion of the bottom surface are both provided (e.g., stamped, molded, imprinted) with a relief or three-dimensional pattern substantially resembling the natural material of which conventional shingles are constructed. Other features include a midline groove with a cuttable end tab, and a portion of reduced thickness with strengthening corrugations.

Abstract: The invention relates to a reinforcement for surfaces of structural elements or buildings comprising at least one supporting layer (TS) optionally provided with a covering layer (DS), and an adhesive layer (KS) provided as a basis material (UG) for connecting the supporting layer to the structural element surface or to the building surface, said surface being optionally provided with a basis material primer. The aim of the invention is to produce a reinforcement or corresponding materials which permit a long-term escapement of moisture on the side of the basis material by preserving a solidity and rigidity sufficient for a broad range of applications, especially with regard to a reliable alleviation of load on the basis material with a corresponding transmission of tension to the reinforcement.

Abstract: A surface cladding system is disclosed in which corrugated plastic sheeting is utilized as wall cladding. In a preferred system, battens made of the same corrugated plastic sheeting are secured to the frame members of a wall. The battens are provided with a double side adhesive tape to which the corrugated plastic sheeting is attached. The joints between adjacent panels fall over frame members so that the edges of the adjacent sheets are sealed against water penetration by the double sided tape. The system can preferably be used in agricultural or industrial locations in which walls are frequently subjected to pressure spraying with water or other liquids. The wall system may also be used in recreational and domestic environments such as swimming pools or public washrooms, and also to line the cargo bays of cargo vehicles.

Abstract: A roof structure for a building has been invented, the roof structure having a roof member, and a covering on the roof support, of spray-on thermoplastic polyurethane. A building has been invented which, in one aspect, is portable and whose components or selected parts thereof are covered interiorly and/or exteriorly with spray-on thermoplastic polyurethane material, including but not limited to roof, floor, walls, and/or a skid or support on which the building rests.

Abstract: The present invention discloses, in certain aspects, a building with a plurality of interconnected walls defining an interior space therebetween, at least one of said walls made of non-rigid material, a floor on which the walls are positioned, and a roof structure connected on top of the walls, the roof structure including a roof member, and a covering on the roof member, the covering comprising spray-on protective material.

Abstract: A blend of bonding polyester with an acid resistant polyester and heat dispersant filler providing a liner especially suitable for concrete structure subjected to acidic environments. The blend can also be used in combination with aggregate or fibers to be extruded or molded into articles which are substitutes for conventional concrete.

Abstract: A technique for applying high strength fiber fabric to strengthen beams and the connection between beams and either supported platforms or supporting vertical columns is disclosed. Fabric made of high strength fibers such as glass, boron, or carbon, is laid over the connection between a beam and a platform, or between a beam and a supporting column, and impregnated with an epoxy resin or other polymer matrix. The fabric may be additionally fastened to the structural member using adhesives, fabric fasteners, or bolts. The invention is particularly well suited for retrofitting bridges, freeway overpasses, parking structures, and the like to prevent failure during an earthquake.

Abstract: A solvent mixture of a petroleum distillate and toluene is disclosed. The solvent is used to dissolve a hydrocarbon resin and block copolymers of styrene and isoprene or styrene and butadiene and the solution is applied to newly constructed basement walls to provide a water-resistant elastomeric coating on the walls.

Abstract: A method of rehabilitating a wood pulp digester, comprising applying to an interior surface of the digester wall a tacky silicone rubber layer, and then applying vertical strips of metallic sheet material to form a composition layer of said silicone rubber and said metal strips.

Abstract: A fire-resistant wall structure is provided with a recessed corner guard, for absorbing impact forces, particularly at an external corner. To compensate for the relative loss of fire-resistance capability, in the area in which the wall structure is recessed to receive the corner guard structure, surfaces within the recess are provided with a layer of intumescent paint which, when exposed to sufficiently elevated temperature, expands to develop a thick, cellular foam providing a highly effective insulating layer. The intumescent paint is applied directly to surfaces of an extruded aluminum structural element installed in the recess. Preferably, the paint is applied at the factory where the corner guard components are manufactured. Significant economies and other benefits are realized in relation to prior practices of installing ceramic matting in the wall recess at the construction site.

Abstract: Materials, particularly wood materials and calcium carbonate-containing materials such as concrete and marble, can be protected from the growth of algae by being treated with a compound containing tin covalently bonded to a silylating group such that cleavage of the covalent bonds due to hydrolysis or photolysis is minimized, thus making the treatment ecologically safe. One such compound is (n-Bu).sub.3 SnCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 Si(OEt).sub.3. The tin compound can either be incorporated into raw materials from which materials are to be made, or it can be applied to the finished materials. When the tin compound is applied to a material that is algae streaked, the streaking should disappear.

Abstract: A plane, hollow, reinforced concrete floor slabs with two-dimensional structure and method for their production. Constructions developed by this technic will vary widely and with considerable profit replace conventional floor structures. The technique makes it possible to choose higher strength and stiffness, less volume of materials, greater flexibility, better economy or an arbitrary combination of these gains. The technique makes it possible to create a total balance between bending forces, shear forces and stiffness (deformations)--so that all design conditions can be fully optimized at the same time. The technique presents a distinct minimized construction--characterized by the ability that concrete can be placed exactly where it yields maximum capacity. The technique offers material and cost savings compared with the conventional compact two-way reinforced slab structure. The technique is suitable for both in situ works and for prefabrication.

Abstract: A fire-resistant wall structure is provided with a recessed corner guard, for absorbing impact forces, particularly at an external corner. To compensate for the relative loss of fire-resistance capability, in the area in which the wall structure is recessed to receive the corner guard structure, surfaces within the recess are provided with a layer of intumescent paint which, when exposed to sufficiently elevated temperature, expands to develop a thick, cellular foam providing a highly effective insulating layer. The intumescent paint can be applied to surfaces of the recess itself, and/or surfaces of the corner guard assembly installed in the recess. In the latter case, the paint can be applied at the factory where the corner guard components are manufactured. Significant benefits are realized in relation to prior practices of installing ceramic matting in the wall recess at the construction site.

Abstract: Building materials such as concrete can be protected from the growth of algae by being treated with a compound containing tin covalently bonded to a silylating group such that cleavage of the covalent bonds due to hydrolysis or photolysis is minimized, thus making the treatment ecologically safe. One such compound is (n-Bu).sub.3 SnCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 Si(OEt).sub.3. The tin compound can either be incorporated into raw materials from which building materials are to be made, or it can be applied to the finished building materials. When the tin compound is applied to a building material that is algae streaked, the streaking should disappear.

Abstract: A floor structure for indoor artificial skiing ground comprises, a concrete base plate constructed on foundations, a first waterproof covering disposed on the base plate, a heat insulation layer located on the first waterproof covering, a second waterproof covering disposed on the heat insulation layer, a concrete pressing plate location on the second waterproof covering, and a plurality of drainage grooves formed on top of the pressing plate.Another floor structure for indoor artificial skiing ground comprises, a concrete base plate constructed on foundations, a first waterproof covering disposed on the base plate, a heat insulation layer located on the first waterproof covering, a second waterproof covering disposed on the heat insulation layer, and a slip preventive layer located on the second waterproof covering.

Abstract: A method of encapsulating and providing barrier containment for asbestos which forms an integral part of existing building structures includes applying an encapsulating coating comprising a water soluble polyvinyl acetate emulsion to the exterior surface of the structure. The encapsulating coating is dried to permit maximum penetration and encapsulation prior to performing subsequent steps which may disturb the asbestos fibers in the surface of the building structure. A primer coating comprising a stronger formulation of polyvinyl acetate emulsion is applied to the structure surface. An adhesive coating comprising the stronger formulation of the polyvinyl acetate emulsion is applied to the gypsum side of a sheet of a surface covering product that comprises a substantially dry, semi-hydrated gypsum. The sheet of gypsum product is applied to the surface of the structure by contacting the primer and adhesive coatings with one another.

Abstract: An elongated wall formed substantially of metallic material. The wall includes a first surface and a second surface spaced from the first surface. A plurality of spaced knockout portions are disposed in incipient apertures extending through the wall and these knockout portions are adapted to be selectively removed from the remainder of the wall by application of force to the portion to be removed. This force could be applied as by subjecting the knockout to a sharp blow directed to the portion. Each knockout portion so completely fills its corresponding aperture as to render the wall substantially impervious to the passage of fluid. The wall further comprises a coating applied to one of its surfaces. A method of forming the wall is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of waterproofing a porous wall of a subterranean vault as provided by propelling a moisture activated, room temperature curable, pourable, self-leveling dimethylpolysillxane or dialkylpolysillxane which are generally referred to as silicone or TV rubber onto the side of the wall and thereafter subjected to moisturizing conditions to activate the resins to form a water impervious flexible barrier adjacent the wall.

Abstract: To build up a screed coat on a roof surface, a granular expanded inorganic material is subjected to an atomized spray of an adhesive consisting of a solution of waterglass and a hardener therefor so as to form a thin film of adhesive on each grain of the material, and the spray coated granular material thus obtained is immediately conveyed to and poured out on the roof surface. It is then spread over the roof surface and compressed to form a coherent layer constituting the screed coat. This may form a base for the superposition of insulating boards and a waterproof roof covering. The method is particulary useful in the renovation of deficient roofs originally built without a gradient towards outlets or gutters.

Abstract: The invention concerns the oilproofing and waterproofing treatment of construction materials by applying to them a composition which comprises by weight:(A) from 0.1 to 25% of a fluorinated copolymer formed from(1) 5 to 70% of a fluorinated ester of the formula: ##STR1## in which Rf represents a perfluoro-alkyl radical, Q represents an oxygen or sulfur atom, W represent a bivalent linkage, one of the symbols R represents a hydrogen atom and the other a hydrogen atom or an alkyl radical,(2) 4 to 50% of a monomer of the formula: ##STR2## in which R' represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl radical and R' represents an alkylene radical and(3) 0 to 91% of any other monomers'(B) from 2 to 25% of a polyisocyanate or isocyanate prepolymer;(C) from 0.1 to 10% of a catalyst; and(D) one or more diluting solvents to make up to 100%.

Abstract: A tubular plastic shell, with an overlapped longitudinal seam and longitudinally extending interior pockets that form exterior ribs, encircles a wooden pole or piling in an area to be protected. A foamed adhesive between the shell and pole fills and seals the surface of the pole beneath the shell, adheres the shell, and provides a supporting cushion for the shell that inhibits cracking or puncturing from impact. Longitudinally spaced ends of the shell beyond the pockets tightly encircle the pole to prevent escape of the adhesive as it forms during application. Ribs at the overlapped seam nest into pockets to retain the shell tightly about the pole during expansion of the adhesive. Where impact or abrasion are not anticipated, the shell can be used as a carrier and mold for forming an adherent foamed sealant layer or covering about a pole and then be removed.

Abstract: A roof having an insulating blanket of plastic foam covered by a protective sheath made up of a shell of reinforced concrete covered by a weather-impervious rubbery textured membrane. The membrane and the shell are married together in the sheath, the shell providing load bearing strength and the membrane protecting the shell and preserving its properties. The shell adheres tenaciously to the insulating blanket and the membrane to the shell. In a preferred construction, the sheath forms a protective bonnet having a girdle surrounding the eaves and verge further anchoring the roof covering to the superstructure of the building. Shingles of special construction preferably make up the insulating blanket. Special cement and latex binder compositions are disclosed for the shell and membrane respectively.

Abstract: A prestressed concrete tank having a core wall comprising elongated panels of precast concrete having on their outer face a sheet of sheet metal presenting parallel, longitudinal, undercut channels, is shown. The precast panels are assembled and spaced, in side-by-side relationship. Two, laterally extending metal flanges which run parallel with the elongated sides of the panels are provided. The flanges on adjacent panels overlap one another and are fastened by means of sheet metal screws. The joint formed is sealed with an elastomeric material. The advantages of the tank configuration are that expensive cover plates as have heretofore been used are avoided and the joinery is reduced by approximately one half thereby reducing the cost of sealant material and the labor required to apply it, as well as substantially reducing the likelihood of leakage from the tank.