Abstract: There is provided a sheet material having a walking surface with high slip resistance. The sheet material has a flexible structural layer laminated to a mesh layer which has interconnected reinforced strands and protruding nodes to impart a high coefficient of friction. The high coefficient of friction of the sheet material provides a roofing underlayment which is safe to walk upon in dry, wet or dusty conditions, and on steeply sloped surfaces. The sheet material may also be used as an industrial wrapping material or a fabric.

Abstract: A metal sheet pile has an improved joint strength and is suitable for high productivity manufacturing. Right and left end flanges are formed at opposite sides of the rolled steel sheet pile. Joints are formed at edges of the right and left end flanges. Cross-sections of the joints are point-symmetric or line-symmetric, wherein the end flange and the joint are disposed so that a center of point-symmetry of a pair of interfitted joints is located on or near a centerline of the end flange in the thickness direction. Furthermore, the joint has a protrusion for preventing rotation near the border between the joint and the end flange portion.

Abstract: A coated fiber mat of improved tear strength upon dividing pieces of the coated mat and the coating is provided. The coated mat is a cured, non-woven mat including a mixture of fibers having different fiber lengths. The fibers contain a polysiloxane compound and are fixedly distributed in a binder.

Abstract: The present invention is an improved building panel having increased strength and rigidity, thereby reducing present design constraints imposed upon buildings constructed of interconnected panels. The building panel includes notched inclined side walls extending from a central portion, wherein the notched portions are located between a neutral imaginary axis and the central portion. The notched portions have an open end and a closed end, wherein the open end faces away from the building panel. Including such notched portions within the inclined side walls provides the building panel with increased strength and rigidity, thereby allowing the building panel to withstand increased positive and negative bending moments. Thus, a building constructed of panels having such notched side walls will reduce the present design constraints and increase the size and shape of buildings constructed of such panels.

Abstract: A sliding hold-down clip (1) for connecting a roof panel (52) to a purlin (52) in which a support portion (14) extends from a base (12), the support portion defining a slot (20) with fasteners (34) that connect to a roof-engaging plate (36), the fasteners guiding longitudinal movement of the roof-engaging plate (36) along the slot relative to the clip, a distal end of the plate defining a hook (40) for connecting to edges of adjacent roof panels (52), a pair of opposing wings (46, 48) extending laterally from the roof-engaging plate (36) and angled to conform to an anglation of a side portion of the roof panel, whereby fasteners (58) extending though the roof panel and the wings secure the roof panel to the roof-engaging plate. A method of securing roof panels to purlins is disclosed.

Abstract: A light transmitting storm shutter system for homes, buildings and the like includes a combination of full width corrugated aluminum and half width clear polycarbonate panels arranged in alternating adjacent and partially overlapping relation over a given window or door opening. The aluminum panels provide structural integrity while the polycarbonate panels provide light transmittance. The combination of full width aluminum panels and half width polycarbonate panels provides a storm shutter system that is substantially stronger and more resistant to impact deflection than the light transmitting storm shutters disclosed in the background art, and eliminates the need for additional hardware, supports, and bracing.

Abstract: A light transmitting storm shutter system for homes, buildings and the like includes a combination of full width corrugated aluminum and half width clear polycarbonate panels arranged in alternating adjacent and partially overlapping relation over a given window or door opening. The aluminum panels provide structural integrity while the polycarbonate panels provide light transmittance. The combination of full width aluminum panels and half width polycarbonate panels provides a storm shutter system that is substantially stronger and more resistant to impact deflection than the light transmitting storm shutters disclosed in the background art, and eliminates the need for additional hardware, supports, and bracing.

Abstract: Interlocking cover members made of a rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) material and formed by an extrusion process are each defined by a main panel having a top side with a top surface, a bottom side, and opposite first and second longitudinal edge zones. Longitudinal rib members extend downwardly from the bottom side of the panel in spaced, parallel relation to one another to strengthen and stabilize the panel in supported, spaced relation above an underlying surface being covered. An attachment lip extends outboard of the second longitudinal edge zone, below a level of the panel, and includes a lock channel for interlocking receipt of a barbed rail extending from the bottom side of an adjacently positioned cover member. The attachment lip is structured to rest on the surface being covered and accommodates screw fasteners, at spaced intervals, for securing the cover member to the underlying surface.

Abstract: A roofing system that includes a plurality of mounting brackets that are fixedly attached to a roof sub-surface. The roofing system further includes a plurality of panels that are configured to attach to the mounting brackets in a manner that allows the panels to slide laterally relative to the mounting brackets. Each mounting bracket is attached to two separate panels via the first panel's c-shaped first attachment portion and the second panel's c-shaped second attachment portion. An intermediate member is positioned between the first panel's first attachment portion and the second panel's second attachment portion to allow the first and second panels to slide independently adjacent the mounting bracket.

Abstract: A storage shed comprises a plurality of posts erected onto a base. The posts comprise a prismatic profile disposed over a hollow bar to form a void and a longitudinal slot. Corrugated wall panels are disposed in between the posts. U-channels are coupled to the base to support the posts and wall panels. The wall panels include parallel latitudinal folds and longitudinal side flanges which fit into the longitudinal slots of the posts. A roof frame is disposed on top of the vertical posts and wall panels. Corrugated roof panels are disposed on the roof frame. The corrugated roof panels include parallel latitudinal folds and side portions adapted to overlap with each other. Ridge panels are disposed at the ridge of the roof frame so as to cover a portion of the roof panels on each side of the shed. Facia boards are disposed on an entrance end and a rear end of the roof frame. Doors are disposed on an entrance side of the shed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a coated fiber mat of improved tear strength upon dividing pieces of the coated mat and the coating which comprises a cured, non-woven, fiber glass mat containing a polysiloxane wherein the fibers are fixedly distributed in a formaldehyde type binder containing a binder modifier which is a crosslinked styrene/acrylic polymer, and to a process for the preparation of the mat.

Abstract: A roofing system (10) adapted to be supported on a support surface (18), the system including a plurality of panels (14) arranged in partially overlapping relation to form a roof, the panels each having first (42) and second (44) side edges, an upper (26) and lower (30) surfaces providing a series of barrels (46) and pans (50), a first side region (83) defining a portion of a barrel and a first cylindrical mating surface (82), and a second-side region (66) defining a portion of a pan and a second cylindrical mating surface, the panels being arranged in overlapping relation so that the first and second mating surfaces are sealingly engaged.

Abstract: A stiffening member, as well as a diaphragm of a building in which the stiffening member is used, is disclosed. The diaphragm includes a horizontal wide-flange beam, a corrugated deck, and a corrugated stiffening member. The stiffening member is an elongate, corrugated strip. The stiffening member's corrugations are formed by a series of U-shaped portions that alternate with, and are integrally connected to, a series of horizontal upper portions. Each U-shaped portion consists of three planar portions: two substantially vertical side portions and one horizontal floor portion. Each U-shaped portion is reinforced with two parallel raised ribs. In a second embodiment of the stiffening member, the U-shaped portion is reinforced with two parallel tab portions attached at the sides of the stiffening member. The stiffening member nestingly overlies the corrugated deck, and is attached to the deck and to the underlying horizontal beam with either welds or pins.

Abstract: A roof system for sloped metal roofs utilizing plywood decking, corrugated metal panels and one or more spacers disposed between the decking and metal panels for holding the metal panels vertically above the decking. The spacers have a planar top section, a planar bottom section and a center section to hold the top and bottom sections in spaced apart relation. The spacers also have one or more openings to form an airflow cavity between the decking and metal panels to permit the circulation of air therein. In the preferred embodiment, a thermal barrier layer is disposed between the spacers and the decking and the airflow cavity connects to a ridge vent located at the ridge of the roof and an eave vent at the eave of the roof. The roof system allows ambient air to be drawn into the eave vent to circulate through the airflow cavity and out the ridge vent in order to prevent thermal flexing of the metal roof and the build-up of moisture between the metal panels and decking.

Abstract: An elongated accent channel for siding construction includes a rear leg, a transverse leg, and a front leg. The transverse leg extends outwardly from the rear leg and has a first flat portion and a substantially u-shaped portion. The first flat portion is at the first end of the transverse leg, and the first end of the transverse leg is connected to the rear leg. The front leg extends outwardly from the transverse leg, and the first end of the front leg is connected to the second end of the transverse leg. The front leg is spaced apart from the rear leg and defines an accent channel opening therebetween to retain an edge portion of a piece of siding. A corner post assembly including the elongated accent channel and a corner post and a method of applying siding to a wall are also disclosed.

Abstract: An assembled hip roof includes a plurality of roofing panels as well as the rafters of the underlying structure that support those panels. Ridge caps preferably extend over the panels at the hip rafters. In a preferred embodiment, a set of metal roofing panels is designed and shaped for use on a specific hip roof configuration, using a minimal number of separate panels. In a preferred embodiment especially suitable for larger area roofs, a plurality of the panels interlock with one another. The panels are preferably coated on one or both sides for protection against scratching during handling and assembly. One or more of the panels preferably include decorative relief, such as the appearance of overlapping wooden boards. In a preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, the panels are manufactured from rolled steel.

Abstract: A steel roof deck diaphragm to provide structural rigidity to a building wherein loads of varying intensity can cause movement of structural members, which tends to generate noise when two members rub or work against each other. Corrugated sheets of high tensile steel are supported from below and span the distance between purlins, the corrugated sheets having over-lapping side edges and end edges and upper and lower surfaces. Non-metallic strips of felt form spacers positioned between the over-lapping side edges and end edges to prevent generation of noise resulting from relative movement of the corrugated sheets.

Abstract: A roof cladding panel is profiled in its longitudinal direction and stepped in its transverse direction and comprises two straight side edges (4, 5) which are connectable to adjacent panels, a lower edge (2) which is generally wave-shaped and connectable to an adjacent panel, and an upper edge (3) which preferably is straight and connectable to an adjacent panel. Two diagonally opposite corners (8, 9) of the panel are obliquely cut, and an upper cut corner of one panel is adapted to be matchingly assembled with a lower cut corner of another panel in a four-corner joint including also non-cut corners of a third and a fourth roof cladding panel.

Abstract: A wall panel supporting unit and system of constructing a wall utilizing a series of the wall panel supporting units in place of a traditional stud wall. The individual wall panel supporting units are of unitary construction and are generally rectangular. The units are corrugated and the resulting ridges function in the same manner as individual studs in a traditional wall, by creating a space within the wall for insulation, electrical wiring and similar uses. The individual units are fastened together, and attached to parallel tracks along the ceiling and floor to ensure a straight wall when panel sheathing such as drywall is applied. The individual units generally conform to each other when stacked together and offer a significant reduction in required shipping space.

Abstract: A steel roof deck diaphragm to provide structural rigidity to a building wherein loads of varying intensity can cause movement of structural members, which tends to generate noise when two members rub or work against each other. Corrugated sheets of high tensile steel are supported from below and span the distance between purlins, the corrugated sheets having over-lapping side edges and end edges and upper and lower surfaces. Non-metallic strips of felt form spacers positioned between the over-lapping side edges and end edges to prevent generation of noise resulting from relative movement of the corrugated sheets.

Abstract: A roof has a series of panels are positioned along roof joists such that there are upper and power panels to provide a series of air paths between the upper and associated lower panel. The upper panels are shorter in length than the lower panels so that a portion of the lower panel is exposed to create an opening for air to exit. The combination of the air paths and the exposed panels permits the free flow of air from the bottom to the top of the roof which allows cooling as well as rain water to flow along the lower panels.

Abstract: An undercover system for decks and the like which comprises at least a pair of spaced apart support assemblies and a plurality of cover members supported on the support assemblies to keep the area under the deck dry.

Abstract: An interlocking corrugated fluted panel for use in constructing a foundation wall for a building where a plurality of the panels are attached to a presupported building member and the panels hang downwardly into a foundation support opening. At the bottom portion of each fluted panel, the flutes extending outwardly from the building are cut along a bend line and the bottom portion of the panel is bent inwardly approximately 90°, the bent portion forming an anchorage when concrete is placed around the bottom of the panels. At the lower edge of each panel a cut flute is bent into either an interlocking male or female shape.

Abstract: A screw threaded fastener (103) has an elongate shank (122) with a drilling tip (104) at one end and a head (123) at the other end. A screw thread extends along at least a part of the length of the shank (122). The trailing flank (116) of the thread subtends an angle (B) relative to the axis (117) of the fastener which approaches 90° and is greater than the angle (C) subtended by the leading flank (115). The screw is for use in fixing sheets of material a1 to thin metal battens (5) and the angle between the trailing flank (116) and the adjacent thin metal section (18) of the batten (9), being reduced in comparison to a conventional thread form, lessens the distorting effect of the thread on the batten (9) under relatively high pull-out loads.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a molded roofing unit formed of a fiber-reinforced plastic composition configured to simulate the appearance of a conventional roofing product, such as a cedar shake, slate, or tile roofing product. The roofing product is configured to provide consistent results in the molding process, low material and production costs, high rigidity and strength, impact resistance, stability in high wind conditions, and ease of installation. In a preferred embodiment, the fiber-reinforced plastic composition is comprised of a polyolefin plastic compounded with at least partially delignified agricultural our forestry fibers. The roofing units possess high impact resistance, wind resistance and at least a Class C residential fire rating.

Abstract: Title of the invention is Solar Cell Roofing Structure And The Solar Cell Panels Used Therein. As a roofing material, the solar cell panels are supported on a fireproof, non-inflammable material in such a way as to secure cooling air flow channels under the panels. Such a technology is aimed at guaranteeing durable and effective weathering and achieving cost reduction.These aims can be accomplished by the following means: The solar cell panel (19) which comprises a solar cell (1) disposed under tempered glass plate (8), an extension for lap roofing at the lower edge of said panel, and a metal sheet (20) integrated with said panel and having the bottom extended from the upper edge of said panel for the overlapping with the metal sheet of the upper panel, wherein said metal sheet is folded to give a projection (20a) for support at the center of panel width and to give embankments (20b) for support and hold on both the longitudinal sides of said panel.

Abstract: A sealing system and method for a metal roof having a plurality of sheet metal panels attached to a roof deck covered by a layer of insulation, such as polystyrene. The joints and seams formed at junctions of adjacent plates are sealed with a nonflammable or low combustible, char forming, non absorbent layer of material which is applied over the seams in a liquid or slurry form, which subsequently hardens to form a liquid proof seal to reduce the flow of molten polystyrene from melting of the adjacent layer of insulation, into the fire below.

Abstract: A covering material having corrugations and having on one of its surfaces, hollowed areas (3) in the convex part (10) of the corrugations (2) for laying tiles.

Abstract: A clip for slidably mounting new standing seam-type or rib-type metal roof panels in spaced relationship above an existing rib-type or standing seam-type roof structure includes a base member and a slide member for attachment to the base member and the new panel. The base and slide members are interfitted in a manner which permits the slide member to shift longitudinally relative to the base member. The base and slide members include interfitted sections which are U-shaped in cross section, and the interfitted sections include a cutout and detent which cooperate to limit the amount of relative shifting between the base and slide members.

Abstract: A rectangular curb unit is installed on a sloping standing seam metal roof at an angle to the dip direction, so that water does not accumulate on the upslope side of the curb unit. The curb unit has four side walls, and inserts shaped to conform to the seam geometry are welded to the walls at the seam locations, typically at opposite corners.

Abstract: An apparatus for retrofitting a metal roof includes a plurality of dual-tiered major ribs and a plurality of panel flats spaced therebetween, such that when installed over an existing metal roof containing overlapping R panels, the major ribs of the new roof panel are aligned with the major ribs of the underlying roof panel.

Abstract: A sectional storm panel for covering an opening in a building is formed of a plurality of vertically elongated, narrow, corrugated panel sections that are manually assembled, in edge to edge relationship, from the interior of the building, from each side edge of the opening towards the opposite side edge to form a pair of co-planar panel portions that are spaced apart. The space between the panels is covered by a separate cover section that is inserted through the space, from the interior of the building to the outside of the building, and then positioned manually so that its vertical edges overlap the adjacent panel section vertical edges that define the space between the panel sections. The sections extend between a lower rail and an upper rail secured to the lower and upper edges of the opening, respectively.

Abstract: Sheet metal multiple stepped tile panels are joined to similar roof panels in interlocking relationship. On one edge running the length of the panel is a single female groove while the opposite edge of the panel has a plurality of male members which can engage the single groove of a similarly shaped panel. The stepped panel is quite long compared to its width. Hidden screws in a securing flange join the panel to a roof.

Abstract: An improved modular wall panel system for enclosing towable trailers such as horse trailers and livestock trailers, but equally applicable to recreational vehicles. The present system includes at least two elongated wall panels that are attached to the frame of the trailer in adjacent side by side relationship with their edges cooperating to define a seam therebetween. The panels are typically constructed of extruded aluminum, and have a pair of ends and elongated top and bottom edges extending between said ends. The top edge of the lower panel includes a longitudinally extending top lip which includes a longitudinal groove, and the bottom edge of the higher adjacent panel includes a downwardly extending bottom lip extending along the bottom edge and includes a bottom groove. The top and bottom edges include a series of abutment surfaces that cooperate to align the adjacent panels. The top lip groove and the bottom lip groove cooperating to define an enclosed longitudinal channel extending along said seam.

Abstract: A clamp for controlling uplift on a metal roof. The clamp includes a unitary mounting body having a slot extending therethrough. This slot may be positioned over/about a standing seam on a metal roof and be appropriately secured thereto, such as by the use of blunt-nosed screws which engage the seam material.

Abstract: A modular building having a steel shipping container core. Inner and outer wall coverings are secured to the corrugated side walls of the container and a laminate ceiling structure is secured to the interior surface of the container roof. A roof cap having a configuration corresponding to the roof of the container is mounted on the roof of the container, and the floor of the container provides a subflooring for the finished flooring of the building.

Abstract: A snow guard that may be secured to both flat tiled roofs and undulating tiled roofs comprises a corrugated base including a central arched portion flanked by a pair of synclines, with a wing member upstanding from the base. The arrangement is inherently stiff and may be secured to the roof by screws or the like passing through the arched portion or through the synclines.

Abstract: A standing seam roof assembly in which adjacent roof panels are supported by underlying support structure in overlapping edge relationship to form a standing seam between adjacent roof panels is disclosed. A plurality of fasteners secures medial portions of the roof panels to underlying support structure so that the standing seam is prevented from unfurling during uplift of the roof panels. The fasteners rigidly attach the roof panels to the underlying support structure, or alternatively, secure adjacent roof panels relative to one another. Additionally, the use of a floating underlying structure allows the panels to expand and contract as a result of environmental conditions without damaging the panels or underlying structural connections. The fasteners may be located adjacent to structural corrugation crowns located in the medial portions of the panels as well as adjacent to the standing seam.

Abstract: A corrugated metal sheet for covering a wall, ceiling or roof, the metal sheet having longitudinally extending edges defining therebetween a width of the metal sheet, and the metal sheet having a corrugation including first grooves extending along the edges and parallel thereto, and second grooves extending regularly over the width between the first grooves, the second grooves extending transversely to the first grooves.

Abstract: A standing seam roof assembly in which adjacent roof panels are supported by underlying support structure in overlapping edge relationship to form a standing seam between adjacent roof panels is disclosed. A first roof panel having a female sidelap portion forms a male insertion cavity and a second roof panel having a male sidelap portion is inserted into the male insertion cavity to form the standing seam assembly. The standing seam assembly prevents unfurling of the first and second roof panels by forming force couples that resist forces due to uplift of the first and second panels. A mastic material is compressed between portions of the female and male sidelap portions, thereby forming a weathertight seal.

Abstract: A standing seam roof assembly with a four corner sealing assembly having an upper pair of interlocking standing seam joint panels and a lower pair of interlocking standing seam joint panels which meet in a lapped four corner juncture area, the upper ends of the lower panel pair are overlapped by the lower ends of the upper panel pair at the juncture area, one panel of each of the upper panel pair and the lower panel pair having an upstanding male side lap portion forming a male apex. The other panel of each of the upper panels and the lower panels have an upstanding female sidelap portion overlapping the respective male sidelap portions, each of the female sidelap portions having a longitudinally disposed sealant cavity and a sidelap sealant strip that is predeterminedly disposed within the sealant cavity with the sealant strip veering at the juncture area. The upstanding leg portions of the male sidelap portions are received within the insertion cavity of one of the female sidelap portions.

Abstract: A floating sub-frame for installation on purlins of a metal roof beneath a roof curb that supports roof equipment. The floating sub-frame functions to stabilize the roof curb by resisting vertical movement of the roof due to the passage of wind across the roof while enabling horizontal thermal movement of the metal roof relative to the supporting purlins.

Abstract: A clip assembly 20 for concealed fixing of cladding sheets 50, of the type having re-entrant longitudinal ribs 51, 52 has a retaining element 29 for engaging inside a rib of the sheet. The retaining elements includes a fixing portion 31 disposed in a plane transverse to the rib and shaped for snap-fit engagement with a re-entrant portion 59 of the rib. The retaining formations may be disposed along a strap 21 in opposed pairs, with fastening apertures 40 in the strap centrally disposed below each rib. An improved cladding sheet 50 having interlocking male and female end regions 61, 62 is also disclosed.

Abstract: A roof plate mounting assembly including a base member fixedly mounted to a well-known tight frame, the base member having upward extensions respectively provided at both lateral ends of the base member and locking jaws respectively inwardly bent from the upward extensions, an inverted U-shaped roof plate support member slidably coupled to the base member, the roof plate support member having wings provided at respective lower ends of the roof plate support member and upward extensions respectively extending from the wings, the upward extensions being loosely engaged in spaces respectively defined by the upward extensions and locking jaws of the base member such that the roof plate is slidable along the upward extension of the base member, a seam protecting cap extending so as to protect overlapping connecting edge portions of roof plates being coupled to each other, the seam protecting cap having downward extensions respectively downwardly extending from both lateral ends of the seam protecting cap and inwar

Abstract: A sectional storm panel is made of numerous corrugated sections arranged edge to edge, with their adjacent edges overlapped. The sections are substantially identical in size and shape and are formed of a thin sheet which is corrugated in the vertical direction. The corrugations are each formed in the shape of truncated triangles, which alternatingly, open towards an outer face and an inner face of the panel. The opposite edges of each panel are provided with integral flanges of approximately the size of the corrugation small bases. The flange on one section overlaps the adjacent flange of the next section. Each of these flanges are provided with a centrally located, V-shaped groove which extends vertically along the flange. The grooves on each pair of overlapped flanges open in the direction towards the inner face of the panel and are vertically aligned.

Abstract: A mounting clip for installing a roofing panel onto an underlying support structure in sliding relation therewith. In one embodiment, the mounting clip generally includes a first member, having a base and first and second laterally disposed channel members, and a second member, having a platform and first and second laterally disposed leg members slidably engagable with said first and second channel members, respectively. Preferably, the clip assembly is substantially symmetrical to provide for a desired force distribution and to impart a desired degree of strength.

Abstract: An integrated window construction system. The present invention provides an integrated window construction system for mounting both window units and hurricane shutters, comprising a header bracket which includes a window header bracket portion and an upper shutter bracket portion spacedly connected by an extended member; a sill bracket comprising a window sill bracket portion and a lower shutter bracket portion spacedly connected by an extended section; means for fastening the header bracket to a window header; means for fastening the sill bracket to a window sill; means for mounting the window unit between the header and sill brackets; and means for securing at least one hurricane shutter between the header and sill brackets.

Abstract: A building and method and apparatus for making a building at a job-site location is disclosed. The roof, side walls and end walls are made of similar skin and frame panels that are roll-formed on the job site, cut to length, have holes formed therein and are crimped to form bends in the roof and side wall panels to form interfitting portions at the corner of the roof and side walls. The panels are placed on a framing jig and seamed at connecting flanges and gussets are secured at inside corners to form a roof and side wall building section. These building sections may be a single skin panel and frame panel or multiples thereof. A multiple of two is shown. A roof truss may be fastened to the roof section for wider buildings. The framing jig is adjustable in size and shape to form buildings of different heights and widths. The framing jig shown is lifted by actuating hydraulic cylinders and a formed building section is seamed to a previously raised building section.

Abstract: A building roof or wall covering consisting of panels formed along their lengthwise edge with each panel having a central expanse which may include a rib. Each panel has a primary rib edge structure including a foot for securement to an underlying building component and additionally including a first wall extending upwardly from the foot and having outwardly and inwardly inclined portions which terminate in a rib top wall. Acutely convergent wall portions of a remaining wall form a lip having an apex. A secondary rib edge structure includes a marginal edge also of acute cross section for hooked engagement with the apex of the primary rib on an adjacent panel and also having an outer wall overlying the top wall of the primary rib of the adjacent panel. Outwardly and inwardly inclined panel portions of the secondary rib overlie and engage in a retentive manner the outwardly and inclined wall portions of the primary rib of an adjacent panel.

Abstract: A shingle is formed with a first, or trailing, side edge folded over toward the top surface of the shingle to catch moisture and direct it down to the top surface of the next lower shingle. A second, or leading, side edge of the shingle is not folded. An “S” shaped fold, spaced apart from the trailing edge fold, receives the unfolded leading edge of an adjacent shingle. The tailing edge and S fold form a gutter under the leading edge of the adjacent shingle. The top edge of the shingle is folded-over toward the top surface of the shingle for engagement with the folded-under lower edge of the next higher shingle. The folded-over top edge extends to the right or leading edge of the shingle and slides under the left edge of the folded-over top edge of the next adjacent shingle to the fight side. The folded-under lower edge extends along the lower edge of the shingle but leaves a gap relative to the folded-under lower edge of the lateral adjacent shingle.