Abstract: Provided herein are formulations and compositions for ocular diseases or disorders such as dry eye disease. Further provided herein are methods for manufacturing ocular formulations and compositions.

Abstract: A biodegradable food-grade polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) paper substrate and a method for making the same are provided. The method includes: providing a paper substrate; preparing a first coating material by rendering PVA with a degree of alkalization of 90%-100% and a molecular weight of 100,000-300,000 into an aqueous solution in which the PVA has a weight ratio of 3%-15%; preparing a second coating material by rendering sodium trimetaphosphate into an aqueous solution in which the sodium trimetaphosphate has a molar concentration of 0.05-1 Mol/l; forming a coating layer on a surface of the paper substrate; forming a surface cross-linked layer on the coating layer; and drying. The resulting PVA paper substrate is biodegradable, of food-grade quality, and resistant to water and grease, with a grease resistance higher than or equal to that corresponding to kit No. 6 in a TAPPI T559 pm-96 standard test.

Abstract: A copolymer composition including a method having a first step involving heating and submerging of water-resistant polymer into a solvent bath until the water-resistant polymer dissolves into the solvent bath resulting in a water-like solution. A second step includes precipitating the water-like solution forming a wax within the water-like solution. A third step involving filtering and distilling of the water-solution separating the wax from the solvent bath. A fourth step involving dispersing of the wax in a liquid carrier resulting in a combination. A fifth step involving polymerizing of the wax into the water-resistant polymer by introducing the combination into water-soluble polymer during an extrusion process resulting in a homogeneous mixture. A sixth step involving programming the water solubility of the homogeneous mixture.

Abstract: A water-soluble film includes a polyvinyl alcohol resin (A) as a main component, wherein the ratio (XTD/XMD) of a degree of elongation (XTD) in the transverse direction (TD) of the water-soluble film to a degree of elongation (XMD) in the machine direction (MD) thereof when the water-soluble film is floated on the surface of water at 20° C. for 60 seconds is from 1.05 to 1.5. The water-soluble film exhibits reduced curling, exhibits reduced positional shift, and shows satisfactory sealability while forming a package.

Abstract: A water-soluble film is provided, which is less susceptible to curling even after long-term storage. The water-soluble film includes a polyvinyl alcohol resin (A) , and has a first surface, which has a crystal Unity index Xa, and a second surface, which is opposite to the first surface and has a crystallinity index Xb, where: Xa?Xb; Xa?Xb is from 0.015 to 0.10; and the crystallinity indexes Xa and Xb are measured through an infrared spectroscopic analysis by an attenuated total reflection method and represented by: ABS1141/ABS1093, wherein ABS1141 and ABS1093 are absorbances at wavenumbers of 1141 cm?1 and 1093 cm?1, respectively.

Abstract: The super absorbent polymer comprises: a base polymer powder including a first crosslinked polymer of a water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomer having at least partially neutralized acidic groups; and a surface crosslinked layer formed on the base polymer powder and including a second crosslinked polymer in which the first crosslinked polymer is further crosslinked via a surface crosslinking agent, wherein the super absorbent polymer has: a fixed height absorption (FHA) of 22.5 g/g to 29 g/g, a saline flow conductivity (SFC) of 35 (·10?7 cm3·s/g) or more, and T-20 of 180 seconds or less.

Abstract: A grafted polyvinyl alcohol polymer includes a polyvinyl alcohol main chain and a plurality of side chains grafted to the polyvinyl alcohol main chain. One or more of the side chains from the plurality of side chains include one or more units selected from: an aliphatic carboxylic acid, an aliphatic amide, an amino alkyl (meth)acrylate, a hydroxylated alkyl (meth)acrylate, or any combinations thereof. The grafted polyvinyl alcohol polymer can be included in a formulation that also includes water, and the formulation can be used as an adhesive in a creping process.

Abstract: Provided are an aqueous resin dispersion of an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer exhibiting excellent dispersion stability, a production method for the aqueous resin dispersion, a hydrophilization agent including the aqueous resin dispersion, a hydrophilization method using the hydrophilization agent, a metal material on which a hydrophilic coating has been formed, and a heat exchanger on which a hydrophilic coating has been formed.

Abstract: A hydrophobic, water-redispersible polymer powder composition contains a) a main polymer having a1) more than 60 parts by weight of vinyl laurate monomer units a2) 5 to 30 parts by weight of vinyl acetate monomer units, a3) 5 to 30 parts by weight of ethylene monomer units, a4) 0 to 10 parts by weight of other ancillary monomer units, where the parts by weight total 100 parts by weight, b) 0.5 to 30% by weight of one or more protective colloids, c) 0 to 30% by weight of antiblocking agent, d) 0 to 20% by weight of organosilicon compound, and e) 0 to 20% by weight of fatty acid or derivatives of the fatty acids, where the % s by weight are based on the total weight of the polymer a).

Abstract: A water-based primer composition comprising an porous submicron silica dispersion, preferably in an amount from 10 to 30 wt.-% based on the weight of the entire composition, starch, preferably in an amount from 10 to 30 wt.-% based on the weight of the entire composition, and at least one component selected from the group consisting of a further polysaccharide, a hemicellulose, lignin, a styrene-acrylic emulsion, a polyvinylacetate and a sulfopolyester. Further, use of the composition for preparing a primer layer on a substrate, to a method of printing on a substrate, comprising the steps of preparing a primer layer on at least a part of one surface of the substrate using the composition, and printing on the primer layer using a liquid toner, as well as to an article manufactured with the method is disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and systems for converting inactive chemicals into active chemicals in-situ for treating oil and gas pipelines, other industrial systems, or sanitizing surfaces. Also, methods of treating an oil and gas pipeline including feeding an inactive additive through a first conduit and into a second conduit, the second conduit is in fluid communication with the first conduit and the oil and gas pipeline. The inactive additive is converted into an active additive within the second conduit and introduced into the oil and gas pipeline.

Abstract: The invention relates to an aqueous vinyl acetate-ethylene-copolymer dispersion for carpet coating compositions, which is obtained by means of radical-initiated emulsion polymerization, in an aqueous medium, of vinyl acetate and ethylene and optionally additional ethylenically unsaturated comonomers, characterized in that, for stabilization of the dispersion, 5 to 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the comonomers, of one or a plurality of partially saponified and low-molecular polyvinyl alcohols having a hydrolysis degree of 80 to 95 mol % and a Höppler viscosity, in 4% aqueous solution, of 1 to 5 mPas (method according to Höppler at 20° C., DIN 53015) are contained.

Abstract: The paper composite contains: a paper substrate having an air permeation resistance of 1,000 sec or less and bulk density of from 0.5 to 1.0 g/cm3; and a greaseproof layer on at least one side thereof, the greaseproof layer containing an ethylene-vinyl alcohol polymer (A) and a cationic fluorine-containing polymer (B) having two specific constitutional units. A content of the copolymer (B) in the greaseproof layer is from 5 to 50 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymer (A), an amount of the greaseproof layer on dry mass basis is from 0.1 to 3.0 g/m2, and a water vapor permeability of the paper composite is 1,000 g/m2·24 h or greater.

Abstract: A sizing composition for insulating products based on mineral wool, in particular on glass or on rock, includes: at least one saccharide, at least one organic polycarboxylic acid having a molar mass of less than or equal to 1000, and at least one reactive silicone. Furthermore, insulating products based on mineral fibers thus obtained and the process for the manufacture thereof are presented.

Abstract: The present invention provides an easy-to-handle dispersion stabilizer for suspension polymerization that meets the following requirements: even if the amount of the dispersion stabilizer for suspension polymerization used for suspension polymerization of a vinyl compound is small, the resulting vinyl resin has high plasticizer absorptivity and is easy to work with; it is easy to remove residual monomer components from the resulting vinyl resin; and the resulting vinyl resin contains fewer coarse particles. The present invention relates to a dispersion stabilizer for suspension polymerization in the form of an aqueous liquid. This dispersion stabilizer contains, at a concentration of 20 mass % or more and 50 mass % or less, a PVA having a degree of saponification of 35 mol % or more and 65 mol % or less, a viscosity average degree of polymerization of 100 or more and 480 or less, a terminal aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and a block character of residual ester groups of 0.5 or more.

Abstract: The deposition of graphene is accomplished by various techniques that result in a change of the graphene's solubility in the liquid medium. The solubility change enables the deposition of the graphene onto the substrate. Once the graphene is deposited onto the substrate, the at least partially coated substrate may be separated from the liquid medium. The substrates may then serve as a carrier to deliver the graphene to a desired application.

Abstract: This invention relates to a coating formulation, a coating formulation for manufacturing an electrode plate and an undercoating formulation, and their use. These coating formulations are all characterized by containing, in a polar solvent, a hydroxyl-containing resin and an organic acid and/or a derivative thereof. The hydroxyl-containing resin is at least one of (1) a polyvinyl acetal resin, (2) an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, (3) a modified and/or unmodified polyvinyl alcohol, and (4) a cyanoethyl-containing polymer. According to the present invention, there is provided a coating formulation capable of forming a coating of excellent adhesion and solvent resistance on a surface of a metal material such as an aluminum material.

Abstract: Disclosed is an adhesive for a polarizing plate that comprises a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin with an acetoacetyl group and an amine-based metal compound crosslinking agent, and a method of manufacturing the same.

Abstract: Various processes and methods are disclosed for incorporating polyvinyl alcohol additives into products. In one embodiment, polyvinyl alcohol particles are dissolved in a solvent without the use of external heat to form a polyvinyl alcohol solution for incorporation into a product. In an alternative embodiment, polyvinyl alcohol particles are directly incorporated into a starch-based adhesive composition. Through the processes of the present disclosure, solid polyvinyl alcohol particles can be delivered directly to a manufacturing facility where the product that incorporates the polyvinyl alcohol additive is being made or formulated. In this manner, since the polyvinyl alcohol particles are not predissolved, the costs associated with shipping and transporting the polyvinyl alcohol product are greatly reduced.

Abstract: A process for making a latex emulsion including contacting a resin dissolved in a solvent with an absorbent glass that binds the solvent to produce a latex emulsion.

Abstract: A process for preparing an aqueous pigment dispersion suitable for use in an ink jet printing ink comprising the following steps in the order I) followed by II): I) providing a dispersion having a sodium chloride critical coagulation concentration of no more than 2.0M, said dispersion comprising a pigment, an aqueous liquid medium and a dispersant having one or more ionic group(s); and II) reducing the hydrophilicity of the dispersant by reacting at least some, but not all of the ionic group(s) in the dispersant with the one or more hydrophobic compound(s).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pulverulent adhesive for textile reinforcing inserts, which is dispersible in water, for the production of reinforced rubber products. The adhesive thereby comprises an at least partially capped, low-molecular isocyanate, a wetting agent, a binder and also possibly further additives.

Abstract: In one aspect, coating compositions are provided that comprise a component a component that comprises one or more silicon, antimony, aluminum, yttrium, cerium, lanthanum, tin, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, indium or zinc compounds. In another aspect, coating compositions are provided that comprise a plurality of discrete particles. Preferred coating compositions of the invention are useful for antireflective purposes, particularly with an underlaying photoresist coating layer, as well as for a barrier layer in immersion lithography.

Abstract: In various embodiments an improved binder composition, electrolyte composition and a separator film composition using discrete carbon nanotubes. Their methods of production and utility for energy storage and collection devices, like batteries, capacitors and photovoltaics, is described. The binder, electrolyte, or separator composition can further comprise polymers. The discrete carbon nanotubes further comprise at least a portion of the tubes being open ended and/or functionalized. The utility of the binder, electrolyte or separator film composition includes improved capacity, power or durability in energy storage and collection devices. The utility of the electrolyte and or separator film compositions includes improved ion transport in energy storage and collection devices.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a relief printing plate precursor for laser engraving that is excellent in rinsing properties for engraving residue and engraving sensitivity and can give a sharp engraved shape. Disclosed is a relief printing plate precursor for laser engraving comprising a relief-forming layer formed of a resin composition for laser engraving, or a crosslinked relief-forming layer obtained by crosslinking the relief-forming layer formed of the resin composition for laser engraving, wherein the resin composition for laser engraving comprises a binder polymer as Component A, and carbon black of which pH is higher than 6 and an average particle size when being dispersed into water is equal to or less than 500 nm as Component B.

Abstract: Described herein are nanofibers and methods for making nanofibers that include any one or more of (a) a non-homogeneous charge density; (b) a plurality of regions of high charge density; and/or (c) charged nanoparticles or chargeable nanoparticles. In one aspect, the present invention fulfills a need for filtration media that are capable of both high performance (e.g., removal of particle sizes between 0.1 and 0.5 ?m) with a low pressure drop, however the invention is not limited in this regard.

Abstract: A particulate water absorbing agent of the present invention is a water absorbing agent containing a water absorbing resin as a main component, the particulate water absorbing agent containing a polyvalent metal cation and satisfying: (1) the polyvalent metal cation is contained in an amount between 0.001 wt % and 5 wt % relative to the amount of the water absorbing agent; (2) an absorbency without pressure (CRC) is not less than 28 (g/g) and an absorbency against pressure (AAP 4.83 kPa) is not less than 10 (g/g); (3) the absorbency against pressure and the absorbency without pressure satisfy 77?AAP (4.83 kPa)+1.8×CRC?100; and (4) a moisture content of the water absorbing agent is between 5 wt % and 20 wt %. This provides a water absorbing agent which has blocking resistance after moisture absorption, is excellent in stability to shock and suppresses Re-Wet when used in a diaper.

Abstract: Described herein is a media composition. The media composition includes a substrate and an ink receiving layer that includes binder that includes an ethylene-vinyl alcohol co-polymer with a glass transition temperature of 75 degrees Celsius or less, a melting point temperature of 175 degrees Celsius or less, and/or a crystallization temperature of 150 degrees Celsius or less. The ink receiving layer can be applied to a substrate using extrusion techniques.

Abstract: Various processes and methods are disclosed for incorporating polyvinyl alcohol additives into products. In one embodiment, polyvinyl alcohol particles are dissolved in a solvent without the use of external heat to form a polyvinyl alcohol solution for incorporation into a product. In an alternative embodiment, polyvinyl alcohol particles are directly incorporated into a starch-based adhesive composition. Through the processes of the present disclosure, solid polyvinyl alcohol particles can be delivered directly to a manufacturing facility where the product that incorporates the polyvinyl alcohol additive is being made or formulated. In this manner, since the polyvinyl alcohol particles are not predissolved, the costs associated with shipping and transporting the polyvinyl alcohol product are greatly reduced.

Abstract: Provided is a film or sheet composed of a resin composition that includes a poly lactic acid (A), an acidic functional group-modified olefinic polymer (B) including an acidic functional group and having an acid value of 10 to 70 mg KOH/g and a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 80,000, a tetrafluoroethylene polymer (C), and an aromatic-condensed phosphoric acid ester-containing flame retardant (D) including a compound of General Formula (I) and in which the aromatic-condensed phosphoric acid ester-containing flame retardant (D) is included in an amount of 10 to 80 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the poly lactic acid (A), and a method for manufacturing the film or sheet by melt film formation. Each sign in Formula is as described in the specification.

Abstract: Reinforced, laminated, impregnated, and materials with composite properties as cross linked polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel structures in bulk or cellular matrix forms that can take essentially any physical shape, or can have essentially any size, degree of porosity and surface texture. They have a wide range of physical properties, unusual and unique combinations of physical properties and unique responses to stress fields, which allows for their use in many end use applications.

Abstract: Apparatus for continuously preparing a homogeneous solution (28) of powder in liquid including a mixing chamber (16) into which a liquid solvent (14) is introduced via an inlet pipe, and into which a solid solute (12) is fed via a dosing unit, an agitator (26) operative to mix the solid solute with the liquid solvent so that the solid solute dissolves in the liquid solvent to form a homogeneous solution, and a fluid dynamic separator (34) placed within a flow of the solute (12) and the solvent (14) in the chamber (16), the fluid dynamic separator (34) operative to create a region (38) isolated from the rest of the flow in the chamber and to cause solid particles of the solute that have not yet dissolved in the solvent to flow away from the region so that the region contains the homogeneous solution of the solute dissolved in the solvent.

Abstract: Provided is a water-in-oil type emulsion adhesive, which is excellent in open shelf stability and thus a coating is difficult to be formed inside of a machine, which is excellent in storage stability, and which can be rapidly attached with low energy. The water-in-oil type emulsion adhesive includes an oil phase and an aqueous phase, wherein the oil phase contains at least an organic solvent and an emulsifier, the aqueous phase contains at least water and a polymer compound, and the aqueous phase has a particle diameter of from 1 to 100 ?m by a volume-based average diameter.

Abstract: An interlayer comprised of a thermoplastic resin, at least one high refractive index plasticizer and, optionally, a conventional plasticizer. The use of a thermoplastic resin, a high refractive index plasticizer, and, optionally, a conventional plasticizer reduces or minimizes the optical defects caused by different refractive indices without sacrificing other characteristics of the interlayer.

Abstract: A process and the resultant product from the process for continuously making an EPDM utilizing ethylene, propylene, and dienes. This process allows for the creation of products with high diene contents and broad molecular weight distributions while utilizing a continuous flow reactor and a known catalyst. The process allows for these products to be made without gelling, or fouling of the reactor, which are problems known in the art.

Abstract: The present invention provides an interlayer film for laminated glass, that exhibits an excellent sound-insulating performance for solid-borne sound in an environment at or below 0° C. Another object is to provide laminated glass that is obtained using this interlayer film for laminated glass. The present invention is an interlayer film for laminated glass, that has a sound-insulating layer for which a temperature T1, which is the temperature that gives the maximum value of tan ? at a frequency of 1 Hz, is in the range from ?30° C. to 0° C.

Abstract: Methods of modifying a patterned semiconductor substrate are presented including: providing a patterned semiconductor substrate surface including a dielectric region and a conductive region; and applying an amphiphilic surface modifier to the dielectric region to modify the dielectric region. In some embodiments, modifying the dielectric region includes modifying a wetting angle of the dielectric region. In some embodiments, modifying the wetting angle includes making a surface of the dielectric region hydrophilic. In some embodiments, methods further include applying an aqueous solution to the patterned semiconductor substrate surface. In some embodiments, the conductive region is selectively enhanced by the aqueous solution. In some embodiments, methods further include providing the dielectric region formed of a low-k dielectric material. In some embodiments, applying the amphiphilic surface modifier modifies an interaction of the low-k dielectric region with a subsequent process.

Abstract: A structural three dimensional nanocomposite with improved mechanical properties is provided. The structural three dimensional nanocomposite includes (a) spherical shaped nanoparticles, (b) a matrix, and (c) an inter phase structure. The matrix may be selected from at least one of (a) polymer matrix, and (b) a nano metal matrix. The spherical shaped nanoparticles are reinforced with the matrix. The spherical shaped nanoparticles are uniformly distributed throughout the matrix. The inter phase structure transfers stress from the matrix to obtain the spherical shaped nanoparticles with improved mechanical properties. The structural three dimensional nanocomposite have high and equal mechanical strength in three dimensions when the structural three dimensional nanocomposite is at least one of (a) volume compressive stress condition, and (b) volume expansive stress condition.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to storage stable aqueous solutions of stilbene optical brighteners with polyvinyl alcohols which can be directly used by the papermaker in that they may be diluted with water and/or be metered directly into a coating composition, to provide coated papers of a particularly high whiteness.

Abstract: An ink used for direct inkjet printing to plate based on nanometer material and a method for preparing same. Of the baseline total amount of the ink, 5 to 30 wt % is of film-forming resin, 0.01 to 5 wt % is of nanometer or micrometer dye, 30 to 60 wt % is of organic solvent, 0.01 to 5 wt % is of humectant, and water provides the balance; these ingredients are stirred and mixed at room temperature, and after the film-forming resin is completely dissolved, impurities and/or insoluble substances in the present invention are removed by means of multi-level filtering, and the obtained filtrate is the present ink. The ink in the present invention is sprayed on a metal base material surface by an inkjet printer o form a printing pattern which, after curing, can be directly printed on the machine, thus reducing chemical pollution and post-processing processes, while a press run of the printing plate can be up to 100,000 copies at a resolution of up to 175 lpi.

Abstract: A post-treatment solution for digital inkjet printing includes a thermoplastic material having a melting temperature ranging from about 40° C. to about 250° C., a binder, and a liquid carrier. The thermoplastic material and the binder are present in a weight ratio ranging from 100:1 to 1:1. A print medium, printing method, and printing system are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: A poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) resin formulation, a method of extruding PVB resins, and related materials and products that provide for PVB sheets with a selectable flow (or melt viscosity) by melt blending hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into a PVB resin composition is described herein.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a polarizing film having excellent optical properties. The method includes fabricating a polyvinyl alcohol film using a coating liquid including an acid catalyst and a polyvinyl alcohol, and dehydrating the polyvinyl alcohol film. In this method, a high concentration of the acid catalyst is uniformly dispersed in the polyvinyl alcohol film.

Abstract: A process is described for providing a polymer material by blending as a first component one or more hydrophilic polymers, and as a second component one or more neutralising chemicals, in the complete or substantial absence of water. In the absence of water, the components will not be aqueous solutions. Thus the components can be used in blending processes, and the present invention is able to form many other shapes and forms of material other than laminates on substrates.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a tire sealant and a preparation method thereof. The tire sealant comprises a solvent of 35%-95%, PVA gel of 0.05%-10%, block particles of 0.01%-5% and an additive of 0.1%-10%. The tire sealant can also comprise chitosan gel of 0.01%-5%. The method comprises the following steps: S1. polymer material particles are dissolved and precipitation is controlled to form suspended gel material in a liquid medium; S2. An additive is added into the liquid medium; and S3. block particles are added into the liquid medium containing the suspended gel material. When using the tire sealant and its preparation method in the present invention, the puncture formed by a spike with a diameter equal to or less than 6.35 mm can be sealed. Besides, the broken hole can be repaired between ?40? and 70?, and the sealing time can last for more than 48 hours.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composition suitable for the black printing, via screen printing, of a sheet of polyvinyl butyral intended to be part of a laminated glazing unit, characterized in that it comprises: 11% to 13% by weight of polyvinyl butyral, 35% to 40% by weight of at least one aliphatic dicarboxylic acid diester, and at least one black pigment in an amount and with a specific surface area that are selected so that the Brookfield viscosity of the composition at 20° C. is between 9 and 13 Pa.s; a process for printing, via screenprinitng, a sheet of polyvinyl butyral intended to be part of a laminated glazing unit, using this composition; a sheet of polyvinyl butyral intended to be part of a laminated glazing unit, and printed, via screen printing, using this composition; and a laminated glazing unit comprising such a sheet of polyvinyl butyral.

Abstract: A description is given of an aqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersion stabilized with a combination of at least one protective colloid and of at least one emulsifier, said dispersion having a viscosity of less than 8000 mPa*s, a weight average dw of the particle sizes of 0.5 to 10 ?m, and a ratio of weight average to number average of the particle sizes, dw/dn, of at least 2.5, and the polymer possessing a glass transition temperature of between ?30 and +15° C. The dispersion can be used as an adhesive for nozzle application processes.

Abstract: The present invention provides an intermediate film for laminated glass which can improve sound insulation. The intermediate film has a layered structure including at least two layers, comprising: a first layer containing a polyvinyl acetal resin and a plasticizer; and a second layer positioned on a first surface of the first layer. In a phase diagram of three values including a degree of acetalization, a degree of acetylation, and a hydroxyl group content of the polyvinyl acetal resin contained in the first layer, the values of the degree of acetalization, the degree of acetylation, and the hydroxyl group content each fall within a region surrounded by a line including four straight lines connecting first, second, third, and fourth coordinates, which respectively have a degree of acetalization:degree of acetylation:hydroxyl group content of 70 mol %:30 mol %:0 mol %, 34 mol %:30 mol %:36 mol %, 94 mol %:0 mol %:6 mol %, and 100 mol %:0 mol %:0 mol %.

Abstract: Components of an unmanned undersea vehicle are inspired by jellyfish that uses its flexible body and tilt sensing to achieve efficient swimming and turning. A tilt sensor, based on a statocyst, has a metal ball in a chamber lined with resistors. The tilt is sensed in accordance with which resistors the ball contacts. A composition of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel with ferritin particles dispersed therein mimics the qualities of a jellyfish's mesoglea.

Abstract: A protective layer for optical devices, comprising a replaceable, scratch resistant layer appliable to an optical device in such a way such that optical properties of said optical device are substantially unaltered. The optical device is undamaged by scratches made to the scratch resistant layer by a pencil having a 3H degree of hardness or by sand. The protective layer may comprise a polyvinyl butyral resin and polyvinyl alcohol.