Abstract: A pigment-dispersed composition includes (a) a high-molecular compound containing at least one kind of repeating unit selected from repeating units each represented by the following Formula (I) or (II), (b) a pigment, and (c) an organic solvent, wherein, in Formulae (I) and (II), R1 to R6 each represent a hydrogen atom or another group; X1 and X2 each represent —CO—, —C(?O)O—, —CONH—, —OC(?O)—, or a phenylene group; L1 and L2 each represent a single bond or a divalent organic linking group; A1 and A2 each represent a monovalent organic group; m and n each represent an integer of from 2 to 8; and p and q each represent an integer of from 1 to 100. Also disclosed is a pigment-dispersed composition containing (A) a graft high-molecular polymer in which acrylic acid is copolymerized at a proportion of from 5% by mass to 30% by mass in the main chain thereof, (B) a pigment, and (C) an organic solvent.

Abstract: Aqueous dispersions and coatings comprising modified epoxy resins comprising the reaction product of rosin and a dienophile, further reacted with an epoxy resin, are disclosed.

Abstract: Provided is an aqueous ink with high storage stability and scratch resistance at such a high level that the coloring material of an image is not scraped off even when lightly touched with a sharp product. The aqueous ink includes a water-insoluble coloring material and plural polymers. The plural polymers include a polymer A which relatively contributes to dispersion of the water-insoluble coloring material and a polymer B which does not relatively contribute to the dispersion of the water-insoluble coloring material compared to the polymer A. The polymer A includes a block copolymer having an acid value of 120 mgKOH/g to 180 mgKOH/g and having an ethylene oxide group as a nonionic group. The polymer B has an acid value of 150 mgKOH/g or less and a hydrogen bond parameter (?h) of the polymer obtained by solubility parameters of monomers constituting the polymer of 1.0 cal0.5/cm1.5 or more and 3.2 cal0.5/cm1.5 or less.

Abstract: An inkjet printing method includes the steps of a) providing a first radiation curable composition curable by free radical polymerization or cationic polymerization; b) applying a layer of the first radiation curable composition on a substrate; c) curing the layer; d) jetting on the cured layer a second composition curable by a different polymerization than the first composition but selected from the group consisting of free radical polymerization and cationic polymerization; and e) curing the jetted second composition by a different polymerization than the first composition. The first composition includes a cationically polymerizable compound having at least one (meth)acrylate group present in the first curable composition in an amount of at least 25 wt % based upon the total weight of the first curable composition. An inkjet ink set may be used in the above inkjet printing method.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to two component coating compositions that cure under ambient conditions and more particularly to those having low VOC (volatile organic content) that are suitable for use in automotive refinish and Original Equipment Manufacturing (OEM) applications. The coating composition includes crosslinkable and crosslinking components, wherein the crosslinkable component includes a low polydispersity, low molecular weight copolymer having on an average 2 to 25 functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, acetoacetoxy, primary and secondary amine, and epoxy. The copolymer is polymerized from a monomer mixture that includes one or more non-functional acrylate monomers and one or more functional methacrylate monomers provided with the functional groups. The crosslinking component includes polyisocyanate, polyamine, ketimine, melamine, epoxy, polyacid or a combination thereof. The invention is also directed to coating produced from the coating composition.

Abstract: Dispersion which is free of binders and which contains silica and at least one superplasticizer, the silica being a precipitated silica having a surface area greater than 50 m2/g, the aggregates and/or agglomerates in the dispersion having a median diameter of less than 1 ?m and the proportion of silica being from 5 to 50% by weight, based on the total amount of the dispersion, and a process for the preparation thereof and the use thereof as a concrete admixture in cement-containing preparations.

Abstract: A free radical curable liquid for inkjet printing of food packaging materials includes no initiator or otherwise one or more initiators selected from the group consisting of non-polymeric di- or multifunctional initiators, oligomeric initiators, polymeric initiators, and polymerizable initiators; and a polymerizable composition of the liquid consists essentially of: a) 25-100 wt % of one or more polymerizable compounds A having at least one acrylate group G1 and at least one second ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable functional group G2 selected from the group consisting of a vinlyether group, an allylether group, and a allylester group; b) 0-55 wt % of one or more polymerizable compounds B selected from the group consisting of monofunctional acrylates and difunctional acrylates; and c) 0-55 wt % of one or more polymerizable compounds C selected from the group consisting of trifunctional acrylates, tetrafunctional acrylates, pentafunctional acrylates and hexafunctional acrylates.

Abstract: A thermosetting resin composition for producing a color filter for a CMOS image sensor is provided. The thermosetting resin composition comprises an organic solvent and a self-curing copolymer having structural units represented by Formulae 1, 2, 3 and 4, which are described in the specification.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a process for the preparation of a crosslinker composition, comprising the steps of providing a mixture of an aliphatic alcohol A having at least one hydroxyl group and from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, with at least one multifunctional aldehyde C having at least two aldehyde groups —CHO to form a mixture AC, heating the mixture AC to convert at least a part of the multifunctional aldehyde C to its hemiacetal or to its acetal to form a mixture (AC)?, adding to the mixture (AC)? least one cyclic urea U or the educts to produce the said cyclic urea U in situ, which cyclic urea U has at least one unsubstituted >NH group, and reacting the mixture thus obtained to form a chemical bond between the nitrogen atom of the at least one unsubstituted >NH group of the at least one cyclic urea U5 and the carbon atom of the least one aldehyde group —CHO of the multifunctional aldehyde C, and coating compositions comprising the said crosslinker composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cost-effective and environmentally friendly polymeric defoamer formulation for use in various industrial applications that does not contain oil, EBS or free silicone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a carbon black inkjet ink having improved printhead idle time and start up in order to substantially maintain, un-interrupted printing with better nozzle jetting. The inkjet ink includes a non-ionic silicone surfactant, a polymeric dispersant, and two or more humectants.

Abstract: A liquid crystal sealing material comprising (a) a radiation curable resin represented by the general formula (1) below, (b) a photopolymerization initiator and (c) a filler having an average particle diameter of not more than 3 ?m. (In the formula (1), R1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R2 may be the same or different and represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a monovalent linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1-10 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1-10 carbon atoms; m represents an integer of 1-4; R3 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R4 represents a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1-10 carbon atoms; 1 represents a range of positive numbers from 1 to 5; and the repeating unit number n represents a range of positive numbers from 0 to 20.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide an acrylic rubber composition that has an improved compression set, has substantially improved product performance, can prevent oil leakage in the above-described cycle tests, and has less curing deterioration of the rubber in the above-described curing deterioration tests. [Means for Solving the Problem] An acrylic rubber composition comprising (A) 100 parts by weight of an acrylic rubber polymer produced by polymerizing principal monomer components comprising an alkoxyalkyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and a crosslinking site monomer with a functional group, with (B) 40 to 100 parts by weight of a carbon black with an iodine absorption of 15 to 25 mg/g and a DBP absorption of 120 to 130 cm3/100 g; and (C) 10 parts by weight or less of a plasticizer.

Abstract: A monomer compound that contains at least one polymerizable functional group per molecule, and at least one bicycloheptyl-, bicycloheptenyl-, or branched (C5-C42)alkyl-polyether radical per molecule, wherein the bicycloheptyl- or bicycloheptenyl-polyether radical may optionally be substituted on one or more of the ring carbon atoms by one or two (C1-C6)alkyl groups per ring carbon atom is useful in making polymers, particularly pH responsive polymers.

Abstract: The invention resides in the implementation of an antioxidant during the functionalization reaction of a (meth)acrylic polymer in a dry state by polyoxyalkylated lateral groups, so as to improve the grafting rate of the final polymer. The obtained polymers constitute another object of the invention, as do the aqueous formulations that they contain.

Abstract: A polymer for forming an organic anti-reflective coating layer, which is soluble in alkali solutions so that an additional etching process of anti-reflective coating layer is not required, and a composition including the same are disclosed. The polymer for forming an organic anti-reflective coating layer has the following formula. Wherein, R1 is a hydrogen atom (H) or a methyl group (—CH3), R2 is a sulfur atom (S) or an oxygen atom (O), R3 is a group containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms and a terminal hydroxyl group, R4 is an alkylene group or a cycloalkylene group, and if necessary, a hetero atom is contained therein, and a, b and c independently represent weight % of repeating units constituting the polymer, and are 1 to 98 weight %, 1 to 98 weight %, and 1 to 98 weight %, respectively.

Abstract: A process for making a resin emulsion suitable for use in forming toner particles is provided. In embodiments, a suitable process includes melt mixing a resin in the absence of an organic solvent, optionally adding a surfactant to the resin, adding to the resin a basic agent and water, and subjecting the resin, basic agent and water to acoustic mixing at a suitable frequency to form an emulsion of resin particles. In embodiments, the resin emulsion thus produced may be utilized to form a toner.

Abstract: What are described are alkalified compositions comprising an aqueous dispersion of selected polymers, and comprising selected polyaldehydes as crosslinking agents. From these formulations it is possible to produce coating compositions having a very high blocking resistance and having excellent mechanical properties.

Abstract: The present invention provides an ink composition containing: a polymer having a polyoxyalkylene group and a partial structure selected from the group consisting of a fluoroalkyl group, a siloxane skeleton and a long-chain alkyl group; a polymerizable compound; and a polymerization initiator.

Abstract: An ink-jet recording method including: printing on a medium by ejecting thereon ink having a pH value of 8 or more and containing at least a particulate colorant, emulsion resin and surfactant, the medium prepared by providing at least a coat layer containing a pigment on at least one surface of a substrate containing cellulose pulp as a main component, wherein printing is performed at a deposited ink amount of 15 g/m2 or less, and wherein the medium has a pH value of 8 or more at a paper surface, and the amount of pure water transferring onto a surface of the medium having the coat layer after a contact time of 100 ms measured with a dynamic scanning absorptometer is 30 mL/m2 or less and the amount of pure water transferring onto the surface of the medium after a contact time of 400 ms is 35 mL/m2 or less.

Abstract: Methods for adhesive bonding are disclosed. The methods includes contacting a substrate with an activator composition which includes a reactive solvent, such as methyl ethyl ketone or acrylic-based monomers, and a reducing agent, such that the treated substrate has a working time of greater than about four weeks, and contacting the substrate with adhesive compositions to result in adhesive bonding.

Abstract: A composition for aqueous coating material which has a low content of an organic solvent and presents little burden on the environment and which is excellent in storage stability. A composition for aqueous coating material, which comprises a synthetic resin containing a fluorinated copolymer comprising from 40 to 60 mol % of a fluoro-olefin unit, from 3 to 50 mol % of an alkyl vinyl ether or alkyl vinyl ester unit, from 4 to 30 mol % of a hydroxyl group-containing vinyl ether unit and 0.

Abstract: Absorbent polymer granulate comprising the following process steps: i) polymerization of an aqueous monomer solution to obtain a polymer gel; ii) comminution of the polymer gel to obtain a gel granulate; and iii) drying of the gel granulate, and is characterized in that the gel granulate after step ii) has a spread behavior. The production process of an absorbent polymer distinguishes itself by a particularly efficient drying step iii), which enables a particularly gentle and uniform drying of the gel granulate. The obtained absorbent polymers and products and items produced therefrom have a particularly uniform product quality and constant physical-chemical properties.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a water dispersion for ink-jet printing including two kinds of carbon blacks (a) and (b) and a water-insoluble polymer which adheres to a surface of the respective carbon blacks (a) and (b), wherein the carbon black (a) has an acid group content of from 0 to 200 ?mol/g and the carbon black (b) has an acid group content of more than 200 ?mol/g but not more than 1000 ?mol/g, and a difference between acid group contents of the carbon blacks (a) and (b) is from 100 to 1000 ?mol/g, and a water-based ink for ink-jet printing which contains the water dispersion. The water-based ink is excellent in image density, fixing property, high lighter fastness, image uniformity, ejection reliability and storage stability.

Abstract: A method is described for producing an aqueous thickener dispersion from a monomer composition made of at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and at least one ethylenically unsaturated hydrophobic monomer, (i) an at least partially polymerized pre-emulsion being produced from 10 to 80 wt.-% of said monomer composition, and (ii) the residual quantity of said monomer composition being added completely to the at least partially polymerized pre-emulsion and initiating a radical polymerization. The monomer composition preferably also comprises an associative monomer. The method avoids disadvantages of batch polymerization, such as inadequate batch-to-batch reproducibility and safety problems.

Abstract: Disclosed is a color filter ink composition that includes an acrylic-based copolymer resin including repeating units represented by a particular chemical formula, a polymerizable monomer, a pigment, and a solvent. According to the present invention, the color filter ink composition can have excellent ejection properties and ejection stability by using a new acrylic-based copolymer resin as a binder resin, and also can have excellent storage stability, so that it can be used for a long period. In addition, a pattern formed using the color filter ink composition can have improved heat resistance, chemical resistance, and film strength.

Abstract: Film-forming materials include nonionic metal coordinating structures. Nonionic metal coordinating structures can coordinate metals, such as metal catalysts and metal substrates. Example film-forming materials can be the product of a poly-functional epoxide and a nucleophilic ligand having a nonionic metal coordinating structure, or the product of a poly-functional alcohol and an electrophilic ligand having a nonionic metal coordinating structure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to copolymer surfactants and their use in, e.g., coatings such as latex paint and solvent-based paint, and to a method of dispersing colored pigments using the copolymer surfactant, colorant compositions in which at least one pigment is dispersed by a copolymer surfactant of the invention, a paint which has a colorant composition of the invention, and a method for making a paint having a colorant composition of the invention.

Abstract: Novel (meth)acrylic ester of poly(trimethylene ether) glycol compositions are provided. The compositions comprise an ester (a monoester, a diester or mixtures thereof) of a polytrimethylene ether glycol and at least one polymerization inhibitor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cell-occlusive membrane, obtainable by reaction of at least two precursors in the presence of water. The first precursor A comprises a core and n chains each having a conjugated unsaturated group or a conjugated unsaturated bond, and the second precursor B comprises a core and m chains each having a thiol group, wherein m is greater than or equal to 2, n is greater than or equal to 2, and m+n is greater than or equal 5. The reaction forms a three dimensional network with crosslinking-points. The adjacent crosslinking-points are connected by a chain having less than 600 atoms.

Abstract: A compressible photonic crystal comprising a polymer with an ordered array of voids, the photonic crystal having a reflectance in a first wavelength range for light incident to its incident surface and its opposing incident surface; wherein compression against at least a portion of at least one of the surfaces shifts the reflectance to a second wavelength range in at least that portion of that surface. The crystal may be used in authentication devices of various types.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a branched polymer obtainable an addition polymerisation process, preferably a free-radical polymerisation process, which is the reaction product of: (a) an initiator, optionally but preferably a free-radical initiator, (b) optionally but preferably a compatible chain transfer agent (E and E?), (c) at least one ethylenically monounsaturated monomer (G and/or J), (d) at least one ethylenically polyunsaturated monomer (L), wherein at least one of (a)-(d) has a molecular weight of at least 1000 Daltons, and the mole ratio of (d) to (c) is greater than 0.0005 to 1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a copolymer comprising, in polymerized form, (a) from 80 to 99.9 mol %, based on the total amount of the monomers polymerized to prepare the copolymer, of at least one monomer A which in each case comprises a heterocycle having at least 1 nitrogen atom and composed of from 3 to 10 ring members and a C2-C6-alkenyl group bonded to a carbon or nitrogen ring atom of the heterocycle; and (b) from 0.1 to 20 mol %, based on the total amount of the monomers polymerized to prepare the copolymer, of at least one monomer B copolymerizable with monomer A, said monomer B having a monoethylenically unsaturated double bond and also a linear or branched poly-C2-C4-alkylene oxide group having on average from 4 to 500 C2-C4-alkylene oxide units, in liquid and in solid detergent formulations. In addition, the invention relates to a process for preparing such a copolymer, and also to a liquid or solid detergent formulation comprising at least one such copolymer.

Abstract: Pigments for inkjet inks are controllably functionalised to improve water-dispersibility, ozone resistance, etc., by irradiation of the pigment particle with high energy radiation, such as gamma radiation in air or by plasma activation, to form a stable functionalisable intermediate pigment particle, then activating the stable functionalisable intermediate, e.g. by heating, in the presence of a functionalising precursor (e.g. a polymer or polymerisable monomer) to form a modified pigment particle having one or more functionalising group grafted onto the pigment particle.

Abstract: In an ink-jet recording pigment ink containing a pigment, water, a water-soluble solvent and a polymer, the polymer is obtained by polymerizing an alkyl-?-(hydroxyalkyl) acrylate monomer represented by the following general formula (1): wherein R1 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R2 represents any one selected from a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 4 to 6 carbon atoms and a phenyl group.

Abstract: A composition is described, encompassing a constituent selected from the group consisting of a modified resin acid (I), a fatty acid (II) and a mixture composed of a modified resin acid (I) and of a fatty acid (II), where the degree of neutralisation of the constituent is from 104 to 165%. Its use for the production of microgels is also described.

Abstract: A novel highly grafted, functionalized olefin polymer is provided comprising the reaction product of a method comprising reacting an acylating agent with a mixture comprising an olefin polymer having a number average molecular weight of between about 5,000 to about 100,000 and a diluent in the presence of a free radical initiator to provide an acylated olefin polymer which is further reacted with a polyamine to provide the grafted functionalized olefin polymer dispersant. Lubricating oil concentrates and compositions containing the highly grafted, functionalized olefin polymer and uses thereof also are provided.

Abstract: Paper labels coated with a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA), wherein the PSA comprises no vinyl acetate in free or copolymerized form and comprises as binder an emulsion polymer synthesized from a) 70% to 95% by weight of a C6 to C10 alkyl (meth)acrylate b) 1% to 20% by weight of methyl methacrylate c) 0.5% to 10% by weight of a vinylaromatic monomer d) 0.5% to 10% by weight of a hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate e) 0.5% to 5% by weight of a monomer having at least one acid or acid anhydride group f) 0% to 10% by weight of tert-butyl (meth)acrylate and g) 0% to 20% by weight of further monomers, the further monomers comprising not more than 3% by weight of methyl acrylate.

Abstract: A polymeric dispersant having a block copolymer structure or a segmented oligomer structure wherein the block copolymer structure or segmented oligomer structure includes a segment polymerized by monomers according to Formula (I): wherein; R1 represents hydrogen or methyl; Y represents O, S, or NH; Aryl represents an aromatic group or a heteroaromatic group; and X represents hydrogen, an alkyl group, or a cation. A process for manufacturing the polymeric dispersant and the application of the polymeric dispersant in pigment dispersions, inkjet inks, and colored layers.

Abstract: The invention provides an aqueous inkjet ink composition comprises a polymeric compound comprising discrete particles responsive to an external stimulus, and a functional material, wherein the functional material may be incorporated as part of the polymeric particles, the particles causing the composition to have a first rheological state and a different second rheological state in response to a stimulated change in conditions, the first rheological state being associated with a first lower viscosity of the composition, wherein the particles have a first lower volume, enabling the composition to pass through an inkjet printhead orifice and the second rheological state being associated with a second higher viscosity of the composition, wherein the particles have a second higher volume, enabling immobilisation of droplets of the composition on a substrate.

Abstract: A single phase aqueous curable composition suitable for thermal inkjet printing comprises a mixture of curable materials, water in amounts in the range 10 to 30% of the weight of the compositions, and one or more co-solvents for the curable materials. Because the water content is relatively low, a drying step is not required before curing, increasing printing speeds. The composition has good performance and has good adhesion to a wide range of substrates including non-porous and semi-porous materials as well as porous materials.

Abstract: A pigment dispersion includes a pigment and a block copolymer having ionic aromatic monomers. The pigment dispersions can be used for manufacturing inkjet inks and for the coating of colored layers. A process for preparing the pigment dispersion is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a pigment dispersion is provided. The method includes mixing a water-insoluble resin, carbon black, a neutralizing agent, an organic solvent, an anionic low-molecular weight surfactant and an aqueous medium to form an aqueous dispersion; and removing at least a part of the organic solvent from the aqueous dispersion. Further, a method for manufacturing an aqueous ink for inkjet recording and an aqueous ink for inkjet recording are provided.

Abstract: A pigment dispersion includes a pigment with at least one carboxylic acid group and a block copolymer including aromatic monomers having at least one carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof and aromatic monomers having at least one sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof. The pigment dispersions can be used for manufacturing inkjet inks and for the coating of colored layers.

Abstract: A polymeric dispersant containing a vinyl polymer having a constitutional unit represented by the following formula 1: wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R2 and R4 may be the same or different and are each independently an alkylene group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms or an arylene group having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, R3 is an alkylene group having from 4 to 18 carbon atoms or an arylene group having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, M1 and M2 may be the same or different and are each independently a hydrogen atom or a cation, k and m may be the same or different and are each independently a number from 0 to 20, and L is a number from 1 to 20, with the proviso that L is 2 or more when k is zero. The polymeric dispersant is used for the production of a water dispersion for ink-jet printing. The water dispersion for ink-jet printing is used for the production of a water-based ink for ink-jet printing.

Abstract: The present invention provides a water based inkjet recording ink including polyvinyl polymer particles and an aqueous medium, the polyvinyl polymer particles containing C.I. Pigment Yellow 155 and a polyvinyl polymer containing (a) a hydrophobic structural unit derived from at least one member selected from acrylates and methacrylates each having an aromatic ring bonded via a linking group to the main chain thereof and (b) a hydrophilic structural unit derived from acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid and contained in an amount of 5% by mass to 18% by mass with respect to the total mass of the polymer. The water based inkj et recording ink, even after storage for a long period of time or storage under a high-temperature environment, is excellent in discharge stability and capable of preventing the generation of uneven density and streaked marks on the recorded image.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of water-soluble polymers, consisting of a) monoethylenically unsaturated monomers consisting of acidic groups in an acidic, partially or fully neutralized form and b) other monomers which can be copolymerized with monomers a) as a drying agent for the production of redispersion power and/or powdery polymer dispersing agents. The water-soluble polymers contain at least 20 wt. % monomers (a) and a maximum of 8O wt. % monomers (b) and are supplied to the production process in the form of aqueous solutions in amounts of up to 50 wt. % maximum, enabling powder, polymer products with a residual moisture of <2 wt. % to be obtained, particularly in spray drying processes, and which are added to mineral systems as dispersing agents in amounts of 0.05-5 wt. % or are used as building materials for the mineral binding of redispersion powder in adhesives or as a binders in their own right.

Abstract: Compositions for binding organic or inorganic fibers is described. The compositions may include an aqueous solution having a pH of about 4.5 or more. The aqueous solution may include a polycarboxy polymer that is about 10%, by wt., to 100%, by wt., of a butenedioic acid or butenedioic anhydride; and a polyol. The compositions can maintain a pH of about 5 or more after being cured into a thermoset plastic with the fibers. Processes for preparing a binder composition for organic or inorganic fibers are also described. The processes may include providing an aqueous solution of polycarboxylic acid polymers, where the polymers comprise about 10%, by wt., to 100%, by wt., of a butenedioic acid or butenedioic anhydride; adding a polyol to the aqueous solution; and maintaining the pH of the aqueous solution at about 5 or more.

Abstract: The invention provides an ink formulation comprising a polymer associated self-dispersed colorant. The polymer has an alkyl amino end functional group that is chemically associated by electron donation/acceptation and hydrogen bonded to surface functional groups of the colorant particles. The modified self-dispersed colorant shows improved printing quality.

Abstract: Structurally viscous, curable, aqueous powder dispersions free entirely or substantially from organic solvents and comprising dimensionally stable particles (A) having an average particle size as measured by the laser diffraction method of D (v, 0.