Abstract: The present invention is to provide a fluorine-containing polymer having excellent light transmission in the vacuum ultraviolet region of not more than 193 nm, a monomer favorably used for preparing the fluorine-containing polymer, a process for preparing the fluorine-containing polymer, and uses of the fluorine-containing polymer. The fluorine-containing polymer has at least a repeated unit structure represented by the following formula (1) and has an absorption coefficient of not more than 3.0 ?m?1 at 157 nm of ultraviolet rays. wherein R1 to R12 are each fluorine, a fluorine-containing alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or the like; X1 is —CRaRb—, —NRa— or —PRa— (Ra and Rb are each fluorine, a fluorine-containing alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, hydrogen, —O—, —S—, an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or the like); at least one of R1 to R12 and X1 is fluorine or a fluorine-containing group; and n is 0 or an integer of 1 to 3.

Abstract: A multi-layer nano-particle composition including a polymer core and at least two additional layers is provided. The nano-particles have a mean average diameter less than about 100 nm. The nano-particles can be modified via, for example, hydrogenation or functionalization. The nano-particles can be advantageously incorporated into rubbers, elastomers, and thermoplastics.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for polymer hydrogenation that includes: polymerizing or copolymerizing at least one conjugated diene in a hydrocarbon solvent using an organic alkali metal polymerization initiator to generate a living polymer; adding a terminating agent selected from amines, esters, ketones, or halogen compounds to deactivate the active terminal of the living polymer; and selectively hydrogenating the conjugated diene polymer using at least one organotitanium compound and a lithium hydride, which is prepared from a reactor equipped with a high-speed injection nozzle and thereby precisely controlled in regard to particle diameter.

Abstract: Improved amine-terminated polybutadienes (ATPBs) having one or two terminal groups of the formula —CHRNH2 wherein R is C1-C20 alkyl, are prepared by aminating a secondary hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene having no ether groups. The ATPBs may be hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated, either prior to or after the animation, to saturate or partially saturate the polymers. Preferred ATPBs are of the formula H2NCHR-(polybutadiene)-CHRNH2 wherein R is C1-C20 alkyl. Polyureas, polyurethanes, crosslinked epoxies, polyamides, and other derivatives with improved properties can be prepared from the ATPBs. The resultant derivatives are useful in liquid binders for braking systems, electric potting compositions, coatings, adhesives, sealants, and water proofing membranes, for example.

Abstract: Disclosed is a hydrogenated copolymer obtained by hydrogenating an unhydrogenated copolymer comprising conjugated diene monomer units and vinyl aromatic monomer units, the unhydrogenated copolymer having at least one polymer block (H) of vinyl aromatic monomer units, wherein the hydrogenated copolymer has the following characteristics (1) to (5): (1) a content of the vinyl aromatic monomer units of from more than 60% by weight to less than 90% by weight, based on the weight of the hydrogenated copolymer; (2) a content of the polymer block (H) of from 1 to 40% by weight, based on the weight of the unhydrogenated copolymer; (3) a weight average molecular weight of from more than 100,000 to 1,000,000; (4) a hydrogenation ratio of 85% or more, as measured with respect to the double bonds in the conjugated diene monomer units; and (5) substantially no crystallization peak observed at ?50 to 100° C. in a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) chart obtained with respect to the hydrogenated copolymer.

Abstract: A process for hydrogenating aromatic polymers is disclosed. The process entails using a supported catalyst wherein support contains alumina and where the catalyst comprise at least one metal of subgroup VIII of the Periodic Table. The catalyst is characterized in that the pore volume of the pores having diameters of 1000 to 10,000 Angstrom is 15 to 100% relative to the total pore volume, as determined by mercury porosimetry.

Abstract: A block copolymer having a polymer block [A] including two or more specific repeating units [1] and a polymer block [B] including one or more specific repeating unit [2] and/or repeating unit [3], and when a polymer block having heaviest weight average molecular weight is a polymer block [A1], the weight average molecular weight of the polymer block [A1] is Mw (A1) and a polymer block having the lightest weight average molecular weight is a polymer block [B], and the weight average molecular weight of the polymer block [A2] is Mw (A2) in the polymer block [A], having the ratio (Mw (A1)/Mw (A2)) of the Mw (A1) and Mw (A2) of 1.5 or more is provided according to the present invention, and the block copolymer has excellent fluidity at the time of molding and mechanical strength at the time of punching processing.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a block copolymer having the excellent improving characteristics. Specifically, the block copolymer is a hydrogenated block copolymer capable of obtaining a molded product, as a polyolefin based resin composition, having excellent physical property balance between impact resistance, in particular, low temperature impact resistance and rigidity, and molding processability, and further, capable of providing, as a viscous adhesive composition, a composition having an excellent balance between adhesion characteristics such as adhesive power and retentivity, and having excellent melt viscosity stability under heating at a high temperature.

Abstract: Improved amine-terminated polybutadienes (ATPBs) having one or two terminal amino groups, are prepared by cyanoalkylating a hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene by Michael addition of acrylonitrile in the presence of a base, forming nitrile termination, followed by hydrogenation in the presence of a Group VIII metal as catalyst. The ATPBs may be hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated, either prior to or after the amination, to saturate or partially saturate the polymers. Polyureas, polyurethanes, crosslinked epoxies, polyamides, and other derivatives with improved properties can be prepared from the ATPBs. The resultant derivatives are useful in liquid binders for braking systems, electric potting compositions, coatings, adhesives, sealants, and water proofing membranes, for example.

Abstract: A process is described for the hydrogenation of olefin double bonds present in polymers and copolymers of conjugated dienes, which comprises putting the above polymer or copolymer of conjugated dienes in contact with hydrogen in an inert solvent, in the presence of a catalytic system, characterized in that the above catalytic system essentially consists of one or more titanium compounds selected from those having general formula (I) wherein: M is selected from Ti(III) and Ti(IV) and their mixtures.

Abstract: A process has now been discovered that permits the simultaneous crosslinking and derivation of an, optionally hydrogenated, polymer whose backbone is composed of a conjugated diene, an unsaturated nitrile and an unsaturated carboxylic acid in the presence of a coupling/condensing agent. This permits the preparation of a novel polymeric material that is an optionally hydrogenated polymer of a conjugated diene, an unsaturated nitrile and a derived unsaturated acid. It has also been found that this novel polymeric material has unexpected and valuable properties.

Abstract: A process for hydrogenating a conjugated diene polymer wherein a conjugated diene polymer is hydrogenated in the presence of a catalyst comprising a platinum group metal or its compound, and a basic compound. More specifically, (1) hydrogenation is conducted in a reaction system prepared by incorporating the catalyst and the basic compound in a solution or latex of the conjugated diene polymer; (2) hydrogenation is conducted in a reaction system prepared by incorporating a catalyst system comprising a combination of the catalyst with the basic compound, in a solution or latex of the conjugated diene polymer; or (3) hydrogenation is conducted in a reaction system prepared by incorporating the catalyst in a solution of a composition comprising the conjugated diene polymer and the basic compound. Thus, a hydrogenated conjugated diene polymer can be efficiently and industrially advantageously produced using a small amount of a catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to hydrogenated nitrile rubber polymers having lower molecular weights and narrower molecular weight distributions than those known in the art. The present invention is also related to shaped articles containing hydrogenated nitrile rubber polymers having lower molecular weights and narrower molecular weight distributions than those known in the art.

Abstract: Hydrogen-plasma modification of a contact lens made from a fluorinated polymer reduces the surface chemistry of by removing fluorine, leaving behind a carbon-enriched surface that is further plasma processed into a hydrophilic surface for a lens material to be inserted into the ocular environment.

Abstract: Compositions comprising hydrogenated block copolymers can be successfully used in a variety of applications including films, profiles, sheets, pultruded articles, fibers, coated articles, injection molded articles and blow or rotational molded articles.

Abstract: A process for hydrogenating a polymer, which process comprises contacting a polymer containing an olefinic unsaturated group with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst to hydrogenate the olefinic unsaturated group of the polymer, and recycling at least one part of the hydrogenated polymer for hydrogenation. According to the process of the present invention, there can be provided a polymer having a desirable degree of hydrogenation steadily for a long period.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hydrogenated styrene polymer that has excellent transparency, can be used suitably for an optical application such as an optical disk substrate, has stability and transparency in a hot and humid environment, and has excellent heat resistance; and a process for producing same; etc. The hydrogenated styrene polymer of the present invention has a hydrogenated polymerized styrene unit content of at least 70 wt %, a content of fine particulate foreign matter having a particle size of 0.2 &mgr;m or more and less than 0.5 &mgr;m of at most 1×106 per g of the hydrogenated styrene polymer, and a phosphorus atom content of at most 0.01 parts by weight in 100 parts by weight of the hydrogenated styrene polymer. Furthermore, the process for producing a hydrogenated styrene polymer of the present invention includes steps of filtering, with a filter having a pore size of 0.

Abstract: Hydrogen-plasma modification of a contact lens made from a fluorinated polymer reduces the surface chemistry of by removing fluorine, leaving behind a carbon-enriched surface that is further plasma processed into a hydrophilic surface for a lens material to be inserted into the ocular environment.

Abstract: Additive compositions comprising: (i) at least one oil-soluble hydrogenated block diene polymer, comprising at least one crystallizable block, obtainable by end-to-end polymerization of a linear diene, and at least one non-crystallizable block, the non-crystallizable block being obtainable by 1,2-configuration polymerization of a linear diene, by polymerization of a branched diene, or by a mixture of such polymerizations, (ii) at least one ethylene-unsaturated ester compound; and (iii) at least one comb polymer. The additive compositions are used to improve cold flow characteristics in fuel oils. The additive compositions are particularly effective in fuel oils having a 90-20% boiling temperature range, as measured in accordance with ASTM D-86, of more than 115° C., preferably more than 120° C., more preferably more than 130° C., and most preferably more than 140° C., and a final boiling point of more than 370° C., preferably more than 380° C.

Abstract: A valve or pump gasket for sealing a fluid dispenser device comprising a valve or a pump mounted on a fluid container, said gasket being characterized in that it comprises one or more of the following elastomer materials: a) a hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR); b) an octene-ethylene copolymer (OEC); and c) a butyl or a halobutyl rubber.

Abstract: The present invention relates to hydrogenated nitrile rubber polymers having lower molecular weights and narrower molecular weight distributions than those known in the art. The present invention is also related to shaped articles containing hydrogenated nitrile rubber polymers having lower molecular weights and narrower molecular weight distributions than those known in the art.

Abstract: A hydrogenated polymer obtained by hydrogenating a conjugated diene polymer having an average vinyl bond content of 20% by weight or more and less than 40% by weight to a degree such that 85% or more of double bond residues in the conjugated diene unit portion are hydrogenated, wherein (1) the crystallizing peak temperature and the hydrogenated vinyl bond content satisfy the formula: −2.8V+100<T<−2.8V+130 wherein T is the crystallizing peak temperature (° C.) measured by DSC; and V is the hydrogenated vinyl bond content (%), (2) the molecular weight is 60,000 to 600,000, and (3) the molecular weight distribution is 1.55 to 5.0. The hydrogenated polymer is excellent in mechanical strength, heat resistance, weatherability and processability and, when blended with other thermoplastic resins or rubbery polymers, provides molded articles with well-balanced physical properties such as impact resistance and moldability.

Abstract: Process for the hydrogenation of a polymer composed of conjugated diene monomer units and a nitrile group-containing monomer units, in which hydrogenation is carried out in the presence of hydrazine, and an oxidizing compound, with the hydrogenation being carried out in the presence of a antioxidant. It is preferred for NBR to be used as polymer.

Abstract: Use is made, for selectively hydrogenating the olefinic double bonds of block copolymers, at least one block of which comprises olefinic double bonds, using a catalyst based on a metal from Group VIII in a medium comprising an organic solvent for the copolymer and an ionic liquid as solvent for the catalyst, of a water-immiscible ionic liquid, preferably an ionic liquid for which the anion is the hexafluorophosphate anion and the cation is the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (bmim+) or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (emim+) cation.

Abstract: A liquid polymer suitable for use as a lubricant base oil is produced by polymerizing ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin using a metallocene catalyst to provide a polymer which is then isomerized and hydrogenated to produce the liquid polymer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hydrogenated styrene-conjugated diene-styrene copolymer having excellent toughness, heat distortion temperature, and moldability, a production process therefor, and an optical material, etc. employing the copolymer.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improvement to a process for preparing coupled styrenic block copolymers wherein adding from about 0.01 to about 1.5 equivalents of a metal alkyl compound per equivalent of living polymer chain ends to the cement, during or after polymerization, improves coupling efficiencies. The resultant radial styrenic block copolymers have reduced amounts of 5+ arm oligomers which can be very desirable is certain applications, such as the modification of bitumen.

Abstract: Hetero-telechelic polymers having the formula: FG—(Q)d—Z—J—[A(R1R2R3)]x  (I) wherein FG is a protected or non-protected functional group; Q is a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group derived by incorporation of a compound selected from the group consisting of conjugated diene hydrocarbons, alkenylsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof; d is an integer from 10 to 200; Z is a branched or straight chain hydrocarbon group which contains 3-25 carbon atoms, optionally containing aryl or substituted aryl groups; J is oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen; [A(R1R2R3)]x is a protecting group, wherein A is an element selected from Group IVa of the Periodic Table of Elements; R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl groups containing lower alkyl, lower alkylthio, and lower dialkylamino groups, aryl or substituted aryl groups containing lower alkyl, lower alkylthio, and lower dialkylam

Abstract: Polymerized oils (heat-bodied oils) were hydrogenated to make a semi-crystalline wax-like material. The process of the present invention yields hydrogenated polymerized oils that can be used as bio-renewable replacements for micro-crystalline wax and petrolatums raw materials in products that are comprised of such materials. The present invention is directed to a composition comprising a hydrogenated polymerized oil, a composition consisting essentially of a hydrogenated polymerized oil and a process of preparing a hydrogenated polymerized oil. The present invention is also directed to a composition comprising a hydrogenated blown oil, a composition consisting essentially of a hydrogenated blown oil and a process for preparing a hydrogenated blown oil.

Abstract: A method of continuously manufacturing a high viscosity polyalphaolefin product by introducing a monomer and an ionic liquid catalyst together into a reaction zone while simultaneously withdrawing from the reaction zone a reaction zone effluent that contains the high viscosity polyalphaolefin. The reaction zone is operated under reaction conditions suitable for producing the high viscosity polyalphaolefin product. The preferred high viscosity polyalphaolefin has a kinematic viscosity exceeding about 8 cSt and is the reaction product of the trimerization, oligomerization, or polymerization of an alpha olefin or a mixture of one or more product thereof. The high viscosity polyalphaolefins are useful as lubricants or lubricant additives.

Abstract: A novel alicyclic hydrocarbon copolymer having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 1,000-1,000,000 a comprising repeating units (a) having an alicyclic structure and repeating units (b) having a chainlike structure; the sum of repeating units (a) and repeating units (b) being at least 90 wt. % based on the copolymer, and the content of repeating units (b) being at least 1 wt. % but smaller than 10 wt. %, based on the copolymer; and the chain of repeating units (a) satisfying the formula: A≦0.3×B where A=weight average molecular weight of the chain of repeating units (a), and B=Mw of the copolymer×(number of repeating units (a)/number of the total repeating units constituting the copolymer). The copolymer exhibits low birefringence and high mechanical strength. A process for producing the copolymer is provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process of hydrogenating a nitrile copolymer rubber, which comprises subjecting the copolymer to hydrogenation in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst, a co-catalyst, and a proton acceptor that is non-coordinating with the metal-complex catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for making selectively hydrogenated block copolymers of vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons and conjugated dienes comprising: a) anionically polymerizing vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons and conjugated dienes to produce block copolymers with living chain ends; b) terminating the living chain ends; to produce a terminated block copolymer, with a member from the group consisting of an alcohol, hydrogen, and mixtures thereof, to prepare a terminated block copolymer; and c) contacting the terminated block copolymers with hydrogen at a temperature of from 20 to 175° C. in the presence of a catalyst prepared by combining a cobalt carboxylate with an aluminum alkyl, wherein: (i) if the polymer is terminated with an alcohol and the alcohol is a linear alcohol, the linear alcohol is used to terminate the living chain ends in an amount such that the alcohol: living chain end molar ratio is from 0.05 to 1.

Abstract: Lithium-terminated polymers of one or more conjugated dienes and of one or more mono alkenyl arenes are coupled by reaction with an alkoxy silane coupling agent having the formula Rx—Si—(OR′)y, where x is 0 or 1, x+y=4, R and R′ are the same or different, R is selected from aryl hydrocarbon radicals, linear alkyl hydrocarbon radicals and branched alkyl hydrocarbon radicals, and R′ is selected from linear and branched alkyl hydrocarbon radicals, such that the resulting polymer composition contains less than about ten weight percent of uncoupled polymer diblock. The polymer compositions are subsequently selectively hydrogenated, and are useful in a variety of compounds and end use applications.

Abstract: Using a polymerization catalyst comprising as a main ingredient a metal compound containing a transition metal of group 6 of the periodic table and having at least one imide group and at least two substituent (A) selected from the group consisting of an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylamide group and an arylamide group, a polycyclic norbornene monomer is polymerized to give a ring-opened norbornene polymer having a weight average molecular weight of 500 to 1,000,000 as expressed in terms of polystyrene and a melting point of 140° C. or higher. This polymer is hydrogenated to give a hydrogenated product having a melting point of 140° C. or higher.

Abstract: A process is provided for the removal of iron- and rhodium-containing residues from a solution of hydrogenated nitrile rubber. The process utilizes an ion-exchange resin having thiourea functional groups. Further, the resin is both macroporour and monodispersed. The process removes both rhodium and iron from viscous rubber solutions. In a preferred embodiment, the process is carried out in an ion-exchange column.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of a hydrogenated polymer composed of conjugated diene monomer units and monomer units containing a nitrile group, wherein the hydrogenation is carried out in the presence of hydrazine, an oxidizing compound and a metal compound as catalyst, a metal compound containing a metal atom in an oxidation state of at least 4 being used as catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to hydrogenated block copolymers of vinyl aromatic polymer blocks and conjugated diene polymer blocks having specific total Mn and specific block Mn's such that advantageous properties are attained. The present invention also relates to hydrogenated pentablock copolymers thereof and specifically hydrogenated pentablock copolymers useful in thin walled injection molding applications.

Abstract: Hydrogen-plasma modification of a contact lens made from a fluorinated polymer reduces the surface chemistry of by removing fluorine, leaving behind a carbon-enriched surface that is further plasma processed into a hydrophilic surface for a lens material to be inserted into the ocular environment.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for the production of hydrogenated nitrile rubber. The appearance of corrosion in the plant equipment in which hydrogenated nitrile rubber is produced is due to the unexpected presence of relatively large amounts of HCl, generated, surprisingly, by the hydro-dehalogenation of the monochlorobenzene solvent under the reaction conditions. The addition of a compatible weakly basic additive, such as Epoxidized Soy Bean Oil (ESBO), to the reaction mixture has alleviated this serious problem.

Abstract: A polymer composition in solid form contains hydrogenated units of a polymer composed of diene monomer units and nitrile group containing monomer units. The hydrogenated polymer has an &agr;/&bgr; peak ratio >1, measured by 1H-NMR. The a peak is measured between 2.05 and 2.2 ppm. The &bgr; peak is measured between 1.8 and 2.05 ppm. The polymer composition has a gel content of less than 15 wt. % and a molecular weight distribution (of its soluble part) of less than 10. The polymer compositions may be used to form articles, such as automotive parts, which are less sensitive to oxidation degradation.

Abstract: A process for producing a hydrogenation product of a ring-containing unsaturated hydrocarbon polymer, which product is low in the content of the heterogeneous catalyst used.

Abstract: A hydrogenated polymer obtained by hydrogenating a conjugated diene polymer having an average vinyl bond content of 20% by weight or more and less than 40% by weight to a degree such that 85% or more of double bond residues in the conjugated diene unit portion are hydrogenated, wherein

Abstract: The present invention is a composition comprising an alternating hydrogenated block copolymer having at least two hydrogenated vinyl aromatic polymer blocks and at least one conjugated diene polymer block, wherein the number average molecular weights (Mn) of each block can be different.

Abstract: A process for producing a polymer of an &agr;-olefin which comprises polymerizing an &agr;-olefin having at least 4 carbon atoms in the presence of a catalyst for producing polymers of olefins which comprises (A) a specific metal compound and (B) at least one compound selected from (b-1) an organoaluminum oxy compound and (b-2) an ionic compound. The polymer of an &agr;-olefin is useful as a component of lubricant.

Abstract: Improved amine-terminated polybutadienes (ATPBs) having one or two terminal groups of the formula —CHRNH2 wherein R is C1-C20 alkyl, are prepared by aminating a secondary hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene having no ether groups. The ATPBs may be hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated, either prior to or after the amination, to saturate or partially saturate the polymers. Preferred ATPBs are of the formula H2NCHR-(polybutadiene)-CHRNH2 wherein R is C1-C20 alkyl.

Abstract: A continuous process for oligomers which do not contain, as polymerized units, carboxylic acid-containing monomers and their salts, including the steps of: (1) forming a reaction mixture, substantially free of carboxylic acid-containing monomers and their salts, containing: (i) 0.5 to 99.95% by weight of the reaction mixture of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer; and (ii) 0.05 to 25% by weight, based on the weight of the ethylenically unsaturated monomer, of at least one free-radical initiator; and (2) continuously passing the reaction mixture through a heated zone wherein the reaction mixture is maintained at a temperature of at least 150° C. and a pressure of at least 30 bars for from 0.1 seconds to 4 minutes to form terminally-unsaturated oligomers. In addition, processes for forming oligomers of vinyl acetate and oligomers of vinyl alcohol are disclosed. Mixtures of fully saturated and terminally unsaturated oligomers are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing graft rubbers built up from at least one graft core and from at least one graft shell, comprising a) preparing an aqueous dispersion of at least one elastomeric polymer, b) then, to obtain the at least one graft core, selectively hydrogenating ethylenically unsaturated double bonds in the elastomeric polymer, using hydrogen, in the presence of at least one hydrogenation catalyst, where the aqueous dispersion of the elastomeric polymer comprises not more than 20% by volume of an organic solvent, and c) grafting onto the graft core at least one graft shell, and also to the corresponding graft rubbers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a partially hydrogenated butadiene polymer comprising no more than 3 mol % 1,2-butadiene recurring units (A) and no more than 3 mol % ethylene recurring units (D), calculated on the total content mol/mol of recurring units, wherein a butadiene polymer comprising 1,2-butadiene recurring units (A) and 1,4-butadiene recurring units (B) is hydrogenated in the presence of hydrogen and a titanium, zirconium- and/or hafnium-based metallocene compound as hydrogenation catalyst and a cocatalyst, characterized in that: a) the hydrogenation catalyst has a reaction rate ratio of r1/r2 greater than 5, wherein r1 and r2 are the hydrogenation rates of recurring units (A) and (B) respectively at the same reaction conditions, b) the cocatalyst is an alkali metal hydride, added as such of prepared in situ, and c) hydrogenation of the conjugated diene is carried out until at least 97 % of recurring units (A) have been hydrogenated.

Abstract: A hydrogenated polymer is prepared by a method comprising: hydrogenating a polymer having carbon—carbon double bonds and a hydroxy group and/or a functional group which is convertible into a hydroxy group or into a hydroxymethyl group in the presence of a catalyst of palladium on a base activated carbon and/or platinum on a base activated carbon.