Abstract: Curable perfluoroelastomer compositions are provided which comprises a perfluoroelastomer, a curative, and an organic or inorganic ammonium salt which decomposes between 120.degree.-225.degree. C.

Abstract: Protected functional initiator initiated elastomer solutions are deprotected and optionally ionic impurities removed by contact with a molten component such as sodium bisulphate monohydrate. This allows deprotection and removal of metal contaminants such as the initiator or residue from hydrogenation catalysts without the introduction of significant amounts of additional water which cause emulsion formation. In accordance with this invention, better metal removal is achieved and the process of metal removal operates more smoothly because of the absence of emulsion formation. Separation of the molten component containing the extracted metal contaminants can easily be carried out by simple liquid-liquid phase separation on either a continuous or batch basis.

Abstract: This invention provides a curable fluoroelastomer composition comprising:(a) a fluorine-containing polymer or blend of fluorine-containing polymers each comprising interpolymerized units derived from one or more fluorine-containing ethylenically-unsaturated monomers;(b) a crosslinking agent; and(c) an acid functional organo-onium compound.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the N-oxidation of polyamine polymers comprising treating said polyamine polymers with an effective amount of hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous or partly aqueous solution in the presence of heavy metal ion sequestrant and a metal oxide catalyst selected from tungstate, molybdate and vanadate.

Abstract: Curable fluoroelastomeric compositions employable for preparing fuel hoses or O-rings for injectors comprising:A) 100 phr (parts) copolymers or terpolymers based on VDF with a content in fluorine of at least 67% by weight, the VDF being comprised from 30 to 50% by weight, from 20 to 60% by weight of HFP optionally other monomeric units deriving from a monomer having ethylene unsaturation; the sum of the comonomers being 100;B) 1 to 5 phr of an adduct between an accelerator and a curing agent in molar ratio from 1:2 to 1:5, the accelerator being an onio-organic compound having a positive charge, the curing agent being a di- or polyhydroxy or di- or polythiol compound; the adduct being obtained by melting of the reaction product between accelerator and curing agent in the indicated molar ratios, or by melting of the adduct mixture 1:1 added with the curing agent in the indicated amounts.

Abstract: Curable flurooelastomeric compositions used for O-rings comprising:A) parts (phr) of a curable fluoroelastomeric copolymer having a content in F<67% by weight and comprising from 40 to 68% by weight of VDF units, from 20 to 50% by weight of HFP units, the sum being 100, and optionally one or more comonomers having ethylene unsaturation, said copolymer having a number of ionic terminals of at least 0.5 for chain;B) from 1 to 5 phr of an adduct between an accelerator and a curing agent in molar ratio from 1:3 to 1:5, the accelerator being an onio-organic compound having a positive charge, the curing agent being a di- or polyhydroxy or di- or polythiol compound; the adduct being obtained by melting of the reaction product between accelerator and curing agent in the indicated molar ratios, or by melting of the adduct mixture 1:1 added with the curing agent in the indicated amounts.

Abstract: Ionomer compositions which have improved optical properties are disclosed. These compositions comprise ionomers which can be represented as the polymerization product of alpha-olefins having from two to eight carbon atoms, esters of alpha, beta-ethylenically-unsaturated carboxylic acids, metal salts of acrylic and methacrylic acid, and optional alpha, beta-ethylenically-unsaturated comonomers which impart some desired polymer property or properties, such as acidity and/or solvent resistivity. Also disclosed are methods of making these ionomer compositions in a reactive extruder and treating the compositions with acid to impart acidity to the compositions or to only the surface of the compositions.

Abstract: This invention is directed to certain novel N-functionalized polyallylamines having recurring units represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein A, B, C and D are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CH.sub.2 PO.sub.3 H.sub.2, (CH.sub.2).sub.n COOH, (CH.sub.2).sub.m SO.sub.3 H and water-soluble salts thereof, wherein n=1 to 4, m=1 to 4, X is 1 to 99 mol %, Y is 1 to 99 mol % and X+Y=100 and with the proviso that when A is hydrogen, B is (CH.sub.2).sub.n COOH, or (CH.sub.2).sub.m SO.sub.3 H and at least one of C and D is CH.sub.2 PO.sub.3 H.sub.2 or (CH.sub.2).sub.m SO.sub.3 H, when A is (CH.sub.2).sub.n COOH, at least one of B, C and D is CH.sub.2 PO.sub.3 H.sub.2 or (CH.sub.2).sub.m SO.sub.3 H and when A is CH.sub.2 PO.sub.3 H.sub.2, at least one of B, C or D is (CH.sub.2).sub.n COOH or (CH.sub.2).sub.m SO.sub.3 H. The compositions of this invention are useful in water treatment to inhibit or remove scale deposits.

Abstract: A novel copolymer of an unsaturated acidic reactant and an atactic vinyl terminated propene polymer (VTPP) and its use in preparation of fuel and lubricant additives is taught. The VTPP has a major amount of polymer chains containing terminal vinyl unsaturation, a number average molecular weight of at least 500, and comprises at least 70 weight per cent propene and 0 to 30 weight per cent of at least one olefin selected from the group consisting of C.sub.2 and C.sub.4 to C.sub.10 olefins. The unsaturated acidic reactant comprises at least one unsaturated C.sub.4 to C.sub.10 carboxylic or dicarboxylic acid or anhydride. An oil soluble dispersant additive of the invention useful in oleaginous compositions is prepared by contacting the atactic VTPP copolymer with at least one nucleophilic reagent selected from the group consisting of amines, alcohols, metal reactants and mixtures thereof under conditions effective to form adducts of the nucleophilic reagent with the copolymer.

Abstract: The invention relates to powdery cross-linked polymers (superabsorbers) capable of absorbing aqueous liquids and blood, which are formed of 55-99.9%-wt. polymerized unsaturated, polymerizable acid-groups-comprising monomers which are neutralized to the extent of at least 25 mol-%, b) 0-40%-wt. polymerized unsaturated monomers copolymerizable with a), c) 0.1-5.0%-wt. of a cross-linking agent, d) 0-30%-wt. of a water-soluble polymer, whereby the weight amounts of a) to d) relate to anhydrous polymers, characterized in that 100 parts of the particle-shaped polymers have been mixed with an aqueous solution consisting of a maximum of 10 parts of an at least 10% phosphoric acid and a) 0.05-0.3 parts of a compound capable of reacting with at least two carboxyl groups and not comprising an alkali-salt-forming group in the molecule, and/or b) 0.

Abstract: A flame retarding resin composition comprising 100 parts by weight of a specific rubber-reinforced resin, 1-200 parts by weight of a phenol resin, 1-200 parts by weight of an organic phosphorus compound, 1-50 parts by weight of a nitrogen-containing compound, 0-40 parts by weight of an oligomer-type polymer containing a functional group, 0-30 parts by weight of a metal compound, a silicon compound, and/or polytetrafluoroethylene, and 0-300 parts by weight of a styrene-type resin. The composition has high impact resistance, excellent heat resistance, and a superior self-fire-extinguishing characteristic.

Abstract: Phosphonic telomer intermediates for preparing the telomers of U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,731 may be produced by an aqueous process comprising (a) reacting hypophosphorous acid with a carbonyl compound which is preferably an aldehyde, a ketone or an imine, and (b) reacting the product of (a) with an olefinic reactant or reactants in the presence of a suitable initiator especially a free radical initiator. The telomer intermediates are themselves useful as scale inhibitors in aqueous systems.

Abstract: A compound having the formula: ##STR1## where Q is an onium ion; A.sup.- is a counterion; R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4, independently, comprise (a) a non-fluorinated alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl group; (b) an onium-containing group; or (c) a group having the formula --(CH.sub.2).sub.n --Y--R.sup.5 in which n is at least two; Y is a spacer arm comprising a --CH.sub.2 --, --O--, --OCH.sub.2 --, --S--, --SO.sub.2 --, or --Z--SO.sub.2-- group; Z is an --R.sup.6 --O--, --N(R.sup.7)--, or --N(H)-- group; R.sup.6 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenylene group; R.sup.7 is a non-fluorinated alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or alkaryl group; and R.sup.5 is a fluorinated group, perfluorinated group, or combination thereof, with the proviso that (i) at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 comprises a group having the formula --(CH.sub.2).sub.n --Y--R.sup.5 ; (ii) the total number of fluorine atoms in said compound is at least 5; and (iii) when Q is a sulfonium ion, there is no R.sup.4 group.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are surface activated, organic polymers useful for biopolymer synthesis. Most preferably, aminated polypropylene is used for the synthesis of oligonucleotides thereto, and these devices are most preferably utilized for genetic analysis of patient samples.

Abstract: Polymeric phosphonium salts useful for enhancing the chemiluminescence produced by 1,2-dioxetanes are described. The polymers are preferably water soluble and used in immunoassays and nucleic acid assays with enzyme triggerable 1,2-dioxetanes.

Abstract: A partially tert-butoxylated poly(p-hydroxystyrene) is prepared by subjecting poly(p-tert-butoxystyrene) to reaction of eliminating some of the tert-butoxy groups in an organic solvent at a temperature of 30.degree.-100.degree. C. in the presence of an acid catalyst at a molar ratio of acid catalyst/t-BuO group of from 0.050 to 2.0. During the elimination reaction, a change of solubility of the resulting partially tert-butoxylated poly(p-hydroxystyrene) is determined to calculate a degree of elimination of tert-butoxy groups. The reaction is terminated when a desired degree of elimination is reached. Through a simple process, partially tert-butoxylated poly(p-hydroxystyrene) having a well controlled t-BuO content is produced in high yields.

Abstract: It is an objective of the present invention to provide, in particular, a curable composition of an extremely high utility which yields a cured film having excellent acid resistance and the like. The curable composition of the present invention is used mainly for paints, adhesives, or sealing agents. The curable composition is based on crosslinking reaction between a specific substituted methyl ester group exemplified by an alkoxymethyl ester group and other functional groups, i.e., an epoxy group and an active hydrogen-containing group such as a hydroxyl group, a carbamate group, and an acetoacetoxy group.

Abstract: A fluorine-containing elastomer composition comprising a terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoro(lower alkyl vinyl ether) and cyano group-containing (perfluorovinylether), and a less expensive of the ammonium salt of organic or inorganic acid as a curing agent produce a vulcanization product having good heat resistance and solvent resistance, and when no carbon black, etc. are contained in the composition for curing, transparent vulcanization product having satisfactory physical properties are obtainable.

Abstract: Invention process substantially improves the modification efficiency of peroxides through proper selection of anti-oxidant additives and extrusion environment.

Abstract: Radiation-sensitive polymeric adducts of (1) a sulfonated polyester resin having a plurality of sulfonate groups, (2) a diazonium resin having a plurality of diazonium groups, and (3) a salt of quaternary ammonium or quaternary phosphonium. This invention also provides a radiation-sensitive article comprising a substrate bearing a coating containing a radiation-sensitive adduct.

Abstract: An antimicrobial polymer obtained by homo- or copolymerizing a phosphonium salt type vinyl monomer, such as 2-(methacrylic acid) ethyltri-n-octylphosphonium chloride, and a contact lens and an article for its care mainly comprising an antimicrobial resin obtained by copolymerizing a polymerizable monomer and a phosphonium salt type vinyl monomer are disclosed. The antimicrobial polymer has a broad antimicrobial spectrum and produces a sufficient antimicrobial effect after a short contact time. The contact lens and article for its care are hardly effected by contamination with microorganisms while retaining excellent optical performance and processability.

Abstract: A method of preparing a high molecular weight water-soluble cationic copolymer by reacting in an aqueous solution at least one N-vinylamide and at least one cationic quaternary amine monomer in the presence of a free radical initiator and a salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and subjecting the formed polymer to an acid or base to form an N-vinylamide/N-vinylamine/cationic quaternary amine copolymer product.

Abstract: Disclosed is a vulcanizable, fluorine-containing elastomer composition comprising (a) a vulcanizable, fluorine-containing elastomer, (b) a polyol vulcanizing agent comprising a polyol compound as a crosslinking agent, and (c) an aliphatic amine compound represented by the formula: R.sub..alpha. NH.sub..beta. wherein R represents an alkyl group, .alpha. represents an integer of from 1 to 3, and .beta. represents 3 minus .alpha..

Abstract: A process for phosphonylating the surface of an organic polymeric preform and the surface-phosphonylated preforms produced thereby are provided. Organic polymeric preforms made from various polymers including polyethylene, polyetheretherketone, polypropylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polyamides, and polyester, and formed into blocks, films, and fibers may have their surfaces phosphonylated in a liquid-phase or gas phase reaction. Liquid phase phosphonylation involves the use of a solvent that does not dissolve the organic polymeric preform but does dissolve a phosphorus halide such as phosphorus trichloride. The solvent chosen must also be nonreactive with the phosphorus halide. Such solvents available for use in the present process include the fully-halogenated liquid solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetrabromide, and the like. Gas phase phosphonylation involves treating the organic polymeric preform with a gaseous phosphorus halide such as phosphorus trichloride and oxygen.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process of manufacturing phosphoric acid-type chelate resins as uranyl ion adsorbents having enhanced chelation and re-utilizing ability by introducing plenty of phosphoric acid groups both on main- and side-chain of the copolymer skeleton. The resin is prepared by both the radical suspension copolymerization of vinyl monomers such as styrene, divinylbenzene, and bis-(2-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate and the additional introduction of phosphono group onto the copolymer.

Abstract: Polymeric phosphonium salts useful for enhancing the chemiluminescence produced by 1,2-dioxetanes are described. The polymers are preferably water soluble and used in immunoassays and nucleic acid assays with enzyme triggerable 1,2-dioxetanes.

Abstract: A fire retardant polymeric resin is disclosed. The resin comprises a polymer having grafted thereto a fire retardant effective amount of a monomer composition selected from among salts of acidic monomers, mixtures of salts of acidic monomers, and mixtures of acidic monomers and salts thereof. Related additives are also disclosed.

Abstract: Aldehyde-telechelic polyisobutylenes free of other end groups such as alcohols, olefins, etc., are made by the hydroformylation of polyisobutylene having one or more olefinic end groups in the presence of a rhodium catalyst in combination with an organic phosphorus ligand. Very high conversions of olefin to aldehyde are obtained. Depending upon the number of aldehyde end groups per macromolecule, the telechelic polyisobutylene polymers can be utilized as precursors to form various types of block copolymers, e.g., AB, ABA, or radial block copolymers, with other polymers such as polyurethanes, polyesters, polyamines, and the like.

Abstract: Polymeric phosphonium salts useful for enhancing the chemiluminescence produced by 1,2-dioxetanes are described. The polymers are preferably water soluble and used in immunoassays and nucleic acid assays with enzyme triggerable 1,2-dioxetanes.

Abstract: A process of treating suitable synthetic polymers comprising the steps of (a) where appropriate, activating the surface to be treated, and, if necessary, providing spacer groups thereon; and (b) treating the surface with a compound of Formula (I), ##STR1## wherein Y' is an alkylene group optionally containing an aryl group, a poly(ethylene glycol) or a glycerol group; R may be the same or different and each is a straight or branched C.sub.1-4 alkyl group, n is from 1 to 4 and X is a group which reacts with functional groups of the polymer. Polymeric surfaces and materials thus produced and shaped articles containing such surfaces and materials.

Abstract: Esters which are substantially non acidic esters of P or S oxyacids, especially phosphite ester antioxidants, are curing catalysts for the moisture curing of silyl polymers such as polyethylene carrying pendant trialkoxysilyl groups. The esters catalyse cross linking without causing significant precure.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for forming emulsion copolymers of (meth)acrolein by:(1) emulsion polymerizing from about 0.1% to about 25%, by weight, based on the total weight of the copolymer, of an acetal derivative of (meth)acrolein with from about 75% to about 99.9% by weight, based on the total weight of the copolymer, of at least one .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenically unsaturated comonomer; and(2) adjusting the pH of the copolymer to less than about 5 to hydrolyze the acetal derivative of (meth)acrolein to (meth)acrolein.The emulsion copolymers of (meth)acrolein formed by the method of the present invention demonstrate performance properties equivalent to those formed by conventional polymerization techniques without the attendant safety and health concerns while handling and transporting the monomer.

Abstract: Phosphonic (co) telomers of the type described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,046,707 and 4,681,686 and European Patent Application 360746 may be produced by an aqueous process comprising (a) reacting hypophosphorous acid with a carbonyl compound which is preferably an aldehyde, a ketone or an imine, (b) reacting the product of (a) with an olefin or olefins in the presence of a suitable initiator especially a free radical initiator, and (c) converting the product obtained from (b) to a phosphonic (co) telomer, e.g., by reaction with hypochlorite. The (co) telomer products are useful as scale inhibitors in aqueous systems.

Abstract: A process for producing partially hydrogenated diene pollers containing unsaturation in the endo and exo configurations while substantially eliminating the unsaturation in the 1,4-trans configuration, by isomerizing the unsaturation during hydrogenation in the presence of an arylphosphine isomerizing agent.

Abstract: A process for partially isomerized partially hydrogenated diene polishers containing unsaturation in endo and exo trisubstituted chain configurations while substantially eliminating the unsaturation in the 1,4-trans configuration remaining after hydrogenation, by isomerizing the unsaturation in the presence of a phosphine, borane, or alkali alkoxide isomerizing agent.

Abstract: Epoxides are converted selectively to the corresponding carbonyl-containing compounds by reacting the epoxide with an oxidizing agent, typically hydrogen peroxide, in a liquid aqueous/organic two-phase system comprising:(a) an organic phase substantially containing the epoxide, and(b) an aqueous acidic phase substantially containing the oxidizing agent, in the presence of an onium compound capable of achieving phase partitioning and a catalytic system comprising a first catalyst component which is at least one element selected from tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium and chromium, or a compound containing at least one of the aforesaid elements, and a second catalyst component which is a phosphorus (V) acid or a species convertible to a phosphorus (V) acid.

Abstract: A novel process has been found in which effectively and completely neutralizes chlorinated polyvinyl chloride resin. The process comprises neutralizing the chlorinated polyvinyl chloride resin by a weak non-gassing base. The weak non-gassing base has a pKa less than 7.0 and is not a carbonate. The resulting chlorinated polyvinyl chloride polymer is stable and does not degrade.

Abstract: Provided are biodegradable polymers each of which can be obtained by introducing pyridinium groups such as N-alkylpyridinium groups or N-arylpyridinium groups into a backbone of a synthetic polymer of a vinyl compound or olefin and then quaternizing the pyridinium groups with counter anions such as chlorine ions or bromine ions. The biodegradable polymers have high compatibility with microbial cells so that articles molded or otherwise formed from the biodegradable polymers can be easily decomposed by activated sludge or under conditions buried in the ground.

Abstract: A vulcanizable elastomer composition comprising an epoxy group-containing elastomer, and blended therewith(1) an organic compound having at least two bonds of the formula --C(X)'NH--C(Y)--, wherein X and Y are both oxygen or sulfur, or one of X and Y is oxygen and the other is sulfur, in the molecule,(2) a quaternary compound selected from quaternary ammonium salts and quaternary phosphonium salts, andoptionally, (3) a compound having one >N--C(Z)--N<bond wherein Z represents an oxygen or sulfur.

Abstract: The invention relates to aqueous dispersions of plastics having a solids content of 30 to 70% by weight and a reduced formaldehyde content, based on polymers of one or more monomers from the group comprising acrylic acid esters, methacrylic acid esters, vinyl esters, olefins, vinyl halides, vinylaromatics and ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and amides thereof, and a content of 0 to 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymer, of N-alkylamides and/or N-alkoxyalkylamides of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, wherein the dispersion contains 0.05 to 10% by weight, based on the polymer, of one or more peroxy compounds from the group comprising hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, perborates, percarbonates, persulfates and perphosphates.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hydrophilic, highly swellable hydrogel based on (co)polymerized hydrophilic monomers or based on graft (co)polymers, characterized in that it has been surface-modified by means of a mixture ofA) one or more diglycidyl phosphonates andB) one or more other reactive compounds which are capable of reacting with the functional groups in the polymer, to a process for the preparation thereof, to the use thereof, and to diglycidyl phosphonate-containing crosslinking agent mixtures.

Abstract: A curable resin composition comprising (a) an acrylic polymer having a plurality of alicyclic epoxide functions, and (b) an amount effective to initiate the curing reaction of the acrylic polymer (a) upon heating of a heat-latent cation polymerization initiator. The composition finds its uses in coating compositions, sealants, potting and casting compositions.

Abstract: Fluorocarbon elastomer gum is compounded with curing agent comprising a polyhydroxy compound and a salt thereof with a salt-forming heterocyclic amine, the resulting compound gum is shaped and heated to form a cured shaped article such as automotive fuel line hose or O ring.

Abstract: A fibrous glass binder comprises a polycarboxy polymer, a monomeric trihydric alcohol and catalyst comprising an alkali metal salt of a phosphorous-containing organic acid.

Abstract: A process for producing isomerized partially hydrogenated diene polymers containing unsaturation in endo and exo trisubstituted chain configurations while substantially eliminating the unsaturation in the 1,4-trans configuration remaining after hydrogenation, by isomerizing the unsaturation in the presence of a phosphine, borane, or alkali alkoxide isomerizing agent.

Abstract: A process for producing partially hydrogenated diene polymers containing unsaturation in the endo and exo configurations while substantially eliminating the unsaturation in the 1,4-trans configuration, by isomerizing the unsaturation during hydrogenation in the presence of an arylphosphine isomerizing agent.

Abstract: Diene polymers or copolymers having improved raw polymer viscosity and reduced hysteresis in the cured and carbon black reinforced state are provided. These diene polymers or copolymers are prepared by a method which involves first terminating substantially all of the living diene polymer or copolymer chains obtained by anionic polymerization with a compound having multiple-bonded nitrogen atoms selected from the group consisting of aromatic nitriles and substituted imines having the formula ##STR1## and then coupling a portion of the resultant terminated polymer chains with a polyfunctional reagent selected from the groups consisting of silicon polyhalides, polyisocyanates, phosphoryl halides and polycarboxylic acid halides.

Abstract: Activated carboxylic acid modified polyethylene membranes useful in the C-terminal sequencing of a peptide are disclosed. The membranes comprise activated carboxylic acid modified polyethylene having a linker coupled to an amide linkage to the surface carboxyl radicals of the membrane. Activation is accomplished by reaction of the carboxylic acid modified polyethylene membrane with DCC, CDI, EDC, BOP, DICD or 2-fluoro-1-methyl pyridine.

Abstract: .[.Disclosed herein is a vinylamine copolymer having the structural units represented by the following formulas (I), (II), (III), (IV) and (V): ##STR1## wherein X.sup..crclbar. represents an anion or hydroxyl ion, R represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, M.sup..sym. represents a hydrogen ion or a monovalent cation, in which the molar fraction of the structural unit (I) is 5 to 85% by mole, the molar fraction of the structural unit (II) is 2 to 85% by mole, the molar fraction of the structural unit (III) is 5 to 80% by mole, the molar fraction of the structural unit (IV) is 0 to 40% by mole, all of said molar fractions being based on the vinylamine copolymer and the molar fraction of the structural unit (V) is 0 to 8% by mole which is based on the total content of the structural units (III), (IV) and (V), a flocculating agent and a paper strength increasing agent using the vinylamine copolymer, and a process for producing the vinylamine copolymer..]..Iadd.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a vinylamine copolymer having the structural units represented by the following formulas (I), (II), (III).[.,.]. .Iadd.and .Iaddend.(IV) .[.and (VI).].: ##STR1## wherein x.crclbar. represents an anion or hydroxyl ion R represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, M.sym. represents a hydrogen ion or a monovalent cation, in which the molar fraction of the structural unit (I) is 5 to 85% by mole, the molar fraction of the structural unit (II) is 2 to 85% by mole, the molar fraction of the structural unit (III) is 5 to 80% by mole,.[.the molar fraction of the structural unit (IV) is 0 to 40% by mole,.]. all of said molar fractions being based on the vinylamine copolymer, and the molar fraction of the structural unit .[.(V).]. (.Iadd.IV) is 0 to 8% by mole which is based on the total content of the structural units (III).[.,.]. .Iadd.and .Iaddend.(IV), .[.and (V),.].