Abstract: Method for modifying polymers with pendant carboxyl groups through reaction with nucleophilic reagent, e.g., sulfide, selenide, cyanide, to produce a carrier on which biologically active materials such as enzymes may be immobilized.

Abstract: This invention provides cationic acrylamide polymers which are highly effective as paper strength agents, drainage agents and suspension flocculants, and which do not show much temporal deterioration; it also provides a method of manufacturing said polymers wherein the manufacturing equipment is compact and can be installed on site, and the cationicity of the polymers can be modified in a short time.This invention comprises a method of manufacturing cationic acrylamide polymers by reaction, with a hypohalogenite, of a (meth)acrylamide homopolymer, a copolymer of (meth)acrylamide and acrylonitrile, a copolymer of (meth)acrylamide and N,N-dimethylacrylamide, in a high temperature range of 50.degree.-110.degree. C. for a short time; the polymers manufactured by said process; and paper strength agents, drainage agents and flocculants having these polymers as their principal constituent.

Abstract: Substantially homogeneous (meth)acrylic acid/itaconic acid copolymers of number average molecular weight of 500 to 7000 are prepared by copolymerizing in aqueous solution 5 to 90 mole percent acrylic or methacrylic acid monomer with 95 to 10 mole percent itaconic acid monomer at 80.degree. to 120.degree. C. in the presence of a polymerization initiator, the acrylic or methacrylic acid monomer and at least half of the initiator being added separately and continuously to the itaconic acid monomer throughout the polymerization period. The copolymers are employed at a level of from about 0.1 to 100 ppm for prevention of alkaline calcium and magnesium scale formation, such as during seawater evaporative desalination.

Abstract: Ionically crosslinked ethylene copolymers prepared by mixing a carboxyl-containing copolymer with an aqueous metal salt solution in the reaction zone of a twin-screw extruder and transferring the product to a devolatilization zone, and are used as adhesion promoters, injection molded articles or laminating films.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an improved process for producing an ionomer from an acid group containing polymer. Production of the ionomer requires neutralization of an acid functionality or reaction of anhydride functional groups with a metal ion source to produce a salt. It has been found that metal hydrocarbyls or metal hydrides can be used as the source of metal ions for neutralizing the acid or anhydride functionalities. The reaction can occur in a solvent or in a melt, but is most preferably performed in a solvent.

Abstract: The present invention provides an ionomer resin having desired properties which is free from the above drawbacks and can readily react in an extruder. That is, the present invention provides a process for producing a modified ionomer resin which comprises mixing ionomer resin wherein 10-60% of the total carboxylic acid moieties are neutralized with sodium ions with basic zinc carbonate under molten conditions to further neutralize 10-40% of the total carboxylic acid moieties with zinc ions.

Abstract: This invention provides a pressure sensitive adhesive composition comprising an acrylic copolymer component (A) which is at least in part an acetoacetyl group-containing acrylic copolymer and at least one curing component (B) selected from the class consisting of isocyanate compounds, epoxy compounds, aldehyde compounds, non-amino resin amine compounds, metal salts, metal alkoxides, metal chelate compounds, ammonium salts and hydrazine compounds.This adhesive composition is well-balanced in the triad of tack, adhesion, cohesion in adhesion technology and can be advantageously used in various applications such as adhesive tapes and labels.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for the production of a water absorbent resin, which comprises preparing a monomer component possessing an ability to form a cross-linked structure and convert itself into a hydrated gel polymer during the course of aqueous solution polymerization, possessing an acid group-containing monomer content of at least 50 mol %, and having 10 to 50 mol % of said acid group-containing monomer neutralized and subjecting said monomer component to aqueous solution polymerization within a reaction vessel having a plurality of rotary shafts each fitted with stirring blades.

Abstract: Oxidatively cross-linkable, water dilutable binders suitable for lacquers, coating compositions and sealing compounds are modified co-polymers of olefinically unsaturated compounds, having a molecular weight of 6000 to 160,000 and having for each 100 grams of solids content, a total of from60 to 250 milliequivalents of chemically incorporated carboxyl groups, of which from 10 to 100% are neutralized thereby rendering the product dilutable in water andfrom 15 to 50% by weight of chemically incorporated moieties corresponding to the formula--O--RwhereinR represents an olefinically monounsaturated or polyunsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon having a molecular weight above 166 and containing from 12 to 22 carbon atoms, are prepared by:(a) preparing a co-polymer having a molecular weight from 5000 to 80,000, determined by gel permeation chromatography, and having intramolecular carboxylic acid anhydride units corresponding to the formula ##STR1## and an anhydride equivalent weight of from 240 to 1960 by a radically i

Abstract: A method for the modification of the surface of polytetrafluoroethylene or of copolymers consisting mainly of polytetrafluoroethylene by the action of fluorides of silicone, germanium, phosphorus or arsenic on the surface of the copolymer which is heated to at least 150.degree. C. in the presence of moisture or by the subsequent action of water or steam. The fluorides used penetrate into the polymer to be modified and form a polymeric, tightly adhering network during hydrolysis.

Abstract: Disclosed is a composition, a process for making the composition, and blends comprising the composition, wherein the composition comprises (a) an at least partially neutralized carboxylated ethylene-propylene rubber copolymer that is the reaction product of (i) a non-carboxylated ethylene-propylene rubber, (ii) an azidosulfonylbenzoic acid, and (iii) and a metal based neutralizing agent wherein: (1) the carboxylated copolymer is substantially free of olefinic unsaturation, and (2) the degree of neutralization of the carboxyl groups of the carboxylated copolymer is at least 50 percent, and (b) a zinc carboxylate.

Abstract: Poly(4-hydroxystyrene) is prepared by aqueous suspension polymerization of 4-acetoxystyrene monomer followed by hydrolysis with ammonium hydroxide.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for preparing polyacrylonitrile copolymers by Heterogeneous reaction of polyacrylonitrile aquagel. Generally, the method includes the steps of preparing a solution of polyacrylonitrile by dissolving the polyacrylonitrile in a water-miscible solvent which is capable of dissolving the polyacrylonitrile but incapable of hydrolyzing the nitrile groups of the polyacrylonitrile under the dissolution conditions. Coagulating the polyacrylonitrile solution by replacing the solvent with a coagulating fluid such as water or a water-miscible fluid incapable of dissolving polyacrylonitrile at temperatures below 80.degree. C. and incapable of reacting with the nitrile groups of the polyacrylonitrile, thus obtaining the polymer in the aquagel state. Replacing the coagulating fluid with a fluid reagent capable of reacting with the nitrile groups of the polyacrylonitrile aquagel but incapable of dissolving the polyacrylonitrile aquagel at the selected reaction temperature.

Abstract: Metal salts of carboxyl-containing polymers are prepared by suspending carboxyl and/or carboxylic anhydride group-containing polymers in an inert solvent, reacting with a pulverulent basic metal compound, and then working up the suspension.

Abstract: An oxidized halogenated polymer is prepared by a process comprising (a) forming an admixture of an acidic oxidizing agent and a suspension of a particulate halogenated polymer in a polar liquid; (b) heating the admixture to a temperature sufficient to initiate the reaction between the polymer and the oxidizing agent; and (c) continuing the reaction until an oxidized polymer having a preselected extent of oxidation is obtained. At least one addition polymerizable compound is, optionally, grafted to the oxidized halogenated polymer. The oxidized halogenated polymer and graft copolymers thereof have physical properties different from the halogenated polymer and graft copolymers thereof.

Abstract: Compositions of poly(fluoroacetylene) useful for providing electrically conductive properties to plastics by a method of dehydrofluorination of saturated fluoroethylene polymers.

Abstract: An aqueous solution blend of cationic metal salt and anionic vinyl polymer may be prepared. A composition comprising the combination of a cationic metal salt, anionic vinyl polymer, and water may be used in water clarification process.

Abstract: A process for etching polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is disclosed herein which comprises defluorinating the surface layer of PTFE. The process includes exposing a sample of PTFE to the vapors of an alkali metal such that a layer of the fluoride of the alkali metal is formed on the surface of the PTFE sample and removing the fluoride of the alkali metal from the surface of the PTFE sample.

Abstract: Polyvinylazidonitrate and a process of making the same by reacting polyvinitrate with sodium or lithium azide in selected solvents.

Abstract: Polyvinylazidonitrate and a process of making the same by reacting polyvinitrate with sodium or lithium azide in selected solvents.

Abstract: 4-Acetoxystyrene is homopolymerized and copolymerized in aqueous emulsion and, without isolation, the polymer is hydrolyzed to homopolymers and copolymers of p-vinylphenol with a base. Homopolymers and copolymers of p-vinylphenol are used as epoxy resin curing agents and in the preparation of epoxy resins by reaction with epichlorohydrin.

Abstract: A highly sensitive positive resist mixture which comprises a resist having a carboxyl group at the side chain and which is decomposable by high energy rays constituted by a polymer having the formula I ##STR1## where R.sub.1, R.sub.2, . . . R.sub.n represent alkyl groups, halogenated alkyl groups, or aryl groups having five or fewer carbon atoms, or --COORa or --CORb (where Ra and Rb are alkyl groups or halogenated alkyl or aryl groups having five or fewer carbon atoms), and when ##EQU1## m.sub.c /M is in the range of 0.01 to 1.0 and m.sub.1 /M, m.sub.2 /M, . . . m.sub.n /M are respectively in the range of 0.99 to 0, and an additive selected from the group consisting of oxides, halides and organic acid salts of bivalent metals.

Abstract: An aqueous drilling fluid having present in an amount sufficient to disperse the fluid and to provide resistance to high temperatures and solids contamination of the drilling fluid, at least one salt of a polymer or copolymer of acrylic or methacrylic acid with alkanolamine, alkylamine, mixtures of alkanolamine and alkylamine, mixtures of lithium and alkanolamine, mixtures of lithium and alkylamine and mixtures of lithium, alkanolamine and alkylamine, the polymer having a weight average molecular weight of between about 2,000 and about 15,000 and a pH of from about 6 to about 8.5 and where mixtures of lithium and alkanolamine, lithium and alkylamine or mixtures of lithium, alkanolamine and alkylamine are used, the amount of lithium is present to give from about 30% to about 70% of the desired neutralization of the polymer and the alkanolamine and/or alkylamine is present to give from about 70% to about 30% of the desired neutralization of the polymer.

Abstract: Polymeric photoactive iodonium salts are provided which are useful as photoinitiators and thermal initiators when used in combination with copper salts for cationically polymerizable organic materials. Methods for making the photoactive polymeric iodonium salts also are provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to metal carboxylate derivatives of partially esterified .alpha.-olefin unsaturated polycarboxylic acid copolymers, the .alpha.-olefin containing 6 to 40 carbon atoms and the copolymer being esterified with an alcohol. At least 80 percent by weight of the unesterified copolymer has a molecular weight in the range from 1000 to 100,000. Preferably, the .alpha.-olefin is maleic anhydride and the alcohol contains 4 to 18 carbon atoms. The present compounds are surprisingly satisfactory internal and external lubricants for synthetic resin as PVC. Furthermore, the present compounds can be used as emulsifying and/or suspending agents, in particular when the alcohol is a polyethylene oxide glycol ether with 1 to 50 ethylene oxide units.

Abstract: Water-soluble copolymers containing copolymerized vinylamine units are prepared by copolymerizing (a) from 95 to 10 mol % of N-vinylformamide and (b) from 5 to 90 mol % of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer from the group consisting of vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl vinyl ethers, the esters, nitriles and amides of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid and N-vinylpyrrolidone, and then eliminating from 30 to 100 mol % of the formyl groups from the copolymer. Preferred copolymers are copolymers of N-vinylformamide and vinyl acetate, in which from 30 to 100 mol % of the monomer units are hydrolyzed. The copolymers are used in papermaking to increase the dry strength and wet strength of the paper.

Abstract: The invention provides a polymer derivative comprising the reaction product of a metal compound and a polymer having functional groups. The metal compound may be an acetate, carbonate, chloride, hydroxide, oxalate, oxide or sulphate of Al, Ba, Ca, Ce, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Pb, Sn, Ti, V, Zn and Zr. The functional group may be a carboxylic acid group, a thiol group or an olefinic group.The invention includes a process for efficiently reacting a functional group on a polymer with at least one co-reagent wherein the co-reagents are rendered compatible with the polymer, for example by being dissolved in the polymer or in a solution thereof whereby the reaction is effected in a single phase. The process may be a two stage process which comprises forming a metal derivative of a polymer of relatively low molecular weight and then incorporating the metal derivative into a polymer of higher molecular weight.

Abstract: Polycarbon sulphide derivatives comprise units (R.sub.x CS.sub.m).sub.n in whichR represents hydrogen, an alkali metal or a transition metal,x is the degree to which R is present in the carbon-sulphur structure,m is the degree of substitution with sulphur andn is the number of units in the polymer chain.As shown by the single FIGURE of the drawing, the insertion of R is reversible.

Abstract: Polycarbon sulphide derivatives comprise units (R.sub.x CS.sub.m).sub.n in whichR represents hydrogen, an alkali metal or a transition metal,x is the degree to which R is present in the carbon-sulphur structure,m is the degree of substitution with sulphur andn is the number of units in the polymer chain.As shown by the single figure of the drawing, the insertion of R is reversible.

Abstract: Polymers consisting of (a) vinyl compounds having a 2,2'-bipyridyl side group, (b) vinyl compounds having a radiation-sensitive side group and, if appropriate, (c) olefines which differ from (a) and (b), and their complexes with metal compounds, with the exception of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal compounds. They are suitable for coating substrates and for the preparation of photographic relief images. Complexes with cobalt salts are effective catalysts for the polymerization of acetylene.

Abstract: A method for chlorinating the pendant methyl groups of poly(p-methylstyrene) with aqueous sodium hypochlorite (e.g., laundry or swimming pool bleach) and a phase transfer catalyst (e.g., benzyltriethylammonium chloride) to provide chloromethyl-substituted polystyrenes. Conversions of up to 20 percent of methyl to chloromethyl groups were achieved with no detectable formation of dichloromethyl groups. Conversions of up to 61 percent of methyl to chloromethyl groups occur with less than 4.4 percent concomitant formation of dichloromethyl groups. The method has been applied to soluble, 1 percent cross-linked, and macroporous 20 percent cross-linked polymers.

Abstract: Metal oxide containing polymers and particularly styrene, acrylic or protein polymers containing fine, magnetic iron oxide particles are formed by combining a NO.sub.2 -substituted polymer with an acid such as hydrochloric acid in the presence of metal, particularly iron particles. The iron is oxidized to fine, black Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 particles which deposit selectively on the polymer particles. Nitrated polymers are formed by reacting functionally substituted, nitrated organic compounds such as trinitrobenzene sulfonate or dinitrofluoro benzene with a functionally coreactive polymer such as an amine modified acrylic polymer or a protein. Other transition metals such as cobalt can also be incorporated into polymers using this method.

Abstract: A method for improving the physical properties of a rubber having --C(CH.sub.3).dbd.C-- type unsaturated bonds, characterized by subjecting said rubber to two reactions consisting of a modification reaction by Lewis acid and a carboxylation reaction in any desired order.

Abstract: Novel water soluble terpolymers of acrylamide, an alkali metal or ammonium salt of acrylic acid and an oil soluble or hydrophobic alkyl acrylamide monomer have been found to provide efficient viscosification of water or brine solutions. The polymers are prepared by a free radical micellar polymerization of acrylamide and alkyl acrylamide followed by base catalyzed partial hydrolysis. These terpolymers, called HRAM, impart unique and useful rheological properties to aqueous solutions. In a water or brine solution the hydrophobic groups associate to increase hydrodynamic size and enhance thickening efficiency. Solutions containing the HRAM terpolymers show increased viscosification at higher polymer concentration and reduced salt sensitivity relative to polyacrylamide based HPAM solutions.

Abstract: Metal complexes of poly(alloocimene) having conjugated double bonds in pendant side chains, with metallic compounds are useful as electrically conductive coatings.

Abstract: A method for modifying a rubber having unsaturated bonds, characterized by reacting said rubber with (a) an organic compound (I) having a group represented by the formula --CH.dbd.N-- and (b) an organic acid halide (II) having a group represented by the formula --COX (X is a halogen atom), in the place of a Lewis acid.

Abstract: Novel water soluble copolymers of acrylamide, oil soluble higher alkylacrylamide and alkali metal acrylate have been found to provide efficient viscosification of water or brine. The process for synthesizing them relies on the complete solubilization of the water insoluble monomer into an aqueous solution of the water soluble monomer(s) by means of a suitable water soluble surfactant. A redox initiator system is used in conjunction with high monomer concentration and a low reaction temperature. The surfactant chosen and its concentration is one that produces a clear, uniform, homogeneous mixture in the presence of the monomers and gives a product which remains a clear uniform, homogeneous mixture with no phase separation as the reaction proceeds toward completion. The molecular weight of the resulting polymer after isolation from the surfactant is sufficiently high that it gives an intrinsic viscosity greater than about 12 dl/g.

Abstract: An undoped semiconducting polymeric material is provided which is composed of a plurality of parallel sheets of regular two dimensional networks of polydiacetylene and polyacetylene chains interconnected by a plurality of spacer units. In the preferred embodiment the spacer units are methylene with the number of methylene units ranging from 5 to 8. The polymeric material is preferably formed by polymerizing a monomer having the structural formula CH.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --C.tbd.C--C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --C.tbd.CH. In the preferred embodiment n has a value of 5 to 8.

Abstract: Process for the production of doped polymers containing heteroaromatic 5-membered rings in which polymers of aromatic 5-ring membered heterocyclic compounds or low molecular weight compounds containing heterocyclic 5-membered rings are reacted with nitronium or nitrosonium salts, optionally in inert organic solvents, at temperatures of from -20.degree. C. to +80.degree. C. or up to the boiling point of the solvents, and the doped polymers containing heteroaromatic 5-membered rings obtained by this process.

Abstract: An elastomeric composition comprising an elastomer matrix having dispersed therein about 3-30 parts per 100 parts by weight of the elastomer of powdered polytetrafluoroethylene having a number average molecular weight of at least about 250,000 and a surface area of at least 1 m.sup.2 /g which has been treated with about 50-120% of sodium-naphthalene addition compound or another addition compound of an alkali metal required for the alkali metal to react with all the fluorine atoms on the surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene powder.By dispersing such treated polytetrafluoroethylene powder in elastomer matrix, one increases significantly the tear strength of the elastomer, while increasing its modulus only moderately. In this way, the processability of the elastomeric compositions is not adversely affected.

Abstract: The invention comprises of an anionic polyelectrolyte hydrogel reversibly cross-linked with a polyvalent metal cation having a valence of at least two. This hydrogel may be combined with a removal agent for imparting delayed swelling characteristics when contacted with a water-containing fluid. The delayed swelling allows the water-containing fluid to penetrate or permeate the system before swelling is initiated, thereby providing enhanced wetting prior to the onset of swelling and alleviating gel blockage.

Abstract: This invention is directed to floor polish vehicle compositions which yield floor polishes displaying improved durability. These floor polish vehicle compositions comprise a water insoluble emulsion copolymer containing acid functional monomer residues, transition metal ionic crosslinker, and a basic salt of an alkaline metal.

Abstract: An elastomeric composition comprising an elastomer matrix having dispersed therein about 3-30 parts per 100 parts by weight of the elastomer of powdered polytetrafluoroethylene having a number average molecular weight of at least about 250,000 and a surface area of at least 1 m.sup.2 /g which has been treated with about 50-120% of sodium-naphthalene addition compound or another addition compound of an alkali metal required for the alkali metal to react with all the fluorine atoms on the surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene powder.By dispersing such treated polytetrafluoroethylene powder in elastomer matrix, one increases significantly the tear strength of the elastomer, while increasing its modulus only moderately. In this way, the processability of the elastomeric compositions is not adversely affected.

Abstract: A polymer produced through ring opening of a 5-norbornene-2-carboxylate ester or a derivative thereof is dissolved in an organic solvent miscible with water and is subjected to hydrolysis by addition thereto of an alkali substance until at least a portion of the polymer is separated out. Then, water is added to the reaction mixture to dissolve the separated-out polymer, and the resulting solution is again subjected to hydrolysis treatment, which is followed by addition thereto of an acid to neutralize the resulting hydrolyzate. Thus, a polymer resin having excellent thermal resistance or a polymer resin of improved color shade or transparency can be obtained.

Abstract: A copolymer represented by the general formula: ##STR1## [wherein, A denotes an alkylene group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, the --A--O--.sub.a chain may have at least one oxy-alkylene unit bonded in any possible order, a denotes an integer of the value of 1 to 100, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently denote a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, X and Y independently denote a monovalent metal atom, a divalent metal atom, an ammonium group, an organic amine group, or --B--O--.sub.b R.sup.3 (wherein, B denotes an alkylene group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms. the --B--O--.sub.b chain may have at least one oxy-alkylene unit bonded in any possible order, b denotes 0 or an integer of the value of 1 to 100, and R.sup.3 denotes a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms), Z denotes a structural unit derived from a copolymerizable vinyl monomer, m and n each denote 1 where X and Y are each a monovalent metal atom, an ammonium group, an organic amine group, or --B--O--.sub.b R.sup.

Abstract: Substantially non-crosslinked fluorocarbon polymers containing carboxyl groups are prepared starting from non-crosslinked and in some cases new, fluorocarbon polymers in which the linear macromolecules carry side chains containing the end group --CHFX (X is F or CF.sub.3). The starting polymers are first reacted with peroxodisulfuryl difluoride FSO.sub.2 O--OSO.sub.2 F to give the corresponding fluorosulfato derivatives containing the side chain end groups. ##STR1## In the event that X is F, these derivaties are then converted into the corresponding carboalkoxy derivatives by means of an alcohol, the fluorosulfato group being split off, and these carboalkoxy derivatives are then converted by saponification into the products containing the free carboxyl groups; the fluorosulfato derivatives can also be hydrolyzed with water, if appropriate in the presence of an inert solvent and/or bases, to give, without further treatment, the products containing the free carboxyl groups.

Abstract: Vinylchloride resins such as polyvinylchloride, copolymers of vinylchloride and vinyl acetate and copolymers of vinylchloride and vinylidene chloride are dehydrochlorinated in water at 150.degree. to 180.degree. C. to provide a dehydrochlorinated vinylchloride resin which can be graft copolymerized with one or more copolymerizable monomers containing polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated double bonds. Grafted copolymers in which the grafting monomer is butyl acrylate and the like provide an internally plasticized vinylchloride resin.

Abstract: Polymers consisting essentially of the units (A) and (B) with an intrinsic viscosity in the range of 0.3 to 4.0, a content of the unit (A) of 10 to 90 mol % of the total structural units and a content of double bonds of trans-configuration of 40% or more are disclosed. The units (A) and (B) are represented by the structural formulas: ##STR1## wherein R' is hydrogen atom, an alkyl or phenyl, R.sup.2 is hydrogen or an alkyl, R.sup.3 is an alkyl. The polymers are preferably prepared by partial hydrolysis of the polymers consisting essentially of the unit (B).

Abstract: Organic polymer layered dichalcogenides, such as a transition metal metallocene dichalcogenide-substituted styrene divinylbenzene copolymer, are useful as the cathode active material for lithium nonaqueous secondary batteries which operate on the principle of intercalation and elsewhere.

Abstract: Organic polymer layered trichalcogenides, such as a cyclopentadienyl transition metal trichalcogenide-substituted styrene divinylbenzene copolymer, are useful as the cathode active material for lithium nonaqueous secondary batteries which operate on the principle of intercalation and elsewhere.