Abstract: Thermally stabilized initiator compositions comprising:(a) at least one dialkyl peroxydicarbonate, and(b) a stabilizing effective amount of a compound of Structure I: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and Z are as defined in the summary of the invention section, processes for their preparation and use are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a multi-phase polymerization process for making a water insoluble polymer. The process includes (1) providing a mixture comprising carbon dioxide and an aqueous phase, and containing a monomer and a polymerization initiator, and (2) polymerizing the monomer in the reaction mixture. The monomer may be a hydrocarbon or a fluorinated monomer. The polymerization initiator may be soluble in the aqueous phase, soluble in carbon dioxide, or insoluble in both the aqueous phase and carbon dioxide, such that the initiator forms a separate phase.The present invention also provides multi-phase polymerization reaction mixtures useful in the process of making water insoluble polymers.

Abstract: The heterogeneous polymerization of water-insoluble polymer in CO.sub.2 is disclosed. The method comprises providing a heterogeneous reaction mixture comprising CO.sub.2, a monomer, and a surfactant, then polymerizing the monomer to form a water-insoluble polymer.

Abstract: A process for forming dielectric particles includes admixing a vinyl halide monomer and a crosslinker in a liquid dispersion medium to form a first mixture. A second mixture of an initiator and a stabilizer is prepared and added to the first mixture to form a third mixture in which the monomer polymerizes to form white crystalline polymer particles which are sonified for uniformity. The particles may be stained by exposure to a dehydrohalegenation reagent and dispersed in an electrophoretic fluid for use in an electrophoretic display.

Abstract: A one-part, substantially formaldehyde-free, self-curing interpolymer comprising repeating units derived from a) about 4 to about 30 percent by weight of at least one functional monomer selected from olefinically unsaturated monomer containing a nucleophile group: b) about 4 to about 40 percent by weight of an olefinically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid; c) about 1 to about 60 percent by weight of (meth)acrylonitrile; d) about 0 to about 80 percent by weight of at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid ester of an alcohol containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms; and e) about 0 to about 80 percent by weight of at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene, vinyl acetate, and vinyl halides, wherein at least one of monomers d) and e) are present in an amount of from about 0.1 percent by weight, for use as a fiber binder, such as for coating non-woven glass mats, or as a saturant for fiber substrates such as paper.

Abstract: Low-molecular-weight, hydroxy-functional acrylate resins are disclosed. The resins are copolymers derived from an allylic alcohol or a propoxylated allylic alcohol, an acrylate or methacrylate monomer, and optionally, one or more additional ethylenic monomers. The resins are uniquely prepared without a chain-transfer agent or reaction solvent, and are useful in many thermoset polymer applications, including thermoset polyesters, polyurethanes, crosslinked polymeric resins, melamines, alkyds, uralkyds, and epoxy thermosets.

Abstract: A process for producing a vinyl chloride polymer for matted moldings which comprises performing the suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer or a mixture of vinyl monomers composed mainly of vinyl chloride in an aqueous medium, said suspension polymerization being performed after the addition of a dispersion obtained by dispersing a polyfunctional monomer having 2 or more ethylenic double bonds in the molecule into a solution containing a partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol having a degree of saponification of 25 to 65 mole % and an average degree of polymerization of 150 to 1000, thereby yielding a vinyl chloride resin composed of 5 to 90 wt % tetrahydrofuran-insoluble gel fraction, with the remainder being tetrahyrofuran-solubles.

Abstract: A monomer having an ethylenic double bond is polymerized in a polymerization vessel provided on its inner wall surfaces with a coating of a polymer scale preventive agent which comprises a condensation product of an aromatic amine compound with an aromatic hydroxyl compound condensate. This process makes it possible to prevent effectively the deposition of polymer scale and to produce a polymer which shows few fish eyes and good whiteness when formed into sheets or the like.

Abstract: Rigid thermoplastic articles are disclosed which have reduced surface gloss. The reduced gloss is achieved by the use of a mixture of polymers having different viscoelastic properties. The preferred embodiment is a mixture of PVC and crosslinked PVC.

Abstract: A process to inhibit scale adhesion to the interior of a polymerization vessel using a two part coating composition. The coating is a hydroxyanthraquinone compound used in conjunction with a water soluble salt of chitosan, applied as a solution and dried on the vessel interior. Advantages of the coating are its effective scale prevention, unaltered color of the polymer product and low toxicity.

Abstract: A polymer scale preventive agent for use in polymerization of a monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated double bond, comprising (A) a pyrogallol-acetone resin, and (B) a water-soluble polymeric compound. When a coating comprising the polymer scale preventive agent is formed on inner wall surfaces of a polymerization vessel and the polymerization is carried out by use of the vessel, deposition of polymer scale can be effectively prevented not only in the areas in the liquid phase inside the vessel but also in the vicinity of the interface between the gas phase and the liquid phase in the vessel. The polymeric product thus obtained can then be processed into sheets or other formed products which have few fish eyes and low initial coloration.

Abstract: A polymer comprising fluoroalkyl group has a structure in which one or two parts of the fluoroalkyl group at the one or both ends of the molecule are linked to a part of alkylene groups or alkylene groups substituted with halogen, a part of alkylene group substituted with functional groups, such as halogen, cyano group, alkylsulfonic acid group, amidoalkylsulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, carboxyl group, oxycarbonyl group, ether group, epoxy group and the like, and/or a part of silicone group. A method of preparation of the polymer comprising fluoroalkyl group contains reaction of a fluoroalkanoyl peroxide with a monomer comprising the functional group or a monomer comprising silicone group. A surface active agent comprises fluoroalkyl group and caroxylic acid salt group. A surface treatment agent comprises the polymer comprising fluoroalkyl group, hydrolysis products thereof, hydrolytic condensation products thereof, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The invention describes a redox initiating system consisting of Cu.sup.II salts, enolizable aldehydes and ketones, and various combinations of coordinating agents for Cu.sup.II, coordinating agents for Cu.sup.I, and a strong amine base that is not oxidized by Cu.sup.II. In particular, Cu.sup.II octanoate/dibenzyl ketone/pyridine/triethylamine/triphenylphosphine systems are effective. In addition to initiating free radical polymerizations and copolymerizations, this initiating system can be applied to the synthesis of functionalized telechelics, polymers with ketone linkages in the backbone, block and graft copolymers consisting of free-radical and step-growth polymer blocks, and crosslinking reactions.

Abstract: A polymer scale preventive agent for use in polymerization of a monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated double bond, comprising an alkaline solution containing a condensation product of (A) an aliphatic diamine compound and (B) an aromatic tetracarboxylic acid anhydride. This agent is used for forming a coating on the inner wall, etc. of a polymerization vessel. Such a vessel is effective in preventing polymer scale deposition, not only on the areas in the liquid phase but also near the interface between the liquid phase and the gas phase in the vessel, and useful in producing a polymer that shows very few fish eyes and good whiteness when formed into sheets or the like.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for suspension polymerization of a vinyl polymer which comprises using as the suspending agent a polyvinyl ester polymer having an ionic group at an end thereof or a polyvinyl alcohol polymer having a degree of hydrolysis of 90 mol % or less which is obtained by hydrolysis of the above polyvinyl ester polymer.According to the above-mentioned process, vinyl polymer granules having a sharp granulometric dispersion, high bulk density, high plasticizer absorption and low vinyl monomer residue are obtained.

Abstract: A polymer comprising fluoroalkyl group has a structure in which one or two parts of the fluoroalkyl group at the one or both ends of the molecule are linked to a part of alkylene groups or alkylene groups substituted with halogen, a part of alkylene group substituted with functional groups, such as halogen, cyano group, alkylsulfonic acid group, amidoalkylsulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, carboxyl group, oxycarbonyl group, ether group, epoxy group and the like, and/or a part of silicone group. A method of preparation of the polymer comprising fluoroalkyl group contains reaction of a fluoroalkanoyl peroxide with a monomer comprising the functional group or a monomer comprising silicone group. A surface active agent comprises fluoroalkyl group and caroxylic acid salt group. A surface treatment agent comprises the polymer comprising fluoroalkyl group, hydrolysis products thereof, hydrolytic condensation products thereof, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to a two stage aqueous emulsion polymerization process for making graft copolymers. In the first stage, at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer is polymerized in the presence of at least one mercapto-olefin compound to form a macromonomer with terminal functional groups. In the second stage, at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer is polymerized in the presence of the macromonomer such that a copolymer is formed with a backbone of polymerized units of the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer and side chains of the macromonomer.

Abstract: The invention relates to coating compositions for producing watertight, vapor-permeable and flame-retardant coatings, comprising a vinyl chloride copolymer or vinyl acetate/ethylene dispersion, flameproofing agents, foam stabilizer and optionally crosslinkers. The invention further relates to a process for producing watertight, vapor-permeable and flame-retardant coatings by mechanically foaming the coating composition to produce a stable foam, applying the foam to a woven, knitted or nonwoven support material on one or both of the sides and drying it at a temperature of from 60.degree. to 80.degree. C. and optionally, after drying, compressing the foam layer. The textile support materials coated with the coating composition are suitable for use in building protection and in the geotextile sector.

Abstract: This invention concerns a "living" free radical polymerization process for preparing polymers having a narrow distribution of molecular weights.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of polymerizing a vinyl monomer wherein prior to the polymerization, a deposit suppressant composition comprising an 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfide compound is applied to the internal surfaces of a polymerization reactor.

Abstract: Aqueous dispersions of a copolymer obtained by free-radical polymerization and containing from 0.01 to 40% w/w of polymerized units of comonomers having at least one aldehyde or keto group, which dispersions contain at least one polyisocyanate in which the isocyanate groups are blocked by oximes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to functionalized chlorinated (co)polymers and methods for their preparation. The functionalization is performed with an organometallic compound where the metal may be tin, lead, antimony or bismuth. The organic groups are hydrocarbons which may be substituted and one group is either a secondary amine or an ether which is eventually substituted by a trialkoxysilane or a hydroxy group. The preferred chlorinated polymer is PVC and the preferred functionalizing agent is an organotin compound.

Abstract: This invention relates to a two stage aqueous emulsion polymerization process for making graft copolymers. In the first stage, at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer is polymerized in the presence of at least one mercapto-olefin compound to form a macromonomer with terminal functional groups. In the second stage, at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer is polymerized in the presence of the macromonomer such that a copolymer is formed with a backbone of polymerized units of the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer and side chains of the macromonomer.

Abstract: A method of cooling a PVC dry blend powder in a vessel by spraying a liquified inert gas into the vessel such that the liquified inert gas contacts the powder. The PVC dry blend powder is made by mixing a powdered PVC resin with ingredients selected from the group consisting of plasticizers, stabilizers, and pigments in a mixing vessel by using a heating and mixing cycle followed by a liquified inert gas cooling cycle. The flow properties of PVC dry blend powder made by this method have an improved shelf life.

Abstract: A method of preventing polymer scale deposition during polymerization of a monomer having an ethylenically double bond in a polymerization vessel, comprising the step of carrying out said polymerization in a polymerization vessel of which the inner wall surface has a coating comprising:(A) a water-soluble nitrogen-containing cationic polymeric compound, and(B) a water-soluble anionic polymeric compound; and a polymer scale preventive agent comprising said (A) and (B). Polymer scale deposition is effectively prevented, and polymers with high whiteness can be prepared.

Abstract: A method of preventing polymer scale deposition during polymerization of a monomer having an ethylenically double bond in a polymerization vessel, comprising the step of carrying out said polymerization in a polymerization vessel of which the inner wall surface has a coating comprising:(A) a lignin, and(B) a cellulose derivative; and a polymer scale preventive agent comprising said components (A) and (B).Deposition of polymer scale can be effectively prevented; polymers with high whiteness can be prepared; the scale preventive agent used has no poisonousness and are highly safe, therefore this method can be performed with high safe.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a process for inhibiting the formation of polymer buildup on the inner surfaces of a vinyl polymerization reactor by coating such surfaces with an alkaline solution of a linear or branched low molecular weight compound belonging to the poly(hydroxybenzyl) and poly(hydroxybenzylether) families and including their copolymers or blends. This process effectively reduces the adherence of polymeric material to the inner parts of the reaction vessel wherein substituted ethylene monomers are polymerized.

Abstract: The maleimide copolymer of the invention is of the class of N-substituted maleimide copolymer such as N-alkyl or N-aromatic maleimide copolymer having peroxy bonds in a molecule, utilizable as a precursor for preparing a maleimide block copolymer and as a modifier for other resins. The maleimide block copolymer, which is useful as a molding material or a thermal resistance improver, is obtained by polymerizing maleimide monomers in the presence of a polymeric peroxide followed by polymerizing vinyl monomers.

Abstract: Ion exchange membranes of the all-aliphatic structural variety, are made from plastisol films of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and its copolymers coupled through the nitrogen atom with an aliphatic vinyl monomer containing a tertiary nitrogen atom or a polymer or copolymer of such a monomer such membrane subsequently, quaternized with an alkyl halide.

Abstract: Copolymers which are curable by ultraviolet radiation in the air are prepared by a process in which a mixture of (A) from 80 to 99.9% by weight of olefinically unsaturated monomers, (B) from 0 to 10% by weight of a copolymerizable olefinically unsaturated, photoreactive compound which, in the excited state produced by UV radiation, is capable of abstracting hydrogen and (C) from 0 to 10% by weight of a polymerization-regulating photoreactive compound which, in the excited state, is capable of abstracting hydrogen is subjected to free radical polymerization, the sum of (B) and (C) being not less than 0.1% by weight and the stated percentages by weight being based on the sum of the weights of (A)+(B)+(C).

Abstract: A method of preventing polymer scale deposition in a polymerization vessel during polymerization of a monomer having an ethylenically double bond, wherein said polymerization is carried out in a polymerization of which the inner wall has been previously coated with a coating solution comprising:(A) an aromatic amine-based condensate,(B) at least one member selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts and ammonium salts of a sulfonation product prepared by sulfonation of an aromatic amine-based condensate, and(C) at least one member selected from the group consisting of metal compounds, inorganic colloids, dyes and pigments; a scale preventive agent comprising the components (A), (B) and (C); and a polymerization vessel having a coating comprising the scale preventive agent. According the method, polymer scale deposition on the inner wall, etc. of the polymerization vessel can be effectively prevented.

Abstract: Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) is prepared from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). When PVC is made utilizing polyvinyl alcohol, the low molecular weight CPVC compound so prepared is colored. A low molecular weight CPVC compound prepared from PVC that was made in the presence of a cellulose ether instead of polyvinyl alcohol resulted in a very low color compound having a DE of O by definition. However, a CPVC compound prepared from PVC made in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol resulted in a relatively high color (DE 18.51). During the polymerization of vinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol is replaced with the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose ether having a methoxyl substitution of 15-35 percent and a hydroxypropoxyl substitution of from 4-35 percent.

Abstract: A vinyl polymer having alkoxysilyl groups at both terminals of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and are each an alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R.sup.3 is an alkylene having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, n is an integer of 0 to 2, Z is at least one group of the formulae: ##STR2## (wherein R.sup.4 is hydrogen or methyl, Y.sup.1 is an ester residue having 2 to 11 carbon atoms, phenyl or a halogen, Y.sup.2 is an ester residue having 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a halogen, and Y.sup.3 is fluorine or chlorine atom), m is 10 to 10,000, which has excellent physical strength and is useful as an ingredient for paints, adhesives, sealing agents, and tacking agents, and an intermediate therefor, and a process for the production thereof.

Abstract: A matting agent for plastic compositions comprising either a high molecular weight, gel-containing vinyl chloride polymer with a gel content of 10 to 99% by weight, a maximum mercury porosity of 0.2 cm.sup.3 /g, a maximum plasticizer absorption of 15%, a particle size parameter d' of 10 to 80 .mu.m and a coefficient of uniformity n greater than 3, or a high molecular weight, gel containing copolymer of vinyl chloride and 1 to 40% by weight of comonomer with a gel content of 10 to 99% by weight, a maximum mercury porosity of 0.10 cm.sup.3 /g, a maximum plasticizer absorption of 10%, a particle size parameter d' of 10 to 80 .mu.m and a coefficient of uniformity n greater than 3, plastic articles containing said matting agent and a method of imparting a matt to the surface of plastic articles.

Abstract: A composition having the formula ##STR1## wherein n has an average value of one to about five, is disclosed for use in reducing or eliminating the formation of reactor scale during the polymerization of vinyl chloride and comonomers. The composition is prepared by reacting phenothiazine with formaldehyde in the presence of a liquid diluent that is a solvent for the phenothiazine, but a non-solvent for the dimer of phenothiazine and formaldehyde. The process of the invention is preferably conducted in the presence of a strong acid catalyst. The formaldehyde is preferably added slowly to the reaction mixture over the course of the reaction. The product can be filtered and dried.

Abstract: A mixture of an isomer of 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) having a low melting point in an amount of about 70% by weight or more and an isomer of 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) having a high melting point in an amount of about 30% by weight or less shows excellent solvent solubility, which is higher than that of the isomer having a low melting point. The mixture is useful as a polymerization initiator, and also as a blowing agent.

Abstract: Porous particles of crosslinked PVC are disclosed. The particles are skinless and have a fast powder mix time. Processes to produce the novel particles are also disclosed.

Abstract: Porous particles of crosslinked PVC are disclosed. The particles are skinless and have a fast powder mix time. Processes to produce the novel particles are also disclosed.

Abstract: Porous particles of crosslinked PVC are disclosed. The particles are skinless and have a fast powder mix time. Processes to produce the novel particles are also disclosed.

Abstract: Porous particles of crosslinked PVC are disclosed. The particles are skinless and have a fast powder mix time. Processes to produce the novel particles are also disclosed.

Abstract: Porous particles of crosslinked PVC are disclosed. The particles are skinless and have a fast powder mix time. Processes to produce the novel particles are also disclosed.

Abstract: It has been found that substituted hydroquinones function as a shortstop agent in the polymerization of vinyl monomers. The substituted hydroquinones have the formula: ##STR1## wherein ##STR2## wherein p is 1 or 2 and q is 0 or 1; provided that p+q=1 or 2. The groups R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, Z and W are defined hereafter.The compounds 2,5-di-t-amylhydroquinone and 2,5-di-t-butylhydroquinone are particularly desirable as shortstop agents in the polymerization of vinyl chloride.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for producing porous PVC resin particles by a thickened aqueous suspension polymerization process comprising polymerizing vinyl chloride monomer in an aqueous suspension wherein said aqueous medium contains at least one dispersant capable of thickening water, and optionally at least one secondary surfactant, at least one oil-soluble free radical generating catalyst, the improvement comprising charging said free radical catalyst as a solution wherein the solvent for said catalyst solution has a density equal to or less than that of the monomer being polymerized and the catalyst solution has a density less than water.

Abstract: Compositions of salts of water-soluble, carboxyl-containing polymers and surface active agents, deposited on polymerization reactor surfaces exposed to polymerization mixtures, substantially reduce or eliminate undesirable polymer build-up on reactor surfaces during aqueous polymerization of vinylidene monomers, even when the amount of carboxyl-containing polymers deposited on the reactor surfaces is very small.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for producing porous PVC resin particles by a thickened aqueous suspension polymerization process comprising polymerizing vinyl chloride monomer in an aqueous suspension wherein said aqueous medium contains at least one dispersant capable of thickening water, and optionally at least one secondary surfactant, at least one oil-soluble free radical generating catalyst, the improvement comprising charging said free radical catalyst as a solution wherein the solvent for said catalyst solution has a density equal to or less than that of the monomer being polymerized and the catalyst solution has a density less than water.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for producing porous PVC resin particles by a thickened aqueous suspension polymerization process comprising polymerizing vinyl chloride monomer in an aqueous suspension wherein said aqueous medium contains at least one dispersant capable of thickening water, and optionally at least one secondary surfactant, at least one oil-soluble free radical generating catalyst, the improvement comprising charging said free radical catalyst as a solution wherein the solvent for said catalyst solution has a density equal to or less than that of the monomer being polymerized and the catalyst solution has a density less than water.

Abstract: An improved process for terminating the suspension polymerization reaction of vinyl chloride monomer into polyvinyl chloride which comprises adding hindered phenols of the structure presented hereinafter to the polymerization reaction at a point in time when a predetermined amount of monomer conversion has occurred.

Abstract: A process and composition are provided that provide for thermal transfer of ink compositions and eliminate the need to prepare articles such as sign faces, particularly flexible sign faces, by painting with ink compositions that contain solvents. The present process and composition permit thermal transfer from a carrier to a receptor at low temperatures with the use of vacuum pressure. The transferred ink adheres tenaciously to the receptor and is flexible.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making a conductive polymer from a non-aromatic ethylenically unsaturated gaseous monomer comprising bombarding an inert substrate with the monomer at a velocity greater than Mach 1. This can be accomplished in a vacuum using a molecular beam. Ethylene or other suitable monomer can be mixed with an inert carrier gas such as nitrogen, helium, or argon for use in the process.

Abstract: A polyvinyl chloride having high bulk density and enhanced plasticizer absorption is produced by suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer and comonomers wherein the initial suspension of ingredients is formed such that the oil phase droplets formed in the suspension are compositionally equivalent with respect to initiator, and the level of suspending agent and agitation are chosen to substantially preclude agglomeration of resin particles throughout the reaction, thereby producing resin wherein the resin grain size distribution results directly from the oil phase droplet distribution created at the start of the reaction. Seed particles of resin are introduced to the reaction mixture prior to establishing the final particle distribution.