Abstract: A method is provided for preparing the surface of a cyanate ester resin composite for metal plating. More particularly, a layer consisting essentially of cyanate ester resin is applied to the surface of the composite. Thereafter, the surface of the resin layer is etched, preferably by treatment with an etching solution containing either a quaternary ammonium hydroxide or a primary amine. Upon completion of the etching process, the cyanate ester resin layer may be successfully plated with metal. The method of the invention operates to improve adhesion between the cyanate ester resin composite and a subsequently-plated metal by providing the composite with a homogenous distribution of mechanical anchoring sites for a subsequently-plated metal, such that uniformity of adhesion is achieved.

Abstract: Diketo dinitriles are produced from the reaction of a diester and a nitrile in the presence of an alkali metal base. Polymers derived from the diketo dinitriles are useful as molding resins.

Abstract: A process is provided for the preparation of powder compositions, containing organosilicon compounds and redispersible in water, by spray drying of an aqueous mixture containing one or a plurality of organosilicon compounds and one or a plurality of water-soluble organopolymers in the presence of antiblocking agents. The invention is characterized in that a portion of the antiblocking agent is conveyed to the dried powder stream, as long as it is still suspended in the stream of gas, or the remainder of the antiblocking agent is added to the dried powder.

Abstract: A process and resulting product is provided in which a solid particulate, such as vulcanized crumb rubber, has the surface functional groups oxidized by ozonation using a nonpolar solvent. The ozonation process renders the treated crumb rubber more suitable for use in new rubber formulations. As a result, larger loading levels of the treated crumb rubber can be used in new rubber mixtures.

Abstract: Novel water-soluble homo- or copolymers are described which comprise 1,1-diallyl-3,4-dimethylenepyrrolidinium cations in the polymer and can additionally include 1,1-dialkyl-3,4-dimethylenepyrrolidinium cations. The polymers are prepared by first polymerizing a diallylammonium salt of the formula [(CH.sub.2 .dbd.CH--CH.sub.2).sub.2 NH.sub.2 ].sup.+ X.sup.- in which X.sup.- is the anion of any Bronstedt acid and, preferably, a halide, alone or together with an unsaturated comonomer, and reacting the resulting polymer or copolymer with a base and an allyl halide. The novel polymers are preferably used for treating textiles.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of curing unsaturated polyester resins or mixtures of such resins and a monomer copolymerizable therewith. More particularly, the invention relates to the curing of such resins and mixtures thereof with a composition comprising acetylacetone peroxide (AAP) in an amount of from about 30 to about 35 percent and a high temperature peroxide. Preferably, the high temperature peroxide is t-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB) and is present in an amount of from about 5 to about 10 percent of the composition.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for separating polyester, and particularly polyethylene terephthalate, from various contaminants and impurities. In general, the process includes the steps of contacting materials containing polyester with an alkaline composition to form a mixture. The mixture is heated causing some of the impurities to be chemically modified into a more separable form. During heating, a portion of the polyester may also be saponified. After heating, the mixture can be washed with water and the polyester can be easily separated from the remaining impurities. Through the process of the present invention, polyester can be separated and recovered from waste materials containing polyvinyl chloride and aluminum. The process is also effective at removing coatings adhered to the polyester and at removing entrained organic and inorganic compounds contained within the polyester.

Abstract: Polyarylene sulfide (PAS) is disclosed, of which extract with methylene chloride is in an amount of not more than 0.7% by weight, a melt viscosity V.sub.6 is 20 to 15,000 poises and a content of --SX groups is at least 15 micro moles/g, wherein X represents an alkali metal or a hydrogen atom. The PAS is prepared as follows: an alkali metal sulfide is reacted with a dihaloaromatic compound in an organic amide solvent, while a part of a gaseous phase in a reactor is condensed by cooling a gaseous phase part of the reactor to return the condensed liquid to a liquid phase; and the polyarylene sulfide thus prepared is washed with an organic solvent and then with water. The present invention also provides a composition comprising 100 parts by weight of (A) the aforesaid PAS and 0.01 to 5.0 parts by weight of (B) at least a silane compound selected from the group consisting of methacryloxysilane compounds, ureidosilane compounds and epoxy silane compounds.

Abstract: A halogen-free flame-retardant polyolefin resin composition which can give a molded article improved in low-temperature resistance and surface whitening resistance and improved in flame retardancy and melt index, and an expansion-molded article having uniform and fine gas bubbles without large-sized gas bubbles, the halogen-free flame-retardant polyolefin-based resin composition containing a polyolefin resin, a dihydric or trihydric metal hydroxide surface-treated with a saturated fatty acid, or, when the metal hydroxide is aluminum hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide surface-treated with a saturated or specific unsaturated fatty acid or an alkali metal salt thereof, and an aluminum salt of an unsaturated fatty acid having 10 to 30 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method of treating paint sludge containing uncured polymer resin, water and/or solvent is provided in which a paint sludge putty is formed which may be used as a replacement for polymeric components used to form compounded polymeric compositions. The treated paint sludge putty or powder comprises from about 5 to 90% by weight of the total compounded polymeric composition and may be used in a variety of compositions including pressure sensitive sealants, caulking sealants, automotive sealants, polyvinyl chloride plastics, rubbers and asphalt cement coatings, and waterbased sealers and coatings.

Abstract: The process for the preparation of polyarylene sulfones by oxidation of polyarylene sulfides with an oxidizing agent in the presence of a liquid is carried out under reduced pressure so that the liquid boils. The reaction temperature can easily be kept constant in the process.

Abstract: A method for disposal of a thermosetting resin containing a material, at least part of which is affected by an alkaline aqueous solution, is disclosed. It comprises at least two steps of including a step of immersing the molded product in an alkaline aqueous solution and a subsequent step of immersing the molded product in water. This method does not require a high temperature as required in a thermal decomposition and does not generate any exhaust gas, and consumes only small energy.

Abstract: An atmospheric pressure process for the continuous production of polyester is disclosed wherein a melt of bis(3-hydroxy propyl) terephthalate, or its low molecular oligomers, obtained by esterifying terephthalic acid or transesterifying dimethyl terephthalate with propylene glycol, is intimately contacted with an inert gas to facilitate polymerization and removal of the reaction by-products. The propylene glycol evolved and the inert gas are recycled.

Abstract: A method for purification of a polyphosphazene polyacid or acid salt thereof in which a polyphosphazene polyacid or acid salt thereof is dissolved in a concentrated aqueous solution of a salt of monovalent ions. The resulting aqueous solution of the polyphosphazene polyacid or acid salt thereof and the at least one salt of monovalent ions then is diluted to reduce the concentration of the at least one salt of monovalent ions, whereby the polyphosphazene polyacid or acid salt thereof is precipitated. The precipitated polyphosphazene polyacid or acid salt thereof then is recovered.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for making aqueous aramid dispersion and aramid sheets of improved uniformity by utilizing water with a pH of greater than 10.

Abstract: The present invention relates to biodegradable polymers built-up ofa) monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids and/or the salts thereof,b) monoethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids and/or the salts thereof,c) monounsaturated monomers which, after hydrolysis, can be converted to monomers with a hydroxyl group covalently bonded to the C-C-chain, and, optionally,d) further radically copolymerizable monomers,with the sum of the monomers according to a) to d) amounting to 100%.The present invention further relates to a process of producing said polymers by radical polymerization and hydrolysis in aqueous medium, and to the use of said polymers as additive or cobuilder in detergents and cleaning agents, in the pretreatment of cotton, as bleaching stabilizers, as auxiliary agent in textile printing and in the manufacture of leather, as well as in the inhibition of water hardness and as dispersing agent.

Abstract: A process is described for removing heteropoly compounds from heteropoly compound-contaminated polyethers, polyesters and/or polyether esters, which comprises admixing the polymer or a solution of the same with a compound which contains at least one heteroatom which is selected from the group consisting of central atoms of heteropolyacids, is non-protic and is of a polarity so low that its addition leads to the heteropoly compounds separating out in a separate phase, and separating off the precipitated heteropoly compound phase. The remaining polymer phase is preferably further purified using a solid adsorbent.

Abstract: Deaggregated substituted and unsubstituted polyparaphenylenes, polyparaphenylevevinyles, polyanilines, polyazines, polythiophenes, poly-p-phenylene sulfides, polyfuranes, polypyrroles, polyselenophene, polyacetylenes formed from soluble precursors and combinations thereof and copolymers thereof and methods of fabrication are described. The deaggregated polymer molecules when subsequently doped show higher electrical conductivity. Agents such as lithium chloride, m-cresol and nonylphenol are used to deaggregate the polymer molecules. The deaggregating agents can be added prior to or during doping the molecules.

Abstract: A method for producing composite insulating coatings on powder particles, the coatings containing an electrically insulating metal compound and an organic polymer. The coatings are deposited preferably by controlled spraying, simultaneous or sequential, of sol precursors of insulating metal compounds and polymer emulsions or solutions onto polymer, metal or ceramic powder particles preferably during the blending or mixing of the particles. The process is useful for mass production of coated iron-based powders used for shaping components by powder metallurgy techniques for magnetic applications. Coated iron based powders can be cold or warm pressed and heat treated to obtain the desired mechanical properties.

Abstract: A halogen-free flame-retardant polyolefin resin composition which can give a molded article improved in low-temperature resistance and surface whitening resistance and improved in flame retardancy and melt index, and an expansion-molded article having uniform and fine gas bubbles without large-sized gas bubbles, the halogen-free flame-retardant polyolefin-based resin composition containing a polyolefin resin, a dihydric or trihydric metal hydroxide surface-treated with a saturated fatty acid, or, when the metal hydroxide is aluminum hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide surface-treated with a saturated or specific unsaturated fatty acid or an alkali metal salt thereof, and an aluminum salt of an unsaturated fatty acid having 10 to 30 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A polycarbodiimide compound is reacted with an organic compound having at least two amino groups in the molecule. A polycarbodiimide compound is reacted with an amine compound having a silicon atom in the molecule. The carbodiimide bonds remained in the crosslinked material are further crosslinked. The crosslinked material is further heated/calcined to obtain an inorganic material having high heat resistance and strong toughness.

Abstract: A method of improving the oxidative thermal stability of ethylene polymers is disclosed. The method comprises removing residual unreacted monomer(s), solvent and thermally unstable species from the molten polymer. The resulting polymer is characterized by having an oxidative exotherm of not more than about 50 percent of the original polymer, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry.

Abstract: Processes for the isolation of a telechelic isobutylene polymer in a non-aqueous system to prevent the generation of waste water having a solvent dissolved therein and processes for the preparation of a telechelic isobutylene polymer having more advantageous unsaturated groups. A process for the isolation of an isobutylene polymer includes a cationic polymerization reaction in a non-aqueous system in the presence of a catalyst MX.sub.n wherein M represents a metallic atom and X may be the same or different and represents a halogen atom or a monovalent hydrocarbon group. The process comprises conducting the cationic polymerization reaction, conducting a ligand exchange reaction of said catalyst, and then removing a component containing M.

Abstract: A method of dehydrofluorinating a fluoropolymer comprising the steps of: providing an fluoropolymer emulsion comprising water, a fluoropolymer, and substantially no organic solvent; adding to the fluoropolymer emulsion a basic compound, the base compound being added at a concentration and in an mount that does not result in coagulation of the fluoropolymer; and exposing the mixture of fluoropolymer emulsion and basic compound to reaction conditions sufficient to cause dehydrofluorination of the fluoropolymer.

Abstract: Powdered coating compositions and methods for obtaining improved wrinkled finishes with epoxy powder coatings are provided which utilize curing agents other than commercially available methylenedisalicylic acid.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for producing water insoluble, aqueous alkali soluble novolak resins having a very low level of metal ions, utilizing a specially treated anion exchange resin. A method is also provided for producing photoresist composition having a very low level of metal ions from such novolak resins and for producing semiconductor devices using such photoresist compositions.

Abstract: Copolymers comprising olefin and alkyl-acrylate-ester repeat units are transesterified by olefin-containing alcohols in the presence of an alkali metal alkoxide catalyst. The transesterified polymers are especially useful as curable elastomers.

Abstract: Polyestercarbonates, particularly those containing aliphatic dicarboxylic acid-derived structural units, are redistributed by heating in the presence of a carbonate redistribution catalyst, and, optionally, a diaryl carbonate. The redistribution products have weight average molecular weights different from, and typically lower than, the initial molecular weight.

Abstract: A liquid binding agent comprised of a phenolic resin, thinning agents and a curing agent, characterized in that the phenolic resin is produced by condensation catalyzed under alkaline conditions of a phenol and formaldehyde in a molar ratio of phenolic compound to formaldehyde in the range of 1:0.05 to 1.

Abstract: A process for maintaining or increasing the tensile strength of fibers of aromatic copolyamides which are formed from a major portion of para-monomers and are soluble in organic aprotic and polar solvents. The process involves storing the fibers in alkaline media after production by wet or dry spinning processes, after treatment of the dry or wet spun fibers, and storing the fibers in an aqueous environment having a pH of at least 10. The tensile strength of the fibers is retained or increased.

Abstract: An atmospheric pressure process for the continuous production of polyester is disclosed wherein a melt of bis(3-hydroxy propyl) terephthalate, or its low molecular oligomers, obtained by esterifying terephthalic acid or transesterifying dimethyl terephthalate with propylene glycol, is intimately contacted with an inert gas to facilitate polymerization and removal of the reaction byproducts. The propylene glycol evolved and the inert gas are recycled.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for producing water insoluble, aqueous alkali soluble novolak resins having a very low level of metal ions, utilizing treated ion exchange resins. A method is also provided for producing photoresist composition having a very low level of metal ions from such novolak resins and for producing semiconductor devices using such photoresist compositions.

Abstract: A process for producing raw rubber from a deproteinized natural rubber is disclosed, which comprises coagulating rubber particles in the deproteinized natural rubber latex by: (1) adding a nonionic surfactant having a cloud point of from 20.degree. to 100.degree. C. and a molecular weight of 300 or more to the deproteinized natural rubber latex and heating the latex to a temperature not lower than the cloud point of the nonionic surfactant; or (2) adding a coagulation assistant selected from the group consisting of: (a) an anionic surfactant, (b) an amphoteric surfactant, (c) a nonionic surfactant, (d) a nonionic or amphoteric oligomer or polymer, and (e) an anionic oligomer or polymer, to the deproteinized natural rubber latex; and then recovering the coagulated rubber particles. According to the process of the present invention, raw rubber containing substantially no metal ion can be produced with a high efficiency.

Abstract: A process for recycling polyester contained in waste materials is provided. The polyester is converted into a corresponding acid salt of a polybasic organic acid and a polyol. The process steps generally include first combining materials containing polyester with an alkaline composition to form a mixture. The mixture is heated, causing the polyester to convert to the acid salt and polyol. The polyol is evaporated and separated from the acid salt.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for preparing a polyester comprising a liquid phase polycondensation step in which a dicarboxylic acid including terephthalic acid or its ester derivative and a diol including ethylene glycol or its ester derivative are subjected to polycondensation reaction in liquid phase and molten state under heating in the presence of a polycondensation catalyst to produce a polyester (a) having an intrinsic viscosity, as measured in o-chlorophenol, of 0.7 to 1.5 dl/g; a hot water treatment step in which the polyester (a) is contacted with hot water of 60.degree. to 130.degree. C. for 30 minutes to 10 hours; a drying step in which the polyester after the hot water treatment step is dried at a temperature of 110.degree. to 150.degree. C. for 30 minutes to 6 hours; and a heat treatment step in which the polyester after the drying treatment step is heated at a temperature of 160.degree. to 200.degree. C.

Abstract: An atmospheric pressure process for the continuous production of polyester is disclosed wherein a melt of dihydroxy ethyl terephthalate, or its low molecular oligomers, obtained by esterifying terephthalic acid or transesterifying dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol, is intimately contacted with an inert gas to facilitate polymerization and removal of the reaction by-products. The ethylene glycol evolved and the inert gas are recycled.

Abstract: An alkali metal compound such as metallic cesium, cesium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide monohydrate, metallic rubidium, rubidium hydroxide or rubidium hydroxide monohydrate is used as a catalyst, crude polyoxyalkylene polyol containing the catalyst is neutralized with a mineral acid or an organic acid, an aqueous solution layer containing an alkali metal salt is brought into contact with an anion exchange resin to adsorb mineral acid anion or organic acid anion, the alkali metal compound catalyst is recovered, alkylene oxide undergoes ring-opening addition polymerization on an active hydrogen compound in the presence of the recovered alkali metal compound catalyst to prepare polyoxyalkylene polyol, the catalyst is thereafter separated, recovered and reused, and such recycle of the alkali metal compound catalyst provides an economical process.

Abstract: The subject invention relates to method for processing crude polyoxymethylene in which the isolation of unstable components from crude polyoxymethylene, such as residual monomers which are at least partly in the form of cyclic formaldehyde derivatives, is effected by treatment of the crude polyoxymethylene with an inert gaseous medium. The method of the invention is characterized in that the gaseous medium contains at least 10 volume % of water vapor, and less than 0.1 volume % of a volatile base, and/or less than 1 volume % of a volatile solvent. In an alternative variant method, the gaseous medium contains at least 10 volume % of water vapor and the treatment occurs at a temperature between 114.degree. C and the softening temperature of the crude polyoxymethylene and at a pressure of less 1.2 .multidot.10.sup.5 Pa.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for improving the water-whitening resistance of a pressure sensitive adhesive containing an aqueous latex emulsion and water-soluble ions by removing the water-soluble ions and adjusting the pH of the pressure sensitive adhesive formulation to at least about 6.0. The preferred method of removing the water-soluble ions is to contact either the aqueous latex emulsion, the formulated pressure sensitive adhesive containing the aqueous latex emulsion, or both with ion exchange resin. The product produced by the process is also disclosed.

Abstract: Polymers of maleic, fumaric or malic acids or maleic, fumaric or malic acid and ammonia with amino acids are prepared by heating at 180.degree.-350.degree. C., preferably 200.degree.-300.degree. C. The polymer formed may be converted to a salt by hydrolysis with a metal hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of special alkyd resins and/or special polyester resins of monobasic carboxylic acids and/or esters thereof, polybasic carboxylic acids and/or anhydrides thereof, polyhydric alcohols and polyethylene glycol containing residual acid carboxyl groups at least partly reacted to form salts as pressure-sensitive hot-melt adhesives removable with aqueous solutions.

Abstract: Dimethyl terephthalate is recovered from polymer mixtures containing polymers of terephthalic acid and glycol and a chloride polymer, by adding base to neutralize the hydrochloric acid formed by the degradation of the chloride polymer.

Abstract: A method for reducing residual unsaturated monomer content of an aqueous dispersion of a saturated polymer. The method involves contacting the aqueous dispersion with ozone resulting in ozonolysis of unsaturated monomers. The method is simple, economical and can be used with existing production facilities.

Abstract: Polyarylene thioethers having recurring units of the formula[--(S--E--).sub.a --(--SO--E--).sub.b --(SO.sub.2 --E).sub.c --](I)in which E are, independently of one another, phenylene, naphthylene or biphenylene, a and c have, independently of one another, values from 0 to less than 1 and b has values from greater than zero to less than 1, with the proviso that the sum of a+b+c is equal to 1 and at least two of the indices are greater than zero, are obtained by oxidation of polyarylene sulfides in two stages, wherein in the first stage a polymer in solid form in a suspension medium is oxidized with ozone and the reaction product obtained is in the second stage reacted in acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of catalytic amounts of concentrated sulfuric acid and/or with addition of equilibrium per-acids. The polyarylene thioethers are suitable for the production of molded parts having high temperature resistance and high resistance to chemicals.

Abstract: Process for preparing a polyarylene sulfone by oxidizing a polyarylene thioether in acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide, the reaction being carried out in the presence of catalytic amounts of concentrated sulfuric acid and/or with the addition of equilibrium per-acids. The reaction products are suitable for producing molded parts having high temperature resistance and high resistance to chemicals.

Abstract: A procedure is described for wet chemical surface modification of formed articles and substrates coated with made of organopolysiloxanes: the articles formed were contacted with metal hydroxide solutions to tailor the binding capacity for ions, particularly metal ions, bivalent cations, organic macro anions, and organic macro cations, e.g. proteins. The procedure creates organopolysiloxane surfaces which are better wettable, have reduced surface resistance, are less sticky, are smoother and more biocompatible.

Abstract: A process for treating an impure thermoplastic polymer, including raw and recycled polymers, during extrusion to separate low molecular weight compounds therefrom, including: introducing a separating agent into plasticized impure thermoplastic polymer passing through a first high pressure zone, the low molecular weight compounds of the plasticized polymer being at least partially soluble in the separating agent; extracting at least a part of the low molecular weight compounds from the plasticized polymer into the separation agent during passage of the plasticized polymer through an extraction zone; removing the separating agent charged with low molecular weight compounds from the extruder as the plasticized polymer passes through a low pressure zone having a residual pressure, P, which is lower the introductory pressure, P.sub.e, and for which 1 bar.gtoreq.P.gtoreq.P.sub.

Abstract: An aqueous phenol-formaldehyde resin solution with formaldehyde-phenol mol ratio in the range of 1.8 to 2.8, polymerization catalyst of 3% to 9% by weight, measured as NaOH equivalent, with less than 1% by weight potassium hydroxide, and about 0.1% to about 0.75% by weight potassium carbonate added after the catalytically-activated polymerization reaction has subsided while the resin is both soluble and fusible ("A" resol stage). Adhesive binders exhibit tolerance for variables in veneer moisture content from 0% to around 25% and in production timing from delivery of the veneer for assembly to curing of around 10 minutes to about 2 hours without significant degradation of bonding quality.

Abstract: A process for the titanate catalyzed preparation of plasticizers from polycarboxylic acids and alcohols which minimizes waste water and is energy efficient. The reaction product is treated with aqueous caustic and is then filtered using an absorbent medium which removes titanium, caustic, acid salts and water. The need for water washing is obviated, and the final plasticizer product has excellent properties.

Abstract: A process for reducing the concentration of epichlorohydrin by-products in the manufacture of polyamide-epichlorohydrin resins, comprising reacting polyaminopolyamide prepolymer in aqueous solution with epichlorohydrin and an immiscible solvent for the epichlorohydrin, continuing the reaction of the prepolymer with the epichlorohydrin to produce the desired viscosity of the aqueous phase, stabilizing the resin product by diluting or acidifying the aqueous phase, separating the solvent from the aqueous resin, and treating the solvent phase with caustic to convert epichlorohydrin by-products to epichlorohydrin for recycling.