Abstract: Resinous compositions comprising lignin and polymerized rosin. Use of salts of the resinous compositions as concrete air-entraining agents and asphalt emulsifiers.

Abstract: This invention relates to therapeutic reagents and peptides, radiodiagnostic reagents and peptides, and methods for producing label radiodiagnostic agents. Specifically, the invention relates to linear peptide derivatives and analogs of somatostatin, and embodiments of such peptides radiolabeled with a radioisotope, as well as methods and kits for making, radiolabeling and using such peptides for radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic purposes. The invention specifically relates to linear peptide derivatives and analogues of somatostatin radiolabeled with technetium-99m and uses thereof as scintigraphic imaging agents. The invention so specifically relates to liner peptide derivatives and analogues of somatostatin radiolabeled with cytotoxic radioisotopes such as rhenium-186 (.sup.186 Re) and rhenium-188 (.sup.188 Re) for use as radiotherapeutic agents. Methods and kits for making, radiolabeling and using such peptides diagnostically and therapeutically in a mammalian body are also provide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lignocellulose solution and its production method, further to a degradable foam and its production method. The degradable foam of the present invention is produced by foaming and hardening with an ordinary foaming agent and hardening agent the lignocellulose solution which is obtained by dissolving lignocellulose and/or its derivatives in aliphatic polyester polyol, or else such solution with photodegradation promoters added thereto; and is also produced by foaming and hardening with an ordinary foaming agent and an ordinary hardening agent the lignocellulose solution which is obtained by dissolving lignocellulose and/or its derivatives in the bio-/photo-degradable aliphatic polyester polyol which is obtained by a polycondensation of the dicarboxylic acid composed of aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and keto containing dicarboxylic acid or its ester and aliphatic diol.

Abstract: Polymers containing lignin and organic compounds are produced by polymerizing the lignin with organic compounds containing at least 3 carbon atoms as well as oxygen, nitrogen and/or multiple-linkage functions in the presence of radically oxidizing enzymes and of oxidation products constituting their substrate.

Abstract: A benzylated lignocellulosic substance obtained through benzylation, wherein 46 to less than 97% of lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) contained in a wood raw material from which the substance is formed remains.

Abstract: A composite molecular active substance group for use in restitutive chemotherapy against viral infections, which is produced by the process comprising: (a) preparing lignin units by carrying out an extraction in an aqueous media under weakly acidic or alkaline conditions of wood or wood-like materials and/or plant-cell cultures and separating-off the resultant insoluble solids; (b) preparing lignoid units by carrying out an aqueous alkaline extraction at a pH of 7 to 14 of starting materials selected from the group consisting of wood-incarbonization products and bioconverted wood-like materials and separating-off the resultant alkali-insoluble solids; and (c) preparing a water-soluble mixed polymer by reacting the lignin units from step (a) with the lignoid units from step (b), under aqueous alkaline isolating by ultrafiltration a low molecular weight fraction having a molecular weight of no more than 3000 daltons of the mixed polymer, taking a cut between 15 to 40 kilodaltons and discarding the resultant res

Abstract: A benzylated lignocellulosic substance obtained through benzylation, wherein 46 to less than 97% of lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) contained in a wood raw material from which the substance is formed remains.

Abstract: A novel gamma retinoic acid receptor is disclosed. The novel receptor is encoded for by cDNA carried on plasmid pGEM-hRAR.gamma., which has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection for patent purposes. Chimeric receptor proteins are also disclosed. The chimera contain at least one functional domain from the new gamma retinoic acid receptor.

Abstract: A method for producing agriculturally active substances such as pesticides to provide improved resistance to environmental degradation, especially heat and ultra-violet light. The method involves the direct reaction of an active protein toxin of a biologically derived pesticide with a UV protectant to form a stable complex having the UV protectant as an integral part of its structure. The method employs lignosulfonates, such as sulfite lignin or sulfonated lignin, or alternately sulfonated lignite, sulfonated tannins, napthalene sulfonates or other related compounds as the UV protectant.

Abstract: The aqueous, alcoholic or aqueous/alcoholic composition for fixing hair includes from 1.0 to 10 percent by weight of a sulfur-free lignin, which can be hydroxypropyl lignin, hydroxybutyl lignin, dihydroxypropyl lignin and/or mixtures thereof; from 1 to 15% by weight of a film-forming polymer; and a solvent including water, an alcohol having one to four carbon atoms and/or mixtures thereof. It can be in the form of an aerosol hair spray, a non-aerosol hair spray, a non-aerosol foam or a non-aerosol hair lacquer. The composition can also include 2 to 80 percent by weight of a propellant.

Abstract: A graft copolymer of a vascular plant having a biologically produced part that is the plant or a component thereof and at least one sidechain, Sc, having randomly repeat unit, R.sub.ru, wherein R.sub.ru are formed by the polymerization of at least one substituted ethene polymerable by free radical polymerization. The sidechain repeat unit, R.sup.ru, has the structure ##STR1## such that the side groups, R.sub.i where i=1 to 4, on the sidechain are selected from the group of alkanes, alkenes, amides, alcohols, alkoxides, aromatics, cycloalkanes, esters, halogens, hydrogen, phenols, and nitrile groups and such groups further substituted with one or more groups. The side groups on the sidechain may vary from one repeat unit to another. The number of sidechains on the woody plant fragment can vary from 1 to 500 and the number of repeat units in each sidechain can vary from 1 to 500,000.

Abstract: A method of reducing acid emission from a flue gas produced by combustion of a sulphur-containing fuel. A pyrolysis liquor containing a thermolabile alkaline earth metal compound is introduced into a flue containing the flue gas. The alkaline earth metal compound is able to decompose at flue gas temperature to produce an alkaline compound able to react with sulphur dioxide in the flue gas. A liquor additive to inject into a flue gas resulting from a combustion of a sulphur containing fuel to reduce the acid content of the flue gas is also described. The liquor comprises a pyrolysis liquor, initially acidic but at least partially neutralized by basic alkaline earth metal compounds. The resulting liquor contains at least one thermolabile alkaline earth metal compound able to decompose at flue gas temperature to produce an alkaline compound able to react with sulphur dioxide. A method of producing the liquor is also described.

Abstract: A process for producing an oxidized lignosulfonate composition comprising admixing a lignosulfonate and nitric acid such that the amount of acid comprises from about 35% to about 100% by weight of dry solids of the lignosulfonate, and reacting said mixture for a time sufficient to form the oxidized lignosulfonate composition.

Abstract: A multi-purpose resin synthesized from a mixture of a protein and a carbohydrate by ammoniation instead of hydrolysis is described. Any primary product of photosynthesis (glucose, starch or lignocellulose) is qualified for use as the carbohydrate component of the resin, which is an expedient, low-cost and benign substitute for conventional thermosetting resins in the manufacture of numerous industrial products.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing lignin for carbon fiber spinning, comprising subjecting to heat treatment in a non-oxidizing atmosphere a phenolated lignin obtained by phenolation of lignin dissolved out in delignification of a woody material, or a phenolated lignin derived from digestion of a woody material with a phenol.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lignin preparation prepared from black liquor derived from an alkali delignification process, such as the sulphate process, soda process or polysulphide process. The lignin preparation comprises mainly lignin and at least the major part of the sodium content of the lignin separated from the black liquor deriving from such processes has been replaced with calcium, therewith to provide a lignin preparation having improved properties which render the preparation more suitable for use as fuel.

Abstract: An antiviral medicinal composition having spent liquor from kraft pulping and/or processed products thereof (kraft lignin, sulfomethylated and/or sulfopropylated kraft lignin) as major constituents, are effective agents in therapeutic and/or preventive methods against AIDS.

Abstract: Process for enhancing the natural bile acid binding capacity of edible pulp material by either heating an aqueous slurry of the pulp material to at least 40.degree. C. and/or sequentially reacting pulp with a first reactant, such as sodium hydroxide, for activating the pendant hydroxyl groups on the polysaccharide components of the pulp material, a second reactant, such as chloroacetic acid, for carboxylating the activated pendant groups on the polysaccharides, and a third reactant, such as calcium hydroxide, for providing calcium ions which can ionically bond to the carboxylated pendant groups.

Abstract: A method of producing a submicron lignin-based binder resin composition for black aqueous printing ink formulation having an improved storage stability wherein from 10 to 25% of the submicron lignin binder resin is replaced by acrylic resin, rosin resin, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer resin, or a combination thereof. The submicron lignin-based resin composition functions as a grinding agent for the pigment in formulating and as a binder for the pigment in the printing process.

Abstract: A method of producing a lignin amine salt resin composition for black aqueous printing ink formulation having an improved storage stability wherein from 10 to 60% of the lignin amine salt resin is replaced by acrylic resin, rosin resin, or a combination thereof. The lignin amine salt formulation functions as a grinding agent for the pigment in formulating and as a binder for the pigment in the printing process.

Abstract: A single step method of converting lignocellulosic materials to sugars including combining and mixing a low solids content lignocellulosic material with concentrated sulfuric acid, allowing the reaction to proceed and then separating the sulfuric acid and sugar solution from the reaction product. A modified single step method includes dilution of the reaction product with water, followed by continued reaction and subsequent separation of the sulfuric acid and sugar solution.

Abstract: Lignin, or a lignin derived material, which has been significantly demethylated (e.g., the demethylated lignin found in the raffinate produced as a by-product of dimethyl sulfide production which can be carried out using the spent liquor from wood pulping operations) can be isolated by a process wherein an organic solvent is added to a lignin-containing aqueous solution. The organic solvent is typically a polar, and at least a partially water-immiscible substance such as, for example, ethyl acetate. The resulting lignin-containing aqueous solution/organic solvent mixture is acidified to produce a water layer which is discarded and an organic solvent layer which contains the demethylated lignin. Upon its recovery, the demethylated lignin is dissolved in an alkaline solution to which an aldehyde source is added to produce a resol-type resin. The aldehyde source may be formaldehyde in solution, paraformaldehyde, hexamethylenetetramine, or other aldehydes including acetaldehyde, furfural, and their derivatives.

Abstract: A nitrite-oxidized base lignosulfonate and a method of making the same; the method comprises providing a base lignosulfonate material and oxidizing it in the presence of sodium nitrite under alkaline conditions at a temperature greater than about 100.degree. C.; useful products of same are dispersants for dyes and dispersants for setting materials e.g. gypsum.

Abstract: Process for preparing lignocellulosic bodies by bringing lignocellulosic parts into contact with a composition comprising a polyisocyanate, fumed silica and a non-ionic liquid gellant and by pressing this combinations of parts and composition.The adhesion of the parts is excellent and the binder composition can be easily sprayed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to drilling fluid additives, more particularly to superior drilling fluid thinners or polyfunctional drilling fluid conditioners, and methods of their preparation. The thinners comprise chelates and complexes prepared by reaction of sulfonitrohumic acid and sulfolignin with compounds of elements of Groups IVB and VIII of the periodic table, and especially titanium zirconium iron sulfolignin sulfonitrohumates, as well as mixture formed in the reaction. These chelates are stable, and are readily binded with clay and have a good heat resistance. The thinners of the present invention can remarkably reduce viscosity, yield point, gel strength and water loss of well-drilling fluids, and have a high salts and calcium resistivity, and can be widely used in extracting and exploiting petroleum, natural gas, geothermal fluids and underground water.

Abstract: The invention is a very highly refined arabinogalactan gum falling within the molecular weight range of 6,000-2,500,000 and having a tannic acid equivalent of less than about 0.5 mg/g. The preferred product will have a molecular weight within the range of 6,000-1,300,000 and tannic acid equivalent no higher than about 0.25. The product is nearly colorless and is tasteless and odorless. it is prepared by first making a crude water extract of a natural source such as larch wood. This extract is next refined by the addition of an active MgO to precipitate the bulk of the lignans and iron containing compounds. Following that it is processed through a membrane no larger than about 0.45 .mu.m to remove any species having molecular weights in excess of about 2,500,000. The permeate may then be treated on successively smaller membranes down to about 6,000 daltons.

Abstract: A lignosellulose-phenolic compound composite product having a weight ratio of the lignocellulose material to the phenolic compound of 0.4/1.0 to 5.0/1.0 is prepared by heat-dissolving the lignocellulose material in a solvent comprising, as a main component, at least one phenolic compound, optionally in the presence of a dissolving acid catalyst, and then adjusting the amount of the phenolic compound to a level of 1/0.4 to 1/5.0 of the weight of the lignocellulose material, in which heat-dissolving step water generated, as a by-product, from the reaction of the lignocellulose material with the phenolic compound is preferably eliminated, to allow the temperature of the reaction system to rise and thus promote the heat-dissolving reaction.

Abstract: Lignin sulfonates are converted into sulfonic acid esters by blocking free phenolic hydroxyl groups on the lignin sulfonates from reaction with a suitable protective group, subjecting the blocked lignin sulfonate in aqueous solution to ion exchange to produce the free sulfonic acid thereof, exchanging the aqueous solvent into a polar organic solvent, such as isopropanol, and reacting the sulfonic acid derivative in the polar organic solvent with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic epoxide, preferably an alkylene oxide. The resulting sulfonic acid ester adduct may be isolated and purified from the reactants using solvent extraction. Lignin sulfonic acid ester adducts are produced that are soluble in a variety of organic solvents and insoluble in water.

Abstract: A method is provided for isolating a less than 5,000 dalton molecular weight extracellular product from Coriolus versicolor. The extracellular product is useful for biosolubilizing low-rank coals to form water-soluble products.

Abstract: A sulfonated lignin composition suitable for use as an additive in other chemical compositions and processes having improved solubility in aqueous medium at varying pH levels, and a method of producing such sulfonated water-soluble lignin products by reaction of an unsulfonated or a sulfonated starting lignin compound with sulfuric acid having a concentration of at least about 95%, while maintaining the temperature of the reaction below 40.degree. C. for a sufficient time to sulfonate the same. Sulfuric acid sulfonation increases the organically bound sulfonic acid content of the starting lignin compound at least about 1.7 moles sulfonic acid per mole of lignin, while providing water-solubility of the product at a wide range of pH levels.

Abstract: A sulfonated lignin composition suitable for use as an additive in other chemical compositions and processes having essentially complete water solubility in aqueous medium at all pH levels, and a method of producing such sulfonated water-soluble lignin products by reaction of an unsulfonated or a sulfonated starting lignin compound with oleum, while maintaining the temperature of the reaction below 40.degree. C. for a sufficient time to sulfonate the same. Oleum sulfonation provide an increases the organically bound sulfuonic acid content of the starting lignin compound of at least about 4.2 moles sulfonic acid per mole of lignin, while providing essentially complete water solubility of the product at all pH levels.

Abstract: A sulfonated lignin composition suitable for use as an additive in other chemical compositions and processes having improved solubility in aqueous medium at varying pH levels, and a method of producing such sulfonated water-soluble lignin products by reaction of an unsulfonated or a sulfonated starting lignin compound with sulfuric acid having a concentration of at least about 95%, while maintaining the temperature of the reaction below 40.degree. C. for a sufficient time to sulfonate the same. Sulfuric acid sulfonation increases the organically bound sulfonic acid content of the starting lignin compound at least about 1.7 moles sulfonic acid per mole of lignin, while providing water-solubility of the product at a wide range of pH levels.

Abstract: A sulfonated lignin composition suitable for use as an additive in other chemical compositions and processes having essentially complete water solubility in aqueous medium at all pH levels, and a method of producing such sulfonated water-soluble lignin products by reaction of an unsulfonated or a sulfonated starting lignin compound with oleum, while maintaining the temperature of the reaction below 40.degree. C. for a sufficient time to sulfonate the same. Oleum sulfonation provide an increases the organically bound sulfonic acid content of the starting lignin compound of at least about 4.2 moles sulfonic acid per mole of lignin, while providing essentially complete water solubility of the product at all pH levels.

Abstract: A method of producing a sulfated lignin comprising the steps of dissolving lignin in an aqueous alkaline solution, adding an organic amine-sulfur trioxide complex to the dissolved lignin, and reacting the amine-sulfur trioxide complex with the lignin under conditions to sulfate the same.

Abstract: A synergistic combination of high-shear mechanical disruption and alkali pretreatment in a high solids reaction mixture constitutes a significant improvement in the alkaline peroxide treatment of lignocellulosic materials. The simultaneous application of these conditions greatly reduces the amounts of reagents otherwise required, and also eliminates the waste stream of liquid byproducts. Suitable sources of substrate treatable by this process include nonwoody plant parts, crop residues, and agricultural byproducts. The products of this treatment are nontoxic and characterized by high cellulose availability. These products are thereby useful as carbohydrate sources in ruminant feeds, as microbial feedstocks, and as sources of dietary fiber for humans and other monogastrics.

Abstract: The chemical components of lignocellulosic material which have been dissociated by a steam explosion process can be extracted from the mixture of components using a solvent extraction process. The solvents are water, alcohol and a mild caustic in that order, or the alcohol step can be by-passed and only water and caustic are used. The caustic is a stronger solvent and it will extract the alcohol solubles along with the caustic only solubles. The eluant from the these extractions contains a range of lignin derived substances, which have different applications, such as thermoplastic and thermosetting characteristics. This invention describes a method for partitioning these lignin components into reproducible fractions having definable characteristics for particular applications. For instance, many copolymer applications require a thermosetting only fraction of the lignin. Other applications require a thermoplastic only lignin.

Abstract: A new depressant composition is provided for the enhanced separation into separate value metal concentrates of copper, nickel, zinc, lead present in polymetallic and massive sulphide ores.The depressant is added in an aqueous solution prepared by dissolving first a mixture of quebrachio and dextrin, or quebracho and guar gum. To the solution of modified quebracho a water soluble salt of lignin sulphonate is added. The aqueous polymer of modified quebracho lignin sulphonate is further mixed with one or more of the following inorganic reagents: water soluble cyanide, metal sulphates and water soluble sulphites. The resulting depressant is added together with conventional flotation reagents in conventional mineral separation stages as required.

Abstract: A process for the production of lignin in which lignin is precipitated from aqueous solution by acidification and agitation and the precipitated lignin is separated from accompanying liquid in which the lignin-containing solution and the acid are introduced by simultaneous cocurrent flow into an agitated mixing region, the precipitated lignin is separated not more than 60 minutes after precipitation and the separated lignin is subsequently washed. The process can form a step in a general process for the treatment of lignocellulosic materials to produce one or more products including lignin. The process enables the ash content of lignin to be reduced.

Abstract: The chemical components of lignocellulosic material that have been dissociated by a stream explosion process can be extracted from the mixture of components using a solvent extraction process. The dissociated lignocellulosic material is put in a column and the substances which are soluble in water, alcohol and caustic are leached out of the mixture by solvent extraction with relatively small volumes of those solvents. No agitation is used. Substantially pure cellulose remains in the column and it can be bleached before removal from the column.

Abstract: A continuous hydrolysis process for the hydrolysis of wood and wood derived products into sugars and other products, wherein woodchip or other feedstock is formed into a slurry which is acidified, pressurized and heated before being hydrolyzed in reactors J. Three heat exchangers L1, L2 and L3 form a closed circuit in which exchanger L2 recovers heat from the slurry, L1 returns heat to the slurry and L3 makes up lost heat. The slurry is cooled before pressure reduction by pressure reducing means N and separation of the solids and liquid. The cooling prevents flashing to steam of part of the liquid in the slurry so that the process is single phase where generation of steam is avoided. After separation the solids can proceed to further processing or to discharge as lignin as indicated by arrow B. The liquid can proceed to further processing or discharge as indicated by arrow D.

Abstract: A method is disclosed to degrade lignin comprising reacting the lignin in a liquid medium under aerobic conditions with an amount of persulfate anion and a transition metal cation effective to catalyze the oxidative degradation of the lignin.

Abstract: A polymer material of the product of reaction of a grass plant lignin derivative comprising lignin polymer fragments recovered from black liquor obtained in the pulping of grass plant material and containing an average of more than 0.4 sites per phenyl propane unit of the polymer fragments reactive to base catalyzed substitution and condensation reactions, with an electrophilic compound which is capable of reacting twice at one side or at least once at each of two different sites.

Abstract: An improved method of producing methylolated lignins from the black liquor residue of a kraft wood-pulping process, which methylolated lignins may be further employed in other chemical reactions, such as in the production of sulfomethylated lignin salts suited for use as dyestuff dispersants, comprising the steps of oxidizing the black liquor residue of a kraft wood-pulping process containing lignin, organic, and inorganic salts, treating the black liquor residue with an aldehyde to methylolate the lignin therein, lowering the pH of the black liquor residue to precipitate the lignin therefrom, and isolating and recovering the methylolated lignin for subsequent chemical reactions. The black liquor residue of the kraft pulping process is oxidized, before methylolation of the lignin therein, to reduce the presence of sodium sufide in the black liquor residue to about 1 percent or less.

Abstract: A method of producing a lignin by-product of the black liquor residue of a kraft pulping process having improved water-solubility in amine salt form wherein the lignin precipitate of the black liquor residue is water-wash purified and maintained at moderately acid pH of no lower than about 5. The lignin may then be combined in aqueous slurry with an organic amine, such as monoethanolamine, to provide a highly stable aqueous solution of the amine salt of the lignin. The water-soluble lignin salt is particularly suited for use as an additive in water-based pigment printing compositions. The lignin amine salt functions as a grinding agent for the pigment in formulating and as a binder for the pigment in the printing process.

Abstract: An improved method of producing sodium salts of low electrolyte-containing lignosulfonates suited for use as dye and print paste additives, comprising the steps of (1) methylolating a sodium salt of a lignin compound in an alkaline aqueous medium by the addition of a suitable methylolating component, such as formaldehyde, (2) adding sulfur dioxide to the methylolated lignin in aqueous medium to lower the pH of the lignin to a pH of between about 6.1 to 6.3, (3) heating the resultant aqueous composition containing the methylolated lignin to sulfonate the same by reaction with a sulfur-containing compounds present therein.Resultant sodium salt lignosulfonate products suitable as additives in dyestuffs and dyestuff compositions containing such additives are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention is a method of producing surfactants from lignin which comprises subjecting lignin to two reactions, alkylation with an alkyl chain having about 3 to about 24 carbon atoms at phenolic sites, and oxidation sufficient to break the lignin into smaller polymeric and monomeric units. The invention also includes using these lignin surfactants in surfactant floods for enhanced oil recovery.

Abstract: The present invention relates to modified lignosulfonate materials and the process for their preparation. These modified lignosulfonates result from the sulfonation of ultrafiltered lignosulfonates by reaction with sulfite-bisulfite salts. The removal of sugars and other low molecular weight impurities makes formation of these new modified lignosulfonates more complete. These derivative materials when reacted with metal salts such as chromium, ferrous, ferric, titanium, and zirconium produce oil well drilling fluid dispersant products with significantly improved performance and thermal properties.

Abstract: A deicing product comprising a mixture having, based upon the total weight of solid in said deicing product between 12% and 75% acetate salts, trace amounts and 36% carbonate salts, 1 and 24% formate salts, 1 and 32% pseudolactate salts. The cations of said salts are selected from the class consisting of sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium. Lignin fractions and low molecular weight sugars may also be present, as well as other chemicals derived from the method of making black liquor and this new product. A method of making same is disclosed. It comprises using a black liquor obtained from a pulp mill operation, fractionating said black liquor into a low molecular weight fraction, concentrating said collected low molecular weight fraction to produce a concentrated deicing product.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of oligosaccharides-containing products from biomass involving the use of hydrochloric acid for partly hydrolyzing biomass to easily fermentable oligosaccharides-containing products and easy recovery of the hydrochloric acid and the oligosaccharides containing products. The oligosaccharides-containing products themselves and use of the latter for the preparation of useful products like ethanol and penicillin by fermentation.

Abstract: Valuable new and widely used compositions of matter are comprised of products having enhanced solubility and increased dispersant and the like surfactant activity which products are resulfonated units of alkaline oxidized, hydrolyzed, partially desulfonated lignosulfonates.