Abstract: Provided are an extract, which is a fractionated component 1 of a water extract of a plant powder, wherein the fractionated component 1 is a fractionated component having a fractionation molecular weight of 12,000 or greater, wherein an ethanol-undissolved component of the fractionated component 1 exhibits a peak attributable to carboxylic acid in a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) measurement and exhibits a peak attributable to cellulose in a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) measurement, and wherein an ethanol-dissolved component of the fractionated component 1 exhibits a peak attributable to carboxylic acid in the FT-IR measurement and exhibits a peak attributable to a plant protein in the GC-MS measurement, and a water-purifying agent containing the extract.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a low endotoxin alkali chitosan, chitin, chitosan derivative or chitin derivative, and also to a process for producing low endotoxin neutral chitosan, chitosan salt and chitosan derivatives, and to the products of such processes. The process comprises contacting chitosan, chitin, chitosan derivative or chitin derivative with an alkali solution to form a mixture; leaving the mixture for a period of less than 1 hour and optionally drying the mixture. The low endotoxin alkali chitosan may be used in the manufacture of other useful chitosan based products.

Abstract: Disclosed is a porous structure including water-soluble chitosan; and a carboxymethyl cellulose-based compound, wherein a weight ratio of the water-soluble chitosan and the carboxymethyl cellulose-based compound is from 65:35 to 25:75, and a process for preparing the same.

Abstract: The present invention is a product and process to produce a new inclusion of a Chitosan-based compound and herbal extract, to provide consistent and long-lasting antimicrobial, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-spore, and anti-odor characteristics.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing a chitin oligomer, including subjecting chitin-containing biomass to partial hydrolysis while pulverizing the chitin-containing biomass with a pulverization apparatus in the co-presence of water and an acid catalyst selected from phosphoric acid, nitrous acid, and an organic acid (Method 1); a method of producing N-acetylglucosamine, including hydrolyzing a chitin oligomer obtained by the Method 1 by adding water thereto, followed by heating (Method 2); and a method of producing a 1-O-alkyl-N-acetylglucosamine, including alcoholyzing a chitin oligomer by adding an alcohol thereto (Method 3).

Abstract: Method for producing high molecular weight chitosan comprising milling or grinding chitin and a reagent to produce a chitin/reagent mixture; and aging said chitin/reagent mixture to produce a high molecular weight chitosan. Method for producing low molecular weight chitosan comprising amorphizing chitin; milling or grinding said amorphized chitin and a reagent to produce chitin/reagent mixture; and aging said chitin/reagent mixture producing low molecular weight chitosan.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a low endotoxin alkali chitosan, chitin, chitosan derivative or chitin derivative, and also to a process for producing low endotoxin neutral chitosan, chitosan salt and chitosan derivatives, and to the products of such processes. The process comprises contacting chitosan, chitin, chitosan derivative or chitin derivative with an alkali solution having a concentration of less than 0.25M to form a mixture; leaving the mixture for a period of less than 12 hours and optionally drying the mixture. The low endotoxin alkali chitosan may be used in the manufacture of other useful chitosan based products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a low endotoxin alkali chitosan, and also to a process for producing low endotoxin neutral chitosan, chitosan salt and chitosan derivatives, and to the products of such processes. The process comprises contacting chitosan with an alkali solution to form a mixture and leaving the mixture for at least about 12 hours. The low endotoxin alkali chitosan may be used the manufacture of other useful chitosan based products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a low endotoxin alkali chitosan, and also to a process for producing low endotoxin neutral chitosan, chitosan salt and chitosan derivatives, and to the products of such processes. The process comprises contacting chitosan with an alkali solution to form a mixture and leaving the mixture for at least about 12 hours. The low endotoxin alkali chitosan may be used in the manufacture of other useful chitosan based products.

Abstract: Anaerobic digestion apparatus comprises a first chamber for retaining organic matter before and/or during anaerobic digestion and a second chamber for retaining organic matter during anaerobic digestion. The anaerobic digestion apparatus is configured to refrigerate or heat the first chamber to suppress methanogenesis in the first chamber. The anaerobic digestion apparatus comprises a controller programmed to regulate the anaerobic digestion process and to thereby reduce system perturbations. The flow of organic matter to the second chamber where methanogenesis is regulated. There is disclosed an inoculum for anaerobic digestion comprising Acetobacterium woodii and Methanosaeta concilii.

Abstract: Degradable water- and oil-resistant article is made of chitin and contains water-activated chitin-degrading enzyme or enzymes. Initially supplied in an inactive lyophilized (dry) form, the enzyme or enzymes upon exposure to water present in ambient environment degrade chitin-based article to chitosan, a benign compound. Several article embodiments presented, some with water ingress retardant features.

Abstract: A disposable degradable drinking straw made of chitin contains water-activated degrading enzymes. Initially in inactive lyophilized (dry) form, the enzymes upon exposure to ambient water in environment degrade chitin-based drinking straw to chitosan, a benign compound.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method comprising the step of incubating chitosan in an aqueous solution of an organic carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a modified chitosan obtainable by the method of the present invention, a hydro colloid, a compound of formula [X]n, a composition comprising the modified chitosan, the hydro colloid or compound according to the present invention, the modified chitosan, the hydro colloid, the compound or composition according to the present invention for use in human and/or veterinary medicine and the modified chitosan, the hydro colloid, the compound or composition according to the present invention for use in a method of treating and/or preventing mastitis, preferably latent mastitis and/or acute mastitis, endometritis, preferably chronic, acute and/or purulent-catarrhal endometritis, hoof- and claw diseases, lameness, lesions in the interdigital space, digital dermatitis, interdigital dermatitis, interdigital phlegmon, trichophytosis, microsporosis, mycosis of skin, allergies,

Abstract: Nanoparticles comprising partially deacetylated chitosan and ss or dsRNA partially complementary to, binding to or at least 90% identical to mRNA targets of viruses pathogenic in farmed crustaceans, compositions and farmed aquatic crustaceans comprising the same, and methods for their use in treating or preventing viral infection in aquaculture are provided.

Abstract: Methods for separating chitin from a chitinous biomass are described, the methods comprising contacting the chitinous biomass with an ionic liquid to form a mixture comprising chitin; contacting the mixture with an aqueous solution of a kosmotropic salt, thereby coagulating the chitin and forming an biphasic system comprising an ionic liquid-chitin phase and an aqueous kosmotropic salt phase; separating the ionic liquid-chitin phase from the aqueous kosmotropic salt phase; and collecting the chitin from the separated ionic liquid-chitin phase, thereby forming a recycled ionic liquid.

Abstract: The method, characterized in that, the powdered chitosan is dissolved in water to obtain a 5% solution, into which a 70-90% acetic acid is added and after the formation of the blank intramedullary nail and carrying a coagulating bath and neutralization bath it is subjected to a crosslinking bath in a solution formed from 0.5 to 2% of sodium tri-polyphosphate and 0.5% to 3% Na3PO4 for 24 to 48 hours in temperature of 50° C. to 140° C. and then it is subjected to the drying process, for a period of 6 to 10 days, and finally the surface of the blank is treated to form the intramedullary nail. The surface treatment is carried out until the surface of the intramedullary nail contains at least 20%-40% of the pore of the depth of 0.1 mm to 1 mm.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a versatile, macroporous, omniphilic polymeric sponges for absorption of organic liquids of varying polarity as well as water. Particularly, disclosed herein is an ice-templated macroporous omniphilic polymeric sponge as inexpensive versatile absorbents.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a polymer comprising a derivative of chitosan, wherein the derivative is zwitterionic, as well as methods of using the polymer. In addition, the present disclosure provides a nanoparticle structure comprising a derivative of chitosan and a dendrimer, as well as methods of utilizing the nanoparticle structure.

Abstract: A new generation elastomeric biopolymer produced by yeast belonging to the family Saccharomycetaceae, and an isolated yeast belonging to the genus Williopsis that produces and secretes the biopolymer.

Abstract: The invention relates to biocompatible, bioabsorbable derivatized non-crosslinked chitosan compositions optionally crosslinked to gelatin/collagen by 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) for biomedical use and methods of making and testing such compositions, including a modified acute systemic toxicity test. The compositions comprise derivatized chitosan reacetylated to a degree of N-deacetylation (DDA) of between about 15% and 40%. The compositions are typically bioabsorbed in about 90 days or less and can be made to bioabsorb at differing rates of speed. The compositions are initially soluble in aqueous solution below pH 6.5. The compositions have an acid content that can be adjusted between about 0% (w/w) and about 8% (w/w) to customize the composition for uses that require and/or tolerate differing levels of cytotoxicity, adhesion, composition cohesion, and cell infiltration into the composition.

Abstract: A method of treating a subterranean formation. The method may include providing a well treatment including a treatment complex formed of a treatment agent encapsulated, entrapped, or embedded in a polysaccharide, introducing the treatment complex into a wellbore through a subterranean formation, and allowing the treatment complex to release the treatment agent over a release time period. The method may include allowing the treatment complex to release the treatment agent after a delay time period from the introduction of the treatment complex into the wellbore.

Abstract: An injectable non-aqueous composition and a method of treating a vascular disease, the non-aqueous composition including: chitosan having a particle size of no greater than 50 ?m; alginate having a particle size of no greater than 50 ?m; and a non-aqueous carrier; wherein upon combination and injection into the vascular system of a subject, the composition causes a diseased portion of the vascular system to be absorbed into surrounding tissue.

Abstract: Enzymatically degradable compositions containing biocompatible polymers reactive with glycosaminoglycan compositions having a first glycosaminoglycan compound having a first degree of acetylation and a second glycosaminoglycan compound having a second degree acetylation different than the first degree of acetylation.

Abstract: An injectable non-aqueous composition and a method of treating a vascular disease, the non-aqueous composition including: chitosan having a particle size of no greater than 50 ?m; alginate having a particle size of no greater than 50 ?m; and a non-aqueous carrier; wherein upon combination and injection into the vascular system of a subject, the chitosan and alginate form a polyelectrolyte gel in situ.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to hyaluronic acid derivatives, and in particular, derivatives in which the N-acetyl group of hyaluronic acid has been substituted, and methods and uses thereof.

Abstract: A method for obtaining an elongate polysaccharide element, in particular a chitosan thread, includes extruding a hydroalcoholic extrusible solution containing a polyalcohol of said polysaccharide through an extrusion die, coagulating the extruded solution by neutralization, and at least one operation of removing the polyalcohol. The ratio of water to polyalcohol in the extrusible solution is determined such as to obtain in the elongate element a polysaccharide with the crystalline structure thereof mainly in the form of an anhydrous allomorph. Since the polysaccharide used to prepare the extrusible solution has a weight-average molar mass Mw0, the polysaccharide in the elongate element obtained preferably has a weight-average molar mass Mw1 comprised between Mw0 and 0.7 Mw0. Since the purpose is to obtain a chitosan thread, the latter has properties of mechanical strength and flexibility that allow the thread to be tied into overhand knots and to be woven without breaking.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions and methods for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. More specifically, the present invention relates to novel combinatorial therapies of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. In particular, the invention concerns compounds which, alone or in combination(s), can effectively modulate synapse function and/or angiogenesis and/or cell stress response. The invention also relates to methods of producing a drug or a drug combination for treating Alzheimer's disease and to methods of treating Alzheimer's disease or a related disorder.

Abstract: A medical device for delivery of a therapeutic agent to a physiological target site includes a flexible receptacle containing said therapeutic agent, wherein at least a part of the receptacle is formed of a water-soluble or water-dispersible material. The therapeutic agent may include a haemostatic agent and the physiological target site may be a wound.

Abstract: A tissue sealant for use in surgical and medical procedures for sealing the tissues of a living mammal is provided. The tissue sealant comprises a hydrogel which is formed by gelation of a premix disposed on the tissue to be sealed. The premix comprises alkylated chitosan or a gelatin, and a polybasic carboxylic acid or an oxidized polysaccharide, in an aqueous medium. The premix can also include a dehydrating reagent, a carboxyl activating reagent, or both. A specific use of the tissue sealant is in the repair of the dura mater after brain surgery to prevent leakage of cerebrospinal fluid. The tissue sealant may include a therapeutic or protective agent such as an antibiotic or an anti-inflammatory drug.

Abstract: Described herein are methods of inhibiting the growth of or killing a bacterium in an animal subject, preventing or delaying onset of an infection with a bacterium in an animal subject, preventing or delaying onset of a pathogen mediated disease or disorder in an animal subject, or reducing bacterial load in an animal subject, comprising administering an effective amount of a derivatized chitosan to the animal. Also described herein are preparations comprising a chitosan derivative for administration to an animal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to water soluble quaternized chitosan derivatives which form hydrogel matrix with broad antimicrobial properties for the protection and coating of medical device. Hydrogel is attractive as an antimicrobial coating since its hydrophilicity intrinsically prevents the reversible nonspecific attachment of microbes. In order to achieve hydrogel formation, quaternized chitosan can be grafted with polymerizable groups, especially photocrosslinkable groups, such as methacrylates, PEG derivatives and be converted into hydrogels through a thermal or UV polymerization process. Hydrogels are hydrated cross-linked polymeric systems that contain water in an equilibrium state forming cushion water shield. The present invention is widely used in many medical devices.

Abstract: A composite includes particles of thermoplastic polymer coated with a chitin nanowhisker gel and melt-blended. The thermoplastic polymer may be polystyrene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate, or another thermoplastic polymer. A method of processing chitin includes forming a non-colloidal mixture substantially of chitin and hydrochloric acid to subject the chitin to hydrolysis; upon the mixture becoming substantially colloidal, controlling conditions of the mixture to slow the hydrolysis; dialyzing the substantially colloidal mixture to produce a processed colloidal mixture consisting substantially of water and crystalline chitin; and reducing amount of agglomerated crystalline chitin and water in the processed colloidal mixture thereby to yield chitin nanowhisker gel.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the field of hemostasis, including methods, compositions, and devices that can be employed to treat wounds. More specifically the present invention relates to hemostatic compositions that reduce the need for, and cost of, nursing care of patients with chronic wounds by reducing the frequency of wound dressing changes.

Abstract: Valve-through tire puncture sealant compositions including dissolved and undissolved natural bio-materials, anti-freezing agents and other rigid particles are invented. In the preparation, an aqueous solution with 0.1-10 wt % dissolved bio-materials and 0.1%-10 wt % tackifier is mixed with anti-freezing agent, in which 0.01-5 wt % rigid particles of bio-materials and other particles are suspended. Weight percentage of water and anti-freezing agent are 20-40 wt % and 20-70 wt % respectively. Trace amounts of additives such as coloring and preservative are possibly added to the sealant. The invention includes the method for preparing the sealant composition containing bio-materials. The proposed sealant compositions have several advantages: Environmentally friendly, insignificant settling, long shelf-life, etc. The sealant is capable of sealing puncture formed by less than or equal to 6.35 mm spike for long duration, i.e. more than 30 hours.

Abstract: Articles containing soil adsorbing polymers, and more particularly, articles, for example nonwovens, such as paper towels, wovens, and/or sponges and/or article-forming components thereof that comprise a durably bonded soil adsorbing polymer, article-forming components used to make such articles, and processes for making same are provided.

Abstract: A wound dressing comprising acylated chitosan fibre. The dressing has a wet strength of 0.3 N/cm or above. The acylated chitosan fibre may have a degree of substitution of 0.10-0.50. The acylated chitosan fibre may preferably have a degree of substitution of 0.20-0.40. The dressing may have an absorbency of 5-25 g/g of a solution containing 8.298 g/l of sodium chloride and 0.368 g/l of calcium chloride dehydrate as measured by BSEN 13726-12002 Part 1 Aspects of Absorbency. The base material of the dressing may be chitosan fibre that has been chemically modified through an acylation process using anhydride and ethanol as the solvent. A method of manufacturing the wound dressing involves reacting chitosan fibre with anhydride and making acylated chitosan felt through a nonwoven process, and through cutting, packing and sterilizing processes.

Abstract: Microporous glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan sorbents, methods of making and using them, and a generator for the radioisotope 99Mo containing the sorbents.

Abstract: Methods for producing insect product are provided that include wet-grinding at least one whole insect into an insect slurry and drying the insect slurry to form a dried insect product comprising solid insect matter particles. Methods for producing a chitin product are also provided that include wet-grinding at least one whole insect into an insect slurry and removing chitin from at least a portion of the insect slurry. Insect products are also provided that include a composition derived from at least one whole insect and has solid insect matter particles, in which the composition has a peroxide value of about 30 meq/kg of fat or less and about 90% of the solid insect matter particles, by volume, has a particle size of about 1000 ?m or less.

Abstract: The invention relates to a bonding product comprising at least the polysaccharides T1 and T2, characterized in that a) the monosaccharides from which the polysaccharides T1 and T2 are constructed are partially or completely bonded to each other alpha-1,4-glycosidically and b) at least one of the polysaccharides T1 and/or T2 comprises at least one amino group and c) T1 and T2 are chemically bonded to each other covalently by at least one linker Z and d) T1 and/or T2 carries m groups -(L-A), wherein A is an active pharmaceutical ingredient and/or a fluorescence label, L is a second linker, by which T1 and/or T2 is covalently bonded to A, and m is an integer, which is 0 or at least 1.

Abstract: The present invention provides an implantable device having a biosoluble coating or a biosoluble body structure comprising a polyelectrolyte and a counterion and the methods of making and using the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a low endotoxin alkali chitosan, and also to a process for producing low endotoxin neutral chitosan, chitosan salt and chitosan derivatives, and to the products of such processes. The process comprises contacting chitosan with an alkali solution to form a mixture and leaving the mixture for at least about 12 hours. The low endotoxin alkali chitosan may be used in the manufacture of other useful chitosan based products.

Abstract: Because of the formation of disulfide bridges with mucus glycoproteins, the mucoadhesive properties of polymeric compounds can be significantly improved by the covalent attachment of thiol substructures to them. By the transformation of free thiol groups on such polymers in disulfides with mercaptonicotinamides or mercaptopyridoxins these thiol groups become comparatively more reactive resulting in significantly improved mucoadhesive properties. Furthermore, polymers exhibiting disulfide partial structures with mercaptonicotinamides or mercaptopyridoxins do not need to be protected against oxidation. In addition, they show comparatively higher permeation enhancing properties.

Abstract: Compositions of matter are provided that include chitosan and a modified carbohydrate. The modified carbohydrate includes a carbohydrate component and a cross linking agent. The modified carbohydrate has increased carboxyl content as compared to an unmodified counterpart carbohydrate. A carboxyl group of the modified carbohydrate is covalently bonded with an amino group of chitosan. The compositions of matter provided herein may include cross linked starch citrate-chitosan and cross linked hemicellulose citrate-chitosan, including foams thereof. These compositions yield excellent absorbency and metal chelation properties. Methods of making cross linked modified carbohydrate-chitosan compounds are also provided.

Abstract: At least some embodiments of the invention relates to an implant having a coating that contains or is composed of a functionalized RGD peptidomimetic RGD-P1 having the formula (1) and/or a functionalized RGD peptidomimetic RGD-P2 having the formula (2), and an associated manufacturing method.

Abstract: Provided herein is chitosan dually derivatized with arginine and gluconic acid; and methods of making and using the same, e.g., for gene delivery in vivo.

Abstract: Improved hemostatic agents take the form of granules or particles that can be used to stanch, seal, or stabilize a site of hemorrhage, including a noncompressible hemorrhage.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing chitin nanofibers, which includes the steps of deproteinizing a material derived from a chitin-containing organism by an alkali treatment, deashing a deproteinized integument by an acid treatment, optionally treating the deashed integument under acidic conditions, and then subjecting to a fiber-loosening treatment. The present invention also provides chitin nanofibers obtained by the method, and a composite material and a coating composition each containing the same. The present invention provides a method for producing chitosan nanofibers, which includes, in addition to the above steps, a deacetylation step and chitosan nanofibers obtained by the method, and a composite material and a coating composition each containing the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to therapeutic compositions comprising chitosan-derived compositions used in connection with methods for treating neoplasms, such as for instance, malignant lung, thyroid and kidney neoplasms, and other types of malignant neoplasms, and other medical disorders.

Abstract: A hemostatic tissue sealant sponge and a spray for acute wounds are disclosed. The sponge comprises hydrophobically modified polymers that anchor themselves within the membrane of cells in the vicinity of the wound. The seal is strong enough to substantially prevent the loss of blood inside the boundaries of the sponge, yet weak enough to substantially prevent damage to newly formed tissue upon recovery and subsequent removal of the sponge. In examples, the polymers inherently prevent microbial infections and are suitable for oxygen transfer required during normal wound metabolism. The spray comprises hydrophobically modified polymers that form solid gel networks with blood cells to create a physical clotting mechanism to prevent loss of blood. In an example, the spray further comprises at least one reagent that increases the mechanical integrity of the clot. In another example, the reagent prevents microbial infection of the wound.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods for producing chitosan derivatives and the derivatives formed by these methods. The processes of the present disclosure utilize electrochemical methods to functionalize and/or modify amine and/or hydroxyl groups present on chitosan, to form new derivatives. In embodiments, a chloro-chitosan derivative may be prepared. The altered cationic affinity of these derivatives make them excellent candidates for biomedical applications, including pharmaceuticals, as well as food applications.