Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the preparation of water soluble alkali metal salts of cellulose sulfate having a degree of substitution ranging from 1 to 3 and viscosity of 1 percent aqueous solution in excess of 20 centipoises (cps). The process involves the use of chlorosulfuric acid as a sulfonating agent in the presence of pyridine used as a solvent in reaction. The important steps of the process for preparation of the water soluble salts include presoaking of the cellulose in pyridine followed by washing the pyridine salt with an alcohol such as methanol and reacting saturated alkali metal bicarbonate or carbonate solutions with the sulfonated cellulose.

Abstract: A novel method has been discovered for the pretreatment of cellulose with acetic acid and acetic anhydride under pressure, resulting in uniformly activated cellulose fibers. The improved process for producing cellulose diacetate comprises the steps of: (1) pretreating and activating the fluffed cellulose fibers in a solution of glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride at room temperature and elevated pressure for a specific time; (2) mixing the activated cellulose containing acetic acid and anhydride further with a mixture of glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride and sulphuric acid catalyst and acetylating the cellulose at specific initial and end temperatures to form primary cellulose acetate; and (3) partially neutralizing the sulphuric acid catalyst and destroying the excess acetic anhydride by adding an aqueous solution of magnesium acetate with dilute acetic acid to provide an excess of water in the reaction dope for hydrolysis at elevated temperature and pressure conditions.

Abstract: The invention provides a selective adsorbent for cellular fibronectin (cFN) and a method for fractional purification of FN which includes contacting an FN material containing plasma fibronectin (pFN) and cFN with a crosslinked polysaccharide sulfate and/or an immobilized polysaccharide sulfate to fractionate the pFN and cFN.By the fractional purification method of the invention, cFN and pFN can be fractionated in an expedient manner and with high efficiency and both pFN and cFN can be recovered in high purity and good yield.

Abstract: A method of producing an absorbent composition. A polymeric material characterized as having surface anionic reactive sites is mixed with a source of multivalent metal ions to render the polymeric material sorbent of aqueous liquids. A dispersant is then added to form a wet slurry which is subsequently dried to a granular consistency.

Abstract: A modified cellulose and/or chitin for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein cell is cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, R" is H or R, R"' denotes R, x+t=0.75 to 2.85, t=0 to 2.85, x=0 to 2.85, and r=0 to 1. A process for preparation of the cellulose and/or chitin derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: A modified cellulose and/or chitin for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein Cell is cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, R" is H or R, Z corresponds to the following groups of atoms: SR", SO.sub.3 H and salts thereof, SO-R, SONR".sub.2, SO.sub.2 -R, SO.sub.2 NR".sub.2, SO.sub.2 H and salts thereof, F, Cl, Br, I, NR".sub.2, PR".sub.2, PO.sub.3 H.sub.2 and salts thereof, PO.sub.2 H(OR), PO(OR).sub.2, PO.sub.2 HR" and salts thereof, POR"(OR) and POR".sub.2, x+t=0.75 to 2.85, t=0 to 2.85, x=0 to 2.85, and z=0.01 to 0.45. A process for preparation of the cellulose and/or chitin derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: A modified cellulose and/or chitin for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein cell is unmodified cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, m=0.75 to 2.85, and x=0.005 to 2.10. A process for preparation of the cellulose and/or chitin derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: Cellulose derivatives are disclosed which have the following formula: ##STR1## wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, cycloalkylene or benzylene or xylylene radicals, which may or may not be substituted;X is selected from the group consisting of --H, --NR.sub.2, --N.sup.+ R.sub.3, --CN, --COOH, --SO.sub.3 H, --SO.sub.3 H, --PO(OR).sub.2, CONR.sub.2 or --Si(OR).sub.3 ;R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkenyl groups having from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and cycloalkyl, tolyl and phenyl groups;Y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups having from 1 to 36 carbon atoms, which may or may not be substituted, cycloalkyl, phenyl, tolyl and benzyl groups, ##STR2## (--CH.dbd.CH--COOH), and NHR, where R has the same meaning as in X, andm=0 to 2.5n=0.01 to 2.95,with the provision that, when m=0, n.gtoreq.1.55, if Y is an alkyl radical with 1 to 5 carbon atoms, 3-(CH.sub.2).sub.

Abstract: A modified cellulose for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein cell is cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, R" is H or R, R"' denotes R, x+t=0.75 to 2.85, t=0 to 2.85, x=0 to 2.85, and r=0 to 1. A process for preparation of the cellulose derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for the purification of tissue protein PP4 which can be obtained from placenta is described.This process makes use of the property of binding to saccharide polysulfates or to sulfated sugars in the presence of calcium ions.

Abstract: A modified cellulose for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein cell is unmodified cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, m=0.75 to 2.85, and x=0.005 to 2.10. A process for preparation of the cellulose derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: A modified cellulose for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein Cell is cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, R" is H or R, Z corresponds to the following groups of atoms: SR", SO.sub.3 H and salts thereof, SO-R, SONR".sub.2, SO.sub.2 -R, SO.sub.2 NR".sub.2, SO.sub.2 H and salts thereof, F, Cl, Br, I, NR".sub.2, PR".sub.2, PO.sub.3 H.sub.2 and salts thereof, PO.sub.2 H(OR), PO(OR).sub.2, PO.sub.2 HR" and salts thereof, POR"(OR) and POR".sub.2, x+t=0.75 to 2.85, t=0 to 2.85, x=0 to 2.85, and z=0.01 to 0.45. A process for preparation of the cellulose derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: Process for the depolymerization and sulfation of polysaccharides by reaction of said polysaccharides with a sulfuric acid/chlorosulfonic acid mixture.

Abstract: A chemically modified and activated, hydroxyl-group-containing, natural or synthetic, polymeric solid body surface is disclosed, as well as a process for the activation of such solid body surfaces by means of organo-silanes and, if necessary, homo- or heterobifunctional reagent. The surfaces are used for the stable, simple and economical binding of proteins, nucleic acids, low-molecular ligands, cells, microorganisms and other biological materials, in biology, biotechnology and medicine.

Abstract: A new method for preparation of sulfated polysaccharides by means of pyridine-chlorosulfonic acid reagents. The polysaccharide is before sulfation treated with a reducing agent, e.g. sodium borohydride.

Abstract: Polysaccharide esters containing aldehyde and acetal groups having the structural formulas ##STR1## are prepared by reacting a polysaccharide, such as a starch, gum, or cellulose, with an acetal-containing reagent which contains a functional group reactive with the hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide; Z is a multivalent organic group; A and A' are independently a lower alkyl or together form at least a 5-membered cyclic acetal; x is at least 1; and y is at least 1. When x is>1 the esters are corsslinked. Typical reagents for introducing the acetal group include 3,3-diethoxypropionyl guanidine (itself a novel compound) and 4-(methylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal)-4-oxo-butanoic acid). The derivatives are useful in conventional applications such as coatings, adhesives, paper additives and foodstuffs.

Abstract: A lipoprotein adsorbent for use in extracorporeal circulation treatment which is made of a water-insoluble porous hard gel which has an exclusion limit value from 10.sup.6 to 10.sup.9 measured by using glubular proteins and comprises a polymer having hydroxy group in at least a part of the molecule, at least a part of hydroxy groups on the surface of said gel being converted to sulfates. By using the adsorbent of the present invention, LDL and VLDL can be selectively and effectively removed from the body fluids of the patient. Further, the adsorbent of the present invention can be prepared in a lower cost than the adsorbent based on the principle of the affinity chromatography, in which a relatively expensive ligand is employed.

Abstract: A lipoprotein adsorbent for use in extracorporeal circulation treatment which is made of a water-insoluble porous hard gel which has an exclusion limit value from 10.sup.6 to 10.sup.9 measured by using glubular proteins and comprises a polymer having hydroxy group in at least a part of the molecule, at least a part of hydroxy groups on the surface of said gel being converted to sulfates. By using the adsorbent of the present invention, LDL and VLDL can be selectively and effectively removed from the body fluids of the patient. Further, the adsorbent of the present invention can be prepared in a lower cost than the adsorbent based on the principle of the affinity chromatography, in which a relatively expensive ligand is employed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of preparing lower fatty acid esters of cellulose which comprises esterifying at a temperature of between about 75.degree. C. and about 110.degree. C. a cellulose compound having esterifiable hydroxyl groups with an esterifying bath comprising an organic acid anhydride, a diluent, and a catalyst comprising from 0.2 to 2.0 parts phosphoric acid, from 0.1 to 1.2 parts sulfuric acid, and from 0.05 to 0.6 parts of a hindered aliphatic alcohol by weight per 100 parts of the cellulose to be esterified.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the preparation of water soluble cellulose sulfate esters. More particularly, it relates to an improved process of preparing cellulose sulfate esters wherein cellulose is slurried in dimethylformamide. To this cellulose-dimethylformamide slurry is then added liquid denitrogen tetroxide to form the cellulose nitrite ester. The cellulose nitrite ester is then converted to the water soluble cellulose sulfate ester by reacting with acetylsulfuric acid in an anhydrous reaction medium.

Abstract: A method for controlling the pH of the liquid circulation in a continuous prehydrolysis apparatus where a mineral acid or some other acid stronger than sulfurous acid is used as a hydrolysis agent and the material to be hydrolyzed is transferred, entrained in the liquids of a first and a second liquid circulation separated by a liquid exchanger, from a steaming vessel to a hydrolysis vessel by means of a transfer valve. Such an amount of alkaline sulfite or ammonium sulfite is added into the liquid of the first liquid circulation as is necessary to make the liquid alkaline or at least neutral.

Abstract: An inexpensive cation exchanger useful in purifying waste water is produced by treating comminuted bark in separate steps with an alkali hydroxide solution of at least 5% by weight, preferably 20-40% by weight, and with 30-75% by weight sulphuric acid, preferably 50-65% by weight. After each step washing with water is performed until the pH-value after the alkali hydroxide treatment goes below 9 and after the sulphuric acid treatment goes above 3. Preferably, the treatment with alkali hydroxide precedes the treatment with sulphuric acid. The treatment with alkali hydroxide is carried out for 0.5-20 hours, preferably 3-10 hours, and the treatment with sulphuric acid is carried out from 0.5-8 hours, preferably from 1-6 hours. The cation exchanger can be regenerated with alkali hydroxide solution, particularly sodium hydroxide solution.

Abstract: A cellulose sulfate salt having a heparinic action is provided, which satisfies requirements of 0.8.ltoreq.<<F>>.ltoreq.2.6, <<f.sub.2 >>.gtoreq.<<f.sub.3 >> and <<f.sub.2 >>.gtoreq.<<f.sub.6 >> wherein <<f.sub.2 >>, <<f.sub.3 >> and <<f.sub.6 >> stand for probability of substitution of atoms H in the OH groups bonded to the C.sub.2, C.sub.3 and C.sub.6 positions of the glucopyranose ring unit by sulfuric acid radicals, respectively, and <<F>> stands for the total substitution degree which is the sum of <<f.sub.2 >>, <<f.sub.3 >> and <<f.sub.6 >>. The cellulose sulfate salt is prepared by reacting a cellulose having a crystal form I with an SO.sub.3 /amine or SO.sub.3 /amide complex in an amount of 2 to 4 mole equivalents per glucose unit of the cellulose at -10.degree. C. to 40.degree. C.

Abstract: A method for oven drying chemically modified cellulosic materials, especially fibers, having improved fluid absorbency involves incorporating into the cellulose structure while swollen an amphiphilic compound miscible with water which will not evaporate when the fiber is oven dried and will remain in the fiber to prevent collapse of the fiber as the water is removed. The improved method of drying the fibrous cellulosic material produces a product having saline absorbency about equal to that produced when the fibers are dried with a water-miscible solvent and avoids the use of volatile solvents and the disadvantages inherent therewith. The fibers provided by the invention are especially suitable for use in pads which are to be used for absorbing water and body fluids.

Abstract: Alloy fibers having high fluid-holding capacity, and a method for making the same, the alloy fibers being comprised of a matrix of regenerated cellulose having 5 to 25 weight percent of alkali metal salts of cellulose sulfate being dispersed therein. The sulfate salts may be present in combination with anionic polymer. The high fluid-holding capacity is at least 4.8 ml per grams as measured by the Demand Absorption Test.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chloral derivative having the general formula ##STR1## in which Y' is a polysaccharide consisting of a chain of anhydroglucose, modified anhydroglucose or uronic acid units as substituent group and in which R is selected from --H, --COCH.sub.2 OH, --[(CH.sub.2).sub.n 0].sub..chi. --H in which n is 2 to 5 and .chi. is 1 to 7; --CH.sub.2 OSO.sub.2 X' or --CH.sub.2 COOX' in which X' is NH.sub.4 or a single equivalent of a non-toxic metallic cation, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n H where n is 1 to 7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n (OH).sub..chi. Y where Y is --H or --CH.sub.3 n is 1 to 7, .chi. is 1 to 12 and the --OH groups are attached to any or all of the carbon atoms by substitution and wherein when Y.sup.1 is a chain of unmodified anhydroglucose units, these units have the following configurations:.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl units having a predominantly 1-4 linkage.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl units having a predominantly 1-4 linkage and/or.beta.

Abstract: An absorbent cellulose material is disclosed which comprises a substituted cellulose having an average degree of substitution sufficiently low to render the material insoluble and in which the fibers have an increased surface area formed by bursting the fibers during drying. In addition, a method of manufacturing such absorbent material is also disclosed which comprises providing an insoluble substituted cellulose material having an average degree of substitution sufficiently low to render the material insoluble, swelling the material to its maximum swelled state, fixing the material in that state, and drying the material while maintaining the material in its swelled state to thereby prevent shrinkage of the material during drying and to cause the fibers to burst during drying.

Abstract: A fire retardant composition comprising an alcohol deactivated solution of chlorosulfonic acid and digested plant material.

Abstract: Cellulose sulfate esters are cross-linked with tetravalent metal ions at a threshold pH of about 3.0 or higher. The cross-linked products have a higher aqueous viscosity and are more highly pseudoplastic than the precursor cellulose sulfate and may also exhibit a relatively high yield point. The products may be employed in forming thickened aqueous compositions and cohesive gel-like compositions.The presence of other metallic ions, in addition to the tetravalent metal ions, is beneficial and enhances the viscosity increase produced by cross-linking of the cellulose sulfate with the tetravalent metal ions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel sulphated cationic ion exchanger and to a method for preparation thereof. In addition it relates to a method of improving the capacity of an exchange matrix to receive sulphated groups. Although the general attraction of sulphate groups to proteins is known we have found that sulphated ion exchangers selectively bind lipoproteins in blood serum or plasma under suitable conditions. We have also discovered that when hydroxyalkyl groups are introduced into the ion exchanger matrix its capacity for taking up sulphate groups is unexpectedly increased. A method of use of the ion exchanger is also described.

Abstract: A process for preparing a sulfate ester of a polyhydroxy polymer which is a partially substituted polysaccharide or a polyvinyl alcohol which contains ether groups, ester groups other than sulfate, or a mixture of ether groups and ester groups other than sulfate. A nitrite ester of the partially substituted polymer is reacted with sulfur trioxide or a complex thereof to obtain a mixed nitrite:sulfate ester which is then reacted with a protic solvent to remove residual nitrite ester groups.A process for preparing a substantially uniformly substituted colloidal cellulose sulfate having a degree of substitution of about 1.1 to 2.0. A nitrite ester of cellulose having a degree of substitution less than about 2 is reacted with sulfur trioxide or a complex thereof to obtain a mixed nitrite:sulfate ester which is reacted with a protic solvent to remove residual nitrite ester groups.A process for preparing a substantially uniformly substituted cellulose sulfate having a degree of substitution ranging up to about 1.1.

Abstract: A process for preparing a cellulose sulfate ester by reacting a hydrated cellulose containing about 4 to about 12 percent by weight of water with dinitrogen tetroxide or nitrosyl chloride in the presence of a proton acceptor and a reaction solvent which is a swelling or solubilizing agent for a reaction product. Alternatively, the cellulose reactant may contain less than about 4 percent by weight of water by washing hydrated cellulose containing in excess of 4 percent of water with a highly polar aprotic solvent to reduce the water content.A process for simultaneously preparing a sulfate ester of cellulose and an alkyl nitrite by reacting a nitrite ester of cellulose with sulfur trioxide or a complex thereof to obtain a mixed nitrite:sulfate ester which is reacted with an organic alcohol containing up to about 10 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A water-soluble sulfate ester of cellulose having a degree of substitution of about 0.3 to about 1.0 with a substantially uniform distribution of sulfate ester groups among the polymer units of the cellulose. A thickened aqueous medium containing water and said water-soluble sulfate ester of cellulose having a degree of substitution of about 0.3 to about 1.0.A water-insoluble sulfate ester of cellulose which is highly swellable in the presence of water and has a degree of substitution of up to about 0.3 with the sulfate ester groups being substantially uniformly distributed among the polymer units of the cellulose.A water-soluble colloidal cellulose sulfate ester having a degree of substitution of about 1.3 to about 2 with the sulfate ester groups being substantially uniformly distributed among the polymer units of the cellulose. A thickened aqueous medium containing water and said water-soluble cellulose sulfate ester having a degree of substitution of about 1.3 to about 2.0.

Abstract: A polysaccharide or polyvinyl alcohol containing a mixture of nitrite ester groups with sulfate or nitrate ester groups with the mixture of ester groups being substantially uniformly distributed among the polymer units of the polysaccharide or polyvinyl alcohol.A nitrite ester of a polysaccharide alcohol having a degree of substitution of less than about 2.0. A nitrite ester of polyvinyl alcohol having a degree of substitution of 1.0 or less.

Abstract: A process is provided for preparing cellulose thiocyanate by direct reaction of cellulose with thiocyanic acid in the presence of dimethyl formamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide, at elevated temperatures, the thiocyanic acid being formed in situ from a thiocyanate salt and sulfuric acid. The product, cellulose thiocyanate, has a carbon content of from 38% to 44.4%, a nitrogen content of from 0.1% to 6.3%, a sulfur content of 0.23% to 14.5%, and is noninflammable and self-extinguishing.

Abstract: Sodium cellulose sulfate can be used alone, or in combination with other natural or synthetic gums, as thickening agents for fabric printing paste compositions containing acid dyes. The printing paste is applied in the usual manner, and then the printed goods are heated. The sodium cellulose sulfate content of the paste, upon heating, fixes the acid dye on the printed goods, thereby eliminating the necessity of using acid or acid salts in printing pastes.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing sulfated cellulose using any of the Lewis base-SO.sub.3 complexes as a sulfating agent, which characteristically consists in thermally activating cellulose prior to its sulfation in tertiary amines or a mixture of tertiary amines and amine hydrochlorides, thereby enabling alkali metal salts of cellulose sulfate to be favorably accepted as a binder for dentrifice compositions.

Abstract: The aqueous dispersibility of a water-absorbent composition of matter is improved by a surface treatment which ionically complexes the surface thereof to a moderate degree. A dispersion is formed comprising a water-absorbent composition of matter based on an anionic poly-electrolyte, at least one polyvalent metal cation, and a dispersing medium in which the composition of matter is substantially insoluble. The dispersion is maintained within a given temperature range for a period of time sufficient to ionically complex the exposed surface of the composition of matter, and the dispersing medium is then removed. The product is characterized by a linkage density which is greater at the surface thereof than in the interior thereof and by the presence of ionic linkages at the surface thereof.

Abstract: Preparation of partially substituted nitrate and sulfate esters of polysaccharides or polyvinylalcohol, their esters containing a mixture of nitrite with sulfate or nitrate groups, aqueous media thickened with such esters, the simultaneous preparation of such esters and alkyl nitrites or such esters and inorganic nitrites or nitrates and resulting products, useful as thickeners, films, fibers and in many other applications.

Abstract: A barrier film is provided for a product used in contact with body fluids. The barrier film comprises an alkali salt of a sulfated cellulose ester, with a degree of sulfate substitution satisfactory to render the film resistant to body fluids and yet dispersible in low salt concentration aqueous solutions such as those found in a household water closet. There is also disclosed a process for preparing alkali salts of sulfated cellulose esters comprising sulfating woodpulp, acylating the sulfated wood pulp, and precipitating the desired product in an aqueous precipitation medium maintained at a specified pH range.

Abstract: A polysaccharide or polyvinyl alcohol containing a mixture of nitrite ester groups with sulfate or nitrate ester groups with the mixture of ester groups being substantially uniformly distributed among the polymer units of the polysaccharide or polyvinyl alcohol.A nitrite ester of a polysaccharide alcohol having a degree of substitution of less than about 2.0. A nitrite ester of polyvinyl alcohol having a degree of substitution of 1.0 or less.