Abstract: The present invention relates to Ibogaine derivatives and related methods. It more specifically relates to deutero- and fluoro-derivatives of Ibogaine and related methods. In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound. The structure of the compound is shown as compound 1 in FIG. 1. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating an addiction disorder. The method comprises administration of compound 1. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating an anxiety-related disorder or impulse control disorder. The method comprises administration of compound 1.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to methods of opening a lipid bilayer by associating the lipid bilayer with a molecule that includes a moving component capable of moving (e.g., rotating) in response to an external stimulus; and exposing the molecule to an external stimulus before, during or after associating the molecule with the lipid bilayer. The exposing causes the moving component of the molecule to move and thereby open the lipid bilayer (e.g., by pore formation). The external stimuli may include an energy source, such as ultraviolet light. The opened lipid bilayer may be a component of cell membranes in vitro or in vivo. The opening of the lipid bilayer may allow for the passage of various materials (e.g., active agents, such as peptide-based drugs) through the lipid bilayer and into cells. Additional embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to the aforementioned molecules for opening lipid bilayers.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to fused tetracyclic pyrido[4,3-b>]indole and pyrido[3,4-b]indole derivatives. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds are also provided, as are methods of using the compounds in a variety of therapeutic applications, including the treatment of a cognitive disorder, psychotic disorder, neurotransmitter-mediated disorder and/or a neuronal disorder.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds of Formula (I): or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein all the variables are as defined herein. These compounds are selective Factor XIa inhibitors or dual inhibitors of fXIa and plasma kallikrein. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods of treating thromboembolic and/or inflammatory disorders using the same.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds of Formula (I): or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein all the variables are as defined herein. These compounds are selective factor XIa inhibitors or dual inhibitors of fXIa and plasma kallikrein. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods of treating thromboembolic and/or inflammatory disorders using the same.

Abstract: Hydrogenated pyrido[4,3-b]indoles, pyrido[3,4-b]indoles and azepino[4,5-b]indoles are described. The compounds may bind to and are adrenergic receptor ?2B antagonists. The compounds may also bind to and antagonize adrenergic receptor ?2B. The compounds may find use in therapy, e.g., to (i) reduce blood pressure and/or (ii) promote renal blood flow and/or (iii) decrease or inhibit sodium reabsorption. The compounds may also be used to treat diseases or conditions that are, or are expected to be, responsive to a decrease in blood pressure. Use of the compounds to treat cardiovascular and renal disorders is particularly described.

Abstract: Hydrogenated pyrido[4,3-b]indoles, pyrido[3,4-b]indoles and azepino[4,5-b]indoles are described. The compounds may bind to and are antagonists of the adrenergic receptor ?2A. The compounds may also bind to and are an antagonist of the adrenergic receptor ?2B; or the compounds are not antagonists of the adrenergic receptor ?2B and the compounds are administered in conjunction with a second agent that reduces, or is expected to reduce, blood pressure in an individual. The compounds may find use in therapy, e.g., to regulate blood glucose level, increase insulin secretion and treat diseases or conditions that are, or are expected to be, responsive to an increase in insulin production. Use of the compounds to treat type 2 diabetes is particularly described.

Abstract: The present invention concerns the compounds of formula the N-oxide forms, the pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts and the stereochemically isomeric forms thereof, wherein Z represents NH; Y represents —C3-9alkyl-, —C1-5alkyl-NR12—C1-5alkyl-, —C1-6alkyl-NH—CO— or —CO—NH—C1-6alkyl-; X1 represents —O—; X2 represents a direct bond, —NR11—C1-2alkyl-, —NR11—CH2—, —C1-2alkyl-, —O—C1-2alkyl, —O— or —O—CH2—; R1 represents hydrogen or halo; R2 represents hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxycarbonyl-, C1-4alkyloxycarbonyl-, Het16-carbonyl- or Ar5; R3 represents hydrogen, hydroxy, C1-4alkyloxy-, Ar4—C1-4alkyloxy or R3 represents C1-4alkyloxy substituted with one or where possible two or more substituents selected from C1-4alkyloxy- or Het2-; R10 represents hydrogen; R11 represents hydrogen, C1-4alkyl- or C1-4alkyl-oxy-carbonyl-; R12 represents Het14-C1-4alkyl, in particular morpholinyl-C1-4alkyl; Het2 represents a heterocycle selected from morpholinyl or piperidinyl optionally substituted with C1-4alkyl-, preferab

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I) wherein n represents 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, R represents independent from each other hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylamine, dialkylamine, alkylcarbonylamine, alkylcarbamate Y represents one of the following groups: (Ia) in free base or acid addition salt form, to processes for their production, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them and their use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or delay of progression of psychotic and neurodegenerative disorders.

Abstract: Compound having formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, their pharmaceutical formulations and use as HIV inhibitors.

Abstract: Sterically hindered imidazole ligands are described, along with their synthesis, which are capable of coordinating to Group 2 metals, such as: calcium, magnesium, strontium, in an eta-5 coordination mode which permits the formation of monomeric or dimeric volatile complexes. A compound comprising one or more polysubstituted imidazolate anions coordinated to a metal selected from the group consisting of barium, strontium, magnesium, radium or calcium or mixtures thereof. Alternatively, one anion can be substituted with and a second non-imidazolate anion. Synthesis of the novel compounds and their use to form BST films is also contemplated.

Abstract: The present invention discloses compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or prodrugs thereof: which inhibit RNA-containing virus, particularly the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Consequently, the compounds of the present invention interfere with the life cycle of the hepatitis C virus and are also useful as antiviral agents. The present invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the aforementioned compounds for administration to a subject suffering from HCV infection. The invention also relates to methods of treating an HCV infection in a subject by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compounds of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to 1-aza-bicycloalkyl derivatives of Formula (I) wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification and to processes for their production to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them and to their use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or delay of progression of psychotic and nemodegenerative disorders.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of preparing a nitrogen-doped graphene comprising preparing a Edge-Functionalized Graphene by binding a graphite with a organic material having amino groups and functional groups such as carboxy acid group through an electrophilic substitution reaction, and heat treating the resultant Edge-Functionalized Graphene, and a nitrogen-doped graphene prepared thereby. According to the present invention, by a more inexpensive and simpler method, a nitrogen-doped graphene can be prepared at higher purity and higher yield. The nitrogen-doped graphene obtained by the present invention has very excellent physical and electric properties, and particularly has a superior oxygen reduction capability, compared with the platinum catalyst used at cathode of a H2/O2 fuel cell so that it will replace the platinum to lower more the cost of a H2/O2 fuel cell or to increase its life and further to provide a new turning point for the commercialization of a H2/O2 fuel cell.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to fused tetracyclic pyrido[4,3-b]indoles and pyrido[3,4-b]indoles. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds are also provided, as are methods of using the compounds in a variety of therapeutic applications, including the treatment of a cognitive disorder, psychotic disorder, neurotransmitter-mediated disorder and/or a neuronal disorder.

Abstract: The present invention relates novel flavin derivatives, their use and compositions for use as riboswitch ligands and/or anti-infectives.

Abstract: A 10?-fluoro-vinca alkaloid compound or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt is disclosed, as are methods of its preparation and use. A disclosed 10?-fluoro-vinca alkaloid compound has better cytotoxic potency against leukemia and cancer cell lines, and is about 8-times more cytotoxic to a multiple drug resistant cancer cell line than is a parental 10?-unsubstituted vinca alkaloid.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to olefin metathesis. In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods for Z-selective ring-closing metathesis.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds of Formula (I): or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein all the variables are as defined herein. These compounds are selective factor XIa inhibitors or dual inhibitors of fXIa and plasma kallikrein. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods of treating thromboembolic and/or inflammatory disorders using the same.

Abstract: Nitromethylene analogues of imidacloprid and divalent and oxabridged heterocyclic neonicotinoid compounds constructed by dialdehydes, preparation methods and uses thereof are disclosed. Compounds represented by formula (A) or (B), their optical isomers or agrochemically acceptable salts are provided. Agrochemical compositions comprising the said compounds, their optical isomers or agrochemically acceptable salts, the uses of the said agrochemical compositions and the preparation methods of the said compounds, their optical isomers or agrochemically acceptable salts are also disclosed. The compounds and their derivatives have high insecticidal activities to several farming and forestry pests including homoptera and lepidoptera pests, such as aphis, fulgorid, whitefly, leafhopper, common thrips, cotton bollworm, cabbage caterpillar, cabbage moth, cotton leafworm and armyworm.

Abstract: Provided herein are fused imidazolyl compounds, methods of synthesis, and methods of use thereof. The compounds provided herein are useful for the treatment, prevention, and/or management of various disorders, including, e.g., neurological disorders and metabolic disorders. Compounds provided herein inhibit the activity of histamine H3 receptors and modulate the release of various neurotransmitters, such as, e.g., histamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and dopamine (e.g. at the synapse). Pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds and their methods of use are also provided herein.

Abstract: A compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof and pharmaceutical compositions comprising these, all for use in the treatment of chemokine mediated diseases and disorders.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of preparing a nitrogen-doped graphene comprising preparing a Edge-Functionalized Graphene by binding a graphite with a organic material having amino groups and functional groups such as carboxy acid group through an electrophilic substitution reaction, and heat treating the resultant Edge-Functionalized Graphene, and a nitrogen-doped graphene prepared thereby. According to the present invention, by a more inexpensive and simpler method, a nitrogen-doped graphene can be prepared at higher purity and higher yield. The nitrogen-doped graphene obtained by the present invention has very excellent physical and electric properties, and particularly has a superior oxygen reduction capability, compared with the platinum catalyst used at cathode of a H2/O2 fuel cell so that it will replace the platinum to lower more the cost of a H2/O2 fuel cell or to increase its life and further to provide a new turning point for the commercialization of a H2/O2 fuel cell.

Abstract: The present invention relates to heterocyclic compounds of formula (I) having affinity to muscarinic receptors, a pharmaceutical composition containing the compounds, as well as the use of the compounds for the preparation of a medicament for treating, alleviating or preventing muscarinic receptor mediated diseases and conditions.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel bicyclononene derivatives of Formula (I); and the use thereof as active ingredients in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions. The invention also concerns related aspects including processes for the preparation of the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of those compounds and especially their use as inhibitors of renin.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds of Formula (I): or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein all the variables are as defined herein. These compounds are selective Factor XIa inhibitors or dual inhibitors of fXIa and plasma kallikrein. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods of treating thromboembolic and/or inflammatory disorders using the same.

Abstract: Sterically hindered imidazole ligands are described, along with their synthesis, which are capable of coordinating to Group 2 metals, such as: calcium, magnesium, strontium, in an eta-5 coordination mode which permits the formation of monomeric or dimeric volatile complexes. A compound comprising one or more polysubstituted imidazolate anions coordinated to a metal selected from the group consisting of barium, strontium, magnesium, radium or calcium or mixtures thereof. Alternatively, one anion can be substituted with and a second non-imidazolate anion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to 1-aza-bicycloalkyl derivatives of Formula (I) wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification and to processes for their production to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them and to their use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or delay of progression of psychotic and nemodegenerative disorders.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention provide compositions comprising a sulfur containing compound and a compound of the formula (I); and also provide methods of their preparation and use.

Abstract: Cyclic amine compounds represented by formula (1) or salts thereof or N-oxides thereof, wherein Cy1 represents an unsubstituted or substituted aromatic ring; X represents oxygen, sulfur, unsubstituted or substituted nitrogen, sulfinyl, or sulfonyl; R1a and R2a, R1a and R4a, R2a and R3a, or R3a and R4a form saturated rings together; R1a, R1b, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4a, R4b, and R5 which do not form the saturated rings are each independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted amino, nitro, or an organic group; Cy2 represents an unsubstituted or substituted aromatic ring with a proviso that Cy2 is an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaromatic ring when R1a and R2a form a saturated ring together and Cy1 is an unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, and Cy2 is a substituted pyridin-2-yl having one or more cyano as a substituent when Cy1 is an unsubstituted or substituted phenyl and Cy2 is a pyridin-2-yl.

Abstract: Diazapolycyclic compounds having affinity for the opioidergic receptors, preferably for the delta opioidergic receptors, with central and/or peripheral activity, having formula: A1-D1-T1??(I) wherein: A1 is a group of formula (II): wherein: R1 is phenyl wherein one of the ring hydrogen atoms is substituted with a group selected from C(O)R?, C(O)OR?, C(O)NHR? or C(O)NR3R4, R?, R3 and R4, being as defined in the application; R2 is phenyl, optionally substituted D1 is a diazapolycyclic group T1 is a group selected from H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and from the following optionally substituted groups: cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl, and their hydrates and solvates and pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

Abstract: Compounds of Formula (1) are disclosed. Cb is a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having an atom within the cyclic structure selected from C, N, Si, and Cr and singly bound to A. A is CR, COR, CSR, CNR2, CCN, CCONR2, CNO2, CNNAr, CX1, or N. Cr is a chromophore having a substantially planar cyclic structure. The compounds function as nanometer-scale rotary molecular motors powered and controlled by light energy. The design of the molecular motor devices is flexible so that the rotary direction, drive light wavelength, and other physical characteristics can be varied. The compounds can be chemically functionalized to allow it to be integrated into or attached to a variety of structures. The device can be used in applications where mechanical power, positional control, and information encoding are to be generated at the size scale of individual molecules.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel 3,8-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-and 3,9-diaza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-3-carboxylic acid ester derivatives useful as monoamine neurotransmitter re-uptake inhibitors. In other aspects the invention relates to the use of these compounds in a method for therapy and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the invention. Formula (I).

Abstract: Compounds of Formula (1) are disclosed. Cb is a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having an atom within the cyclic structure selected from C, N, Si, and Cr and singly bound to A. A is CR, COR, CSR, CNR2, CCN, CCONR2, CNO2, CNNAr, CX?, or N. Cr is a chromophore having a substantially planar cyclic structure. The compounds function as nanometer-scale rotary molecular motors powered and controlled by light energy. The design of the molecular motor devices is flexible so that the rotary direction, drive light wavelength, and other physical characteristics can be varied. The compounds can be chemically functionalized to allow it to be integrated into or attached to a variety of structures. The device can be used in applications where mechanical power, positional control, and information encoding are to be generated at the size scale of individual molecules.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions comprising metal complexes, and related methods. In some embodiments, metal complexes of the invention may be useful as catalysts for chemical reactions, including metathesis reactions, wherein the catalysts exhibit enhanced activity and stereoselectivity. In some embodiments, the invention may advantageously provide metal complexes comprising a stereogenic metal atom. Such metal complexes may be useful in enantioselective catalysis.

Abstract: Provided herein are fused imidazolyl compounds, methods of synthesis, and methods of use thereof. The compounds provided herein are useful for the treatment, prevention, and/or management of various disorders, including, e.g., neurological disorders and metabolic disorders. Compounds provided herein inhibit the activity of histamine H3 receptors and modulate the release of various neurotransmitters, such as, e.g., histamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and dopamine (e.g. at the synapse). Pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds and their methods of use are also provided herein.

Abstract: The present invention relates to 1-aza-bicycloalkyl derivatives of Formula (I); wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification, to processes for their production, their use as pharmaceuticals and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them. Formula (I), wherein A represents O or N(R1); Y represents a group of formula, or wherein the left bond is attached to the A group and the right bond is attached to the R group; R represents a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C10aryl, substituted or unsubstituted hetero-C5-C10aryl, a group N(R1)(R4), or a group N(R2)(CHP3R4); R represent a hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, or CF3; R2 represents hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, or CF3; R3 represents hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, or CF3; R4 represents a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C10 aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C10heteroaryl; in free base or acid addition salt form.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds defined by formula (I) wherein the groups A, B, X, m, n and o are defined as in claim 1, possessing valuable pharmacological activity. Particularly the compounds are inhibitors of 11 ?-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1 and thus are suitable for treatment and prevention of diseases which can be influenced by inhibition of this enzyme, such as metabolic diseases, in particular diabetes type 2, obesity and dyslipidemia.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an aqueous solution composition (water-based ink composition) containing a water-soluble naphthalocyanine coloring matter represented by the following formula (1): (wherein, M represents a hydrogen atom, a metal atom, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide or a metal halide, X represents a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group, W1 to W4 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an ionic hydrophilic group or the like, at least one of W1 to W4 is a group other than a hydrogen atom, and n represents an integer number of 1 to 24, respectively) or a salt thereof, and a novel naphthalocyanine coloring matter; and said compound is useful as a near-infrared ray absorbent because it has a high absorption in the near-infrared region, and it is useful as an near-infrared ray absorbing water-based ink because it has an excellent storage stability in aqueous solution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to 1-aza-bicycloalkyl derivatives of Formula (I) wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification and to processes for their production, their use as pharmaceuticals and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I) wherein n represents 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 R represents independent from each other hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylamine, dialkylamine, alkylcarbonylamine, alkylcarbamate Y represents one of the following groups: in free base or acid addition salt form, to processes for their production, their use as pharmaceuticals and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.

Abstract: A pharmaceutically active agent, a pharmaceutically active agent carrier and method of use thereof are described. In some embodiments, a system may include a composition. The composition may include one or more bridged polycyclic compounds. At least one of the bridged polycyclic compounds may include at least two cyclic groups, and at least two pharmaceutically active agents may be associated with the bridged polycyclic compound. In some embodiments, one or more bridged polycyclic compounds may be administered to a subject to improve cardiac and/or cardiovascular health. In some embodiments, one or more bridged polycyclic compounds may be administered to a subject to control cholesterol levels.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel bicyclononene derivatives of Formula (I); and the use thereof as active ingredients in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions. The invention also concerns related aspects including processes for the preparation of the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of those compounds and especially their use as inhibitors of renin.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel crystalline form of vinflunine, to a process for preparing it, and to its uses in the therapeutic field, in particular for treating cancer.

Abstract: A chemical compound represented by the formula [I]: (wherein R1 represents a hydroxyl group or the like, m represents 0 or an integer of 1 to 5, R2 represents a halogen atom or the like, k represents 0 or an integer of 1 to 4, R3, R31, R4, R41, R5, R51, R6, R61, and R7 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or the like, but both R3 and R4, or both R5 and R6, are bound together to form an azabicyclooctane core or an azabicyclononane core, X represents an oxygen atom or the like, and n represents 1), a salt, an N-oxide of the chemical compound represented by formula [I], and a pest control agent containing the formula [I] as its active constituent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to 1-aza-bicycloalkyl derivatives of Formula (I) wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification and to processes for their production, their use as pharmaceuticals and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.

Abstract: A compound represented by the formula (I): (wherein R1 denotes hydrogen or —CHRARB (wherein RA denotes a lower alkoxycarbonyloxy, cycloalkoxycarbonyloxy, acyloxy or a group represented by (where R2 denotes hydrogen or a lower alkyl with or without a substituent), and RB denotes hydrogen or methyl, or any of pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof or any of solvates thereof.

Abstract: The invention provides N-cyclic sulfonamido compounds and salts of Formula I: wherein A is as described in the specification and R1 and R2 combine to form a [3.3.1] or a [3.2.1] ring system, where the nitrogen is attached to the two bridgehead carbons, and the [3.3.1] or [3.2.1] ring systems are optionally fused with an heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl ring. Compounds of Formula I are useful in treating or preventing cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's Disease. The invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of Formula I, methods of treating cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, and the intermediates useful in preparing the compounds of Formula I.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel compounds that are found to be cholinergic ligands at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and modulators of the monoamine receptors and transporters. Due to their pharmacological profile the compounds of the invention may be useful for the treatment of diseases or disorders as diverse as those related to the cholinergic system of the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS), diseases or disorders related to smooth muscle contraction, endocrine diseases or disorders, diseases or disorders related to neuro-degeneration, diseases or disorders related to inflammation, pain, and withdrawal symptoms caused by the termination of abuse of chemical substances.

Abstract: Compounds having the formula (I), Ar—(F)-(E)-(CR3R4)—(CHR5)m-(T)-(Q)-Ar1, are useful as CCR-3 receptor antagonists, wherein T is a bridged heterocyclyl group having one N atom and a bridge of one to two bridgehead carbon atoms; Ar and Ar1 are aryl or heteroaryl; F is alkylene, alkenylene, or a bond; E is —C(?O)N(R10)—, —SO2N(R10)—, —N(R11)C(?O)N(R10)—, —N(R11)SO2N(R10)—, —N(R11)C(?S)N(R10)—, —N(R11)C(?O)—, —N(R11)SO2—, —N(R12)C(?O)CH(R13)—, or CH(R13)C(?O)N(R12)—; Q is —C(?O)— or C1-2alkylene; and R3, R4, R5, R9, R10, R11, R12, and R13 are defined as set forth in the specification.