Abstract: Compounds having the formula: ##STR1## wherein T is a polycycloalkylidene group (e.g., adamant-2-ylidene); R is a C.sub.1-20 alkyl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl group; and Y is a fluorescent chromophore (eg., m-phenylene), produced by reacting a compound having the formula: ##STR2## with an R-ylating agent (e.g., R.sub.2 SO.sub.4) in the presence of an alkali metal alkoxide in a polar aprotic solvent. Also, compounds having the formula: ##STR3## are produced by reacting a compound having the formula: ##STR4## wherein X is an electronegative leaving group (e.g., a halogen anion such as chloride ion) in the presence of a Lewis base (e.g., a trialkyl-amine) dissolved in an aprotic organic solvent (e.g., benzene or toluene). Also, compounds having the formula ##STR5## are produced by reacting a compound of the formula ##STR6## with a tetra-O-acylated-O-hexopyranoside halide, then hydrolyzing off the protective acyl groups.

Abstract: Acridans which are reactable with a peroxidase and peroxide. The acridans are characterized by having an aromatic leaving group ArO which is a di- or polyhalosubstituted phenoxy group. The compounds are useful in assays where one member of a binding pair is linked to the peroxidase and for detecting the peroxidase. The method can also be used to detect hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: The present invention provides specific binding solid phase assay methods and kits for the detection of the presence or absence of a microorganism by directly staining the microorganism and specifically capturing the stained microorganism on a solid support. The methods find particular utility in the detection of Candida. The methods may simultaneously detect the presence or absence of multiple microorganisms.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel N-substituted azaheterocyclic carboxylic acids and esters thereof in which a substituted alkyl chain forms part of the N-substituent or salts thereof, to methods for their preparation, to compositions containing them, and to their use for the clinical treatment of painful, hyperalgesic and/or inflammatory conditions in which C-fibers play a pathophysiological role by eliciting neurogenic pain or inflammation.

Abstract: Compounds of formula I ##STR1## wherein Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2, Q.sup.3, Q.sup.4, and Q.sup.5 have any of the meanings given in the specification, their N-oxides, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts are nonpeptide antagonists of SP and NKA are useful for the treatment of asthma, etc. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions, processes for preparing the compounds of formula I and intermediates.

Abstract: A complex crystal is composed of anion of triiodine and cation of a fused compound consisting essentially of at least one nitrogen atom and at least 3 aromatic fused rings. Since the complex crystal has such a stable structure, it shows excellent heat resistance and excellent moisture resisting property. Furthermore, the complex crystal has light-polarizing performance because of an arrangement of the molecular chain of iodine. Moreover, the complex crystal exhibits excellent polarization because of an interaction between the fused compound and iodine. Therefore, the complex crystal is suitable for use as light-adjusting particles of a light valve or a light-adjusting glass.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel N-substituted azaheterocyclic carboxylic acids and esters thereof in which a substituted alkyl chain forms part of the N-substituent or salts thereof, to methods for their preparation, to compositions containing them, and to their use for the clinical treatment of painful, hyperalgesic and/or inflammatory conditions in which C-fibers play a pathophysiological role by eliciting neurogenic pain or inflammation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel N-substituted azaheterocyclic carboxylic acids and esters thereof in which a substituted alkyl chain forms part of the N-substituent or salts thereof, to methods for their preparation, to compositions containing them, and to their use for the clinical treatment of painful, hyperalgesic and/or inflammatory conditions in which C-fibers play a pathophysiological role by eliciting neurogenic pain or inflammation.

Abstract: Disclosed are compounds having a straight or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon structure of formula I: ##STR1## In formula I, n is an integer from one to four and m is an integer from four to twenty. Independently, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are hydrogen, a straight or branched chain alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl of up to twenty carbon atoms in length or --(CH.sub.2).sub.w R.sub.5. If R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 is --(CH.sub.2).sub.w R.sub.5, w may be an integer from one to twenty and R.sub.5 may be an hydroxyl, halo, C.sub.1-8 alkoxyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle or heterocycle. Alternatively, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may jointly form a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle having from four to eight carbon atoms, N being a hetero atom of the resulting heterocycle. R.sub.3 may be either hydrogen or C.sub.1-3. In the compounds, a total sum of carbon atoms comprising R.sub.1 or R.sub.2, (CH.sub.2).sub.n and (CH.sub.2).sub.m does not exceed forty. R.sub.

Abstract: This invention relates to perhydroisoindole derivatives of 08/448,402 formula (I), wherein radicals R are phenyl radicals optionally 2-or 3-substituted by a halogen atom or a methyl radical; R.sub.1 is optionally substituted phenyl, cyclohexadienyl, naphthyl, indenyl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl; R.sub.2 is H, halogen, OH, alkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, acyloxy, acyloxy, carboxy, optionally substituted alkyloxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, amino or acylamino; and R.sub.3 is optionally 2-substituted phenyl; optionally salts thereof where applicable; and preparation thereof. Said derivatives are particularly useful as neurokinin A antagonists.

Abstract: Methods of treating asthma are provided which methods comprise administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula I ##STR1## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.10 and R.sup.11 have any of the meanings given in the specification.

Abstract: Triggerable dioxetanes with a fluorescent substituent bonded or tethered in the dioxetane so as to produce fluorescence from the group are described. The compounds are of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are carbon containing groups and wherein one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 is a tethered fluorescent substitutent. The compounds are useful in immunoassays and in probes using enzymes or other chemicals for triggering the dioxetanes to produce light from the fluorescent molecule in the group as a signal.

Abstract: A method for the detection of an analyte in a fluid sample using liposomes encapsulating acridinium esters (lumisomes). Hydrophilic polysubstituted aryl acridinium esters are useful as chemiluminescent markers and can be encapsulated within liposome vesicles without significant leakage of the esters from the vesicles. The lumisomes can be coupled to molecules with biological activity, such as antigens, antibodies, and nucleic acids, and used in luminescent assays.

Abstract: Acridinium compounds represented by the general formula (I) where A is an intervening group which does not have activity for binding with a specific binding substance, Z is a labelling active group which has activity for binding with a specific binding substance, R.sup.1 is a halogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are each a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, a nitro group, a halogen atom or a carbonyl group, and Y is a counter ion. The acridinium compounds may form conjugates with specific binding substances. The acridinium compounds have high emission efficiency and stability and, hence, are useful as chemiluminescence labelling agents.

Abstract: Peroxycarboxylic ester photoinitiators derived from aromatic nitrogen containing heterocyclic carboxylic acids are described. The heterocyclic aromatic ring may contain additional nitrogen atoms, be fused with another aromatic ring system, be substituted with an additional peroxycarboxylic ester group and/or be substituted with an electron group having a Hammett sigma value greater than 0.1. The peroxycarboxylic ester photoinitiators have been found to be useful in photopolymerizable compositions and photosensitive elements.

Abstract: Aryl N-alkylacridanthiocarboxylate compounds which produce chemiluminescence. The compounds produce light with peroxide and peroxidase. The compounds are used as a substrate in assays for various analytes.

Abstract: New acridinium compounds are provided which comply with formula 1, whereinA is a divalent organic moiety, such as an alkylene chain,X is a group which can be transformed together with C-9 of the acridine into a dioxetane by reaction with hydrogen peroxide, such as an aryloxy group,Y is a counter ion, andZ is a functional group, such as a carboxyl derivative.These acridinium compounds are useful as chemiluminogenic labels for both heterogeneous and homogeneous immunoassays.

Abstract: N-alkylacridan carboxylic acid derivative compounds (I) are used to generate chemiluminescence by the action of a peroxidase enzyme and an oxidant. The compounds I are useful in assays of all types.

Abstract: An insecticidal composition containing a guanidine derivative of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is an optionally substituted homocyclic or heterocyclic group, n is 0 or 1, R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group, R.sup.3 is a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group, X is an electron attractive group such as nitro or trifluoroacetyl group, provided that when n is 0, R.sup.1 is an optionally substituted heterocyclic group or a salt thereof.

Abstract: A method for reducing an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketone of the present invention includes the step of treating the .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketone with a silyl compound in the presence of a Lewis acid and alcohol to selectively reduce the carbonyl group of the .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketone. According to this method, a deoxy-compound can be obtained from the .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketone by selectively reducing the carbonyl group without reducing an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated bond.

Abstract: The phenylalkan(en)oic acids of the formula: ##STR1## as defined herein, possess an antagonistic activity on leukotriene B.sub.4.

Abstract: Compounds of formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.10 and R.sup.11 have any of the meanings given in the specification, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful in the treatment of urinery incontinence. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions, processes for preparing the compounds of formula I and intermediates.

Abstract: A method for the detection of an analyte in a fluid sample using liposomes encapsulating acridinium esters (lumisomes). Hydrophilic polysubstituted aryl acridinium esters are useful as chemiluminescent markers and can be encapsulated within liposome vesicles without significant leakage of the esters from the vesicles. The lumisomes can be coupled to molecules with biological activity, such as antigens, antibodies, and nucleic acids, and used in luminescent assays.

Abstract: Acridinium compounds represented by the general formula (I) where A is an intervening group which does not have activity for binding with a specific binding substance, Z is a labelling active group which has activity for binding with a specific binding substance, R.sup.1 is a halogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are each a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, a nitro group, a halogen atom or a carbonyl group, and Y is a counter ion. The acridinium compounds may form conjugates with specific binding substances. The acridinium compounds have high emission efficiency and stability and, hence, are useful as chemiluminescence labelling agents.

Abstract: An assay method incorporating at least two different chemiluminescent compounds for detection and/or quantitation of at least two substances in a test sample is described. The synthesis of chemiluminescent reagents or conjugates for use in such methods as well as kits incorporating such reagents are also disclosed. The assays have particular application in the field of clinical diagnostics.

Abstract: There are disclosed compounds having the formula ##STR1## wherein n is 1-4; X is alkyl of 3-18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 3-7 carbon atoms or cycloalkylloweralkyl; R is hydrogen, loweralkyl or loweralkylcarbonyl; R.sub.1 is hydrogen, loweralkyl, loweralkylcarbonyl, aryl, diloweralkylaminoloweralkyl, arylloweralkyl, diarylloweralkyl, oxygen-bridged arylloweralkyl or oxygen-bridged diarylloweralkyl; stereo isomers thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof, which are useful for enhancing memory, methods for synthesizing them, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective memory enhancing amount of such a compound.

Abstract: Described are a class of chemiluminescent compound characterized by the presence an aryl ester, thioester or amide of a carboxylic acid substituted heterocyclic ring that is susceptible to chemical attack (such as by oxidic attack) to dissociate the heterocyclic ring to a transient compound. The heterocyclic ring is ring carbon-bonded to the carbonyl of the ester, thioester and amide moiety and possesses a heteroatom in an oxidation state that allows chemiluminescence by dissociating a compound ("intermediate") that decays to produce chemiluminescence, at the carbon bonded to the carbonyl. The aryl ring or ring system is ring carbon-bonded to the oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen of the ester, thioester or amide, as the case may be, and contains at least three substituents on a six-member ring. The substitution on the six-member ring comprises three or more groups acting in concert to sterically and electronically hinder hydrolysis of the ester, thioester or amide linkage.

Abstract: A chemiluminescent label compound and conjugate containing the same, in which the compound involves a fused ring system comprising a(i) hetercyclic ring as a fused member thereof in which the heterocyclic ring contains(a) one or more nitrogen heteroatoms in the ring;(b) at least one saturated or unsaturated ring in fused state with the heterocyclic ring;(c) an available carbon atom in the heterocyclic ring that is adjacent to a carbon forming a fused ring with the heterocyclic ring; and(d) at least one substituent that is peri relative said available carbon of the heterocyclic ring, which substituent serves to enhance the hydrolytic stability of the chemiluminescent label compound; and(ii) a leaving group coupled to the heterocyclic ring through a carbon adjacent to a fused ring carbon such that the leaving group and heterocyclic ring join to form a difunctional carboxy-containing linkage in which the carboxy carbon is directly bonded to the carbon of the heterocyclic ring adjacent to a fused ring carbon,(a)

Abstract: Carbamoyl and oxycarbonyl derivatives of biphenylmethylamines of structure I are angiotensin-II antagonists with balanced AT.sub.1 and AT.sub.2 activity useful in the treatment of hypertension and related disorders and ocular hypertension. ##STR1## where X is --O-- or --N(R.sup.7)--.

Abstract: A novel chemiluminescent labeling compositions comprising an ester, thiolester or amide covalently and jointly bonded to (1) a carbon of a heterocyclic ring or ring system that is susceptible to attack by peroxide or molecular oxygen and (2) an aryl ring or ring system wherein the heterocyclic ring or ring system is distinguished by a heteroatom thereof in an oxidation state which causes the attacked carbon atom to form an intermediate that decays and produces chemiluminescence; the aryl ring or ring system contains at least three substituents on a six-member aromatic hydrocarbon that together sterically and electronically hinder hydrolysis of the linkage, which substituents involve ortho substituent groups on the aryl in conjunction with --NO.sub.2 meta or para substituents thereon.

Abstract: A novel chemiluminescent labeling compositions comprising an ester, thioester or amide covalently and jointly bonded to (1) a carbon of a heterocyclic ring or ring system that is susceptible to attack by peroxide or molecular oxygen and (2) an aryl ring or ring system wherein the heterocyclic ring or ring system is distinguished by a heteroatom thereof in an oxidation state which causes the attacked carbon atom to form an intermediate that decays and produces chemiluminescence; the aryl ring or ring system contains at least three substituents on a six-member aromatic hydrocarbon that together sterically and electronically hinder hydrolysis of the linkage, which substituents involve ortho substituent groups on the aryl in conjunction with meta and/or para substituents thereon that possess an electron withdrawing capacity characterized as a .sigma..sub.p value greater than 0 and less than 1.

Abstract: A chemiluminescent labeling composition comprising an ester, thioester or amide covalently and jointly bonded to (1) a carbon of a heterocyclic ring or ring system that is susceptible to attack by peroxide or molecular oxygen and (2) an aryl ring or ring system wherein the heterocyclic ring or ring system is distinquished by a heteroatom thereof in an oxidation state which causes the attacked carbon atom to form an intermediate that decays and produces chemiluminescence; the aryl ring or ring system contains at least three substituents on a six-member aromatic hydrocarbon that together sterically and electronically hinder hydrolysis of the linkage, which substituents involve ortho substituent groups on the aryl in conjunction with meta and/or para --SO.sub.2 -- substituents thereon.

Abstract: A chemiluminescent compound possessing an aryl ester, thioester or amide of a carboxylic acid substituted heterocyclic ring or ring system that is susceptible to chemical attack to dissociate the heterocyclic ring to a transient compound. The heterocyclic ring is ring carbon-bonded to the carbonyl of the ester, thioester or amide moiety and possesses a heteroatom in an oxidation state that allows chemiluminescence by dissociating a compound at the carbon bonded to the carbonyl that decays to produce chemiluminescence. The heterocyclic ring or ring sustem contains bonded to it through an organic moiety, a functional group that is functionally reactive with an active hydrogen containing compound. The aryl ring is a ring or ring system that is ring carbon-bonded to the oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen of the ester, thioester or amide, as the case may be, and contains substituents on a six-member ring that act to sterically and electronically hinder hydrolysis of the ester, thioester or amide linkage.

Abstract: A novel chemiluminescent labeling compositions comprising an ester or thiolester covalently and jointly bonded to (1) a carbon of a heterocyclic ring or ring system that is susceptible to attack by peroxide or molecular oxygen and (2) an aryl ring or ring system wherein the heterocyclic ring or ring system is distinquished by a heteroatom thereof in an oxidation state which causes the attacked carbon atom to form an intermediate that decays and produces chemiluminescence; the aryl ring or ring system contains at least three substituents on a six-member aromatic hydrocarbon that together sterically and electronically hinder hydrolysis of the linkage, which substituents involve ortho substituent groups on the aryl in conjunction with quaternary ammonium meta or para substituents thereon.

Abstract: This invention is directed to novel nucleophilic polysubstituted aryl acridinium esters and to novel conjugates thereof. The novel nucleophilic polysubstituted aryl acridinium esters and novel conjugates thereof are useful in biological assays, including novel assays for the determination of Vitamin B.sub.12, folate, cortisol, estradiol, and thromboxane B.sub.2.

Abstract: Stabilizing compositions for organic polymers, composed of mixtures of at least one liquid phenolic antioxidant and at least one aminic antioxidant, subjected to thermal treatment, are characterized by their stabilizing capacity which is considerably higher than that of either single components or of corresponding untreated mixtures.These stabilizing compositions can be used in all field where the single components of the mixtures are generally used and, preferably, in the stabilization of organic polymers normally subject to deterioration due to oxidation processes.

Abstract: A method for the detection of an analyte in a fluid sample using liposomes encapsulating acridinium esters (lumisomes). Hydrophilic polysubstituted aryl acridinium esters are useful as chemiluminescent markers and can be encapsulated within liposome vesicles without significant leakage of the esters from the vesicles. The lumisomes can be coupled to molecules with biological activity, such as antigens, antibodies, and nucleic acids, and used in luminescent assays.

Abstract: An optical probe enables the study of enzyme activity by absorbance spectroscopy or by sensitive fluorescence methods. In particular, the probe provides the ability to monitor the activity of cytochrome P-450.sub.scc enzyme, the rate limiting enzyme for steroid biosynthesis. Located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, P-450.sub.scc catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone and isocapraldehyde by sequential oxidations of the cholesterol side chain. The fluorogenic probe includes a cholesterol-like steroid linked to a chromophore through a linking group. The chromophore is selected to have little optical response when linked to the steroid substrate and an enhanced optical response when cleaved from the substrate and linking group. Thus, a fluorescent anion that can be optically detected is generated by the side-chain cleavage reaction during steroidogenesis.

Abstract: An optical recording medium contains novel azulenemethine dyes of the formula ##STR1## where R is unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, X.sup..crclbar. is an anion, A.sup..sym. is heterocyclic radical, of the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, Y, Z and W are as defined, with the proviso that, when A.sup..sym. is a radical of the formula II f, II g, II i or II k, m is 2, A is 1, 2 or 3 and M is 1 or 2.

Abstract: A process for the N-arylation of isatins with organo bismuth reagents is disclosed.

Abstract: This invention relates to 1-dimethylcarbamoyl-3-substituted-5-substituted-1H-1,2,4-triazoles of the formula ##STR1## wherein the substituents are as defined herein, compositions containing those compounds and methods of use.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel acridinium esters which are useful as luminescent labels in specific binding assays such as immunoassays or nucleic acid hybridization assays. More particularly, polysubstituted aryl acridinium esters are highly stable labels for use in a chemiluminescent immunoassay.

Abstract: This invention relates to compounds of the formula a compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein X is O, CR.sub.7 R.sub.8, S or NR.sub.9 wherein R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are independently hydrogen, or lower alkyl, and R.sub.9 is lower alkyl;n is 0 or 1;R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, monoorganosilyl, diorganosilyl, triorganosilyl, halogen, aryl, or nitro;R.sub.3 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, monoorganosilyl, diorganosilyl, triorganosilyl, halogen, 9-fluorenylalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl;R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, or aryl or one of R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 is 9-fluorenyl;R.sub.6 is H or COZ wherein Z is an amino acid, a peptide residue or a leaving group; andwith the provisos that when n is 0 and R.sub.3 is hydrogen, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are not hydrogen, halogen or nitro; that when n is 0 and R.sub.3 is lower alkyl, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are not hydrogen; and that when X is O or CR.sub.7 R.sub.8 wherein R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are H, that R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of aromatic carboxylic acids or their salts comprises heating carboxyl-free aromatic compounds and aromatic carboxylic acid salts whose basic structures differ from those of the aromatic compounds, or heating polycyclic aromatic compounds with three or more rings and monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carboxylic acid salts, under carbon dioxide pressure in the presence of one or more metal compounds selected from group (a) of compounds of zinc, cadmium, and thallium and one or more compounds selected from group (b) of compounds of cesium, Group II metals, And Group IIIa metals to effect the intermolecular transfer of the carboxyl groups.

Abstract: Triggerable dioxetanes with a fluorescent molecule containing group bonded or tethered in the dioxetane so as to produce fluorescence from the group are described. The compounds are useful in immunoassays and in probes using enzymes or other chemicals for triggering the dioxetanes to produce light from the flurorescent molecule in the group as a signal.

Abstract: A method of reducing a carbonyl containing acridine of the formula ##STR1## where n is 1, 2 or 3; X is hydrogen, loweralkyl, loweralkoxy, halogen, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, or NR.sub.3 R.sub.4 where R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently hydrogen or loweralkyl; R is hydrogen or loweralkyl and R.sub.1 is hydrogen, loweralkyl, diloweralkylaminoloweralkyl, arylloweralkyl, diarylloweralkyl, furylloweralkyl, thienylloweralkyl, oxygen-bridged arylloweralkyl, oxygen-bridged diarylloweralkyl, oxygen-bridged furylloweralkyl or oxygen-bridged thienylloweralkyl, is disclosed.

Abstract: Novel tricyclic arylsulfonamides useful for treating hypertension and bronchoconstiction, as well as to their pharmaceutical compositions and methods for using the same.

Abstract: A pyridine-compound is reacted with fluorine together with a Bronsted acid-compound or Lewis acid to form a N-fluoropyridinium salt which is very active to other compounds but is very selective for the preparation of a desired product and this product is very useful for a fluorine-introducing agent which makes it useful for the preparation of fluoro-compounds such as thyroid inhibitor.

Abstract: There are disclosed a 9-acylamino-tetrahydroacridine derivative represented by the following formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R ##STR2## are as defined in the specification, its optical antipode or pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof and a memory enhancing agent containing the same as an active ingredient.

Abstract: A pyridine-compound is reacted with fluorine together with a .[.Bronsted.]. .Iadd.Bronsted .Iaddend.acid-compound or Lewis acid to form a N-fluoropyridinium salt which is very active to other compounds but is very selective for the preparation of a desired product and this product is very useful for a fluorine-introducing agent which makes it useful for the preparation of fluoro-compounds such as thyroid inhibitor.