Abstract: Articles and methods relating to filter media are generally provided. In some embodiments, a filter media has an irregular surface structure. For instance, the filter media may comprise a plurality of peaks that are irregular in one or more ways. A ratio of a peak height standard deviation to an average peak height may be greater than or equal to 0.05, and/or a ratio of a peak spacing standard deviation to an average peak spacing may be greater than or equal to 0.08. In some embodiments, a filter media comprises a non-woven fiber web having a layer thickness of greater than 0.3 mm and/or a stiffness of less than or equal to 100 mg.

Abstract: Articles and methods relating to filter media are generally provided. In some embodiments, a filter media has an irregular surface structure. For instance, the filter media may comprise a plurality of peaks that are irregular in one or more ways. A ratio of a peak height standard deviation to an average peak height may be greater than or equal to 0.05, and/or a ratio of a peak spacing standard deviation to an average peak spacing may be greater than or equal to 0.08. In some embodiments, a filter media comprises a non-woven fiber web having a layer thickness of greater than 0.3 mm and/or a stiffness of less than or equal to 100 mg.

Abstract: A method of treatment or prevention of fibrosis of human tissue or organ. The method includes administering a patient in need thereof a compound of formula (I).

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for preparing optically pure (R)-4-n-propyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one, belonging to the field of chemical synthesis. According to the process, optically pure (S)-3-n-pentanoyl-4-substituted oxazol-2-one is used as a starting material, and after alkylation, reduction, cyano hydrolysis, lactonization, the product optically pure (R)-4-n-propyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one is given. The preparation process has the advantages of easy availability of raw materials, low price, high yield, high optical purity of product, simple reaction conditions and simple operations.

Abstract: A process for producing a metal carbonate-containing shaped catalyst body for the hydrogenation of an organic compound having one or more carbonyl group, in which a) a metal carbonate composition which contains, based on the total weight of the metal carbonate composition, from 70 to 94.5% by weight of a metal carbonate mixture containing two or more than two metal carbonates of two or more than two different metals (M), from 5 to 25% by weight of metallic copper, and from 0.5 to 5% by weight of tableting aid is provided, b) a shaped body is formed from the metal carbonate composition provided in step a), and c) the shaped body obtained in step b) is activated in the presence of hydrogen at a temperature in the range from 150 to 250° C.

Abstract: Control or repellency of bed bugs is accomplished by bringing the bed bugs into contact with at least one of the compounds of the structure (I); wherein R is selected from —OH, —OC(O)R4, —OR6, —(OR6)2, wherein each R6 is independently selected from an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R4 is a branched or straight chain saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to two double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms; X is O or CH2, with the proviso that when X is O R can only be =0; each Z is independently selected from (CH) and (CH2) y is a numeral selected from 1 and 2; R1 is selected from H or a branched or straight chain saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to two double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms. R2 is selected from H and a branched or straight chain saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group with zero to three double bonds and from 1 to 15 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial organisms comprising 1,4-butanediol (14-BDO) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) pathways comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a 14-BDO and GBL pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce 14-BDO and GBL. The invention additionally provides methods of using such microbial organisms to produce 14-BDO and GBL.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for diagnosing a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of insulin resistance, a metabolic disorder, diabetes and pre-diabetes in a subject. The method comprises the step of determining the level of a compound represented by structural formula (VI): or a salt thereof. Compositions and method of making thereof are also described.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing ?-valerolactone that is hard to elute metallic components and has high productivity. ?-Valerolactone is synthesized by bringing a levulinic acid compound represented by the formula (1) (where R represents a hydrogen atom, a linear alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched alkyl group of 3 to 6 carbon atoms) into contact with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in which two or more different kinds of metals of Group VIII to Group X metals in the periodic table are supported on a support.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a method for preparing a precursor of a single dairy-lactone isomer, methods of preparing a single dairy-lactone isomer, and to the organoleptic uses thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing an aliphatic alcohol having 8 or more and 22 or less carbon atoms through hydrogenation of a fatty acid or a fatty acid ester using a catalyst, wherein the catalyst carries a catalyst metal on a support, (a) the catalyst contains one or more elements selected from Co and Cu as the catalyst metal, (b) the total pore volume of the catalyst is 0.05 mL/g or more, and (c) the volume of pores with a pore size of 0.1 ?m or more and 500 ?m or less is 50% or more of the total pore volume of the catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of preparing fused ring indeno compounds that involves reacting together a dienophile and a lactone compound, in the presence of a catalyst, and a carboxylic acid anhydride.

Abstract: The object of this application is to non-enzymatically improve flavor of a butter oil and fat composition. The present invention can enrich lactones in the oil and fat composition by the following steps of keeping temperature of the oil and fat composition containing between 300 ppm and 1200 ppm of moisture content at the temperature where a solid fat exists in the oil and fat composition, and non-enzymatically producing ?-lactone or ?-lactone from triglyceride containing 4- or 5-hydroxy fatty acid in the oil and fat composition, or adding to the oil and fat composition an additive agent (such as, sucrose) which has an ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, keeping temperature of the oil and fat composition at the temperature between 40 and 60° C., and non-enzymatically producing ?-lactone or ?-lactone from triglyceride containing 4- or 5-hydroxy fatty acid in the oil and fat composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a production method of ?-methylene lactone which comprises the following steps: (A) a step of producing an enolate intermediate by making lactone react with alkyl formate under the presence of an alkoxide base; and (B) making the enolate intermediate react with paraformaldehyde. The production method of the present invention is capable of reducing the process time, improving yield, and minimizing the contamination of a reactor.

Abstract: Catalysts prepared from abundant, cost effective metals, such as cobalt, nickel, chromium, manganese, iron, and copper, and containing one or more neutrally charged ligands (e.g., monodentate, bidentate, and/or polydentate ligands) and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. Exemplary ligands include, but are not limited to, phosphine ligands, nitrogen-based ligands, sulfur-based ligands, and/or arsenic-based ligands. In some embodiments, the catalyst is a cobalt-based catalyst or a nickel-based catalyst. The catalysts described herein are stable and active at neutral pH and in a wide range of buffers that are both weak and strong proton acceptors. While its activity is slightly lower than state of the art cobalt-based water oxidation catalysts under some conditions, it is capable of sustaining electrolysis at high applied potentials without a significant degradation in catalytic current. This enhanced robustness gives it an advantage in industrial and large-scale water electrolysis schemes.

Abstract: A compound of formula (ascorbate)2Sr:(M+a)x(ascorbate)y, or ascorbate)2Sr:Ca(ascorbate)2, a composition containing the same, a method of making the same and a method of administering the same as a supplement.

Abstract: The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial organisms having a 4-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone, 1,4-butanediol, 4-hydroxybutanal, 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and/or putrescine pathway and being capable of producing 4-hydroxybutyrate, wherein the microbial organism comprises one or more genetic modifications. The invention additionally provides methods of producing 4-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone, 1,4-butanediol, 4-hydroxybutanal, 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and/or putrescine or related products using the microbial organisms.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of gamma-valerolactone (GVL) by gas phase hydrogenation of furfural or furfuryl alcohol in the presence of a solid catalyst. The conversion of furfural or furfuryl alcohol to GVL is conducted in one single step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing bio-based homoserine lactone and bio-based organic acid through hydrolysis of O-acyl homoserine produced by a microorganism in the presence of an acid catalyst. According to the present invention, O-acyl homoserine produced by a microorganism is used as a raw material for producing 1,4-butanediol, gamma-butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran and the like, which are industrially highly useful. The O-acyl homoserine produced by a microorganism can substitute conventional petrochemical products, can solve environmental concerns, including the emission of pollutants and the exhaustion of natural resources, and can be continuously renewable so as not to exhaust natural resources.

Abstract: The present invention relates to lactone compounds represented by the following Formulas I and II, and methods of making such lactone compounds. The present invention also relates to methods of making other materials from such lactone compounds, such as fused ring indenol compounds (e.g., indeno-fused naphthols), and fused ring indenopyran compounds (e.g., indeno-fused naphthopyrans).

Abstract: ?-Hydroxycarboxylic esters and ?-lactones which are suitable as flavors can be prepared by electrochemical reductive cross-coupling of ?,?-unsaturated esters with carbonyl compounds in an undivided electrolysis cell having a cathode composed of lead, lead alloys, cadmium, cadmium alloys, mercury, steel, glassy carbon or boron-doped diamonds and a basic aqueous electrolyte comprising an electrolyte salt which suppresses the cathodic formation of hydrogen.

Abstract: What is disclosed in the invention is a preparation method of a supercritical Cinnamomum subavenium extract, which is made from the material, the dried stem of C. subavenium. The extract is obtained by extracting C. subavenium which is pulverized as particles with supercritical carbon dioxide fluid. The C. subavenium extract or its active ingredient, subamolide A, can be used to inhibit the growth of human urothelial carcinoma cell lines. In addition, the C. subavenium extract (or subamolide A) is able to synergistically inhibit the growth of human urothelial carcinoma cell lines with cisplatin (CDDP) or gemcitabine (Gem). Therefore, the C. subavenium extract (or subamolide A) can be an anticancer drug alone, or forms a pharmaceutical composition with CDDP (or Gem) to treat with cancers in respect of urinary system.

Abstract: A composition, which comprises a) an organic material susceptible to oxidative, thermal or light-induced degradation; and b) a compound of formula I (Formula I) (I) wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 are independently from each other H, C1-C8-alkyl, C4-C8-cycloalkyl, phenyl, C1-C4-alkoxy or halogen; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and when n is 1 A is —C(=0)-OR?1, —C(=0)-N(R?2)(R?3), —CN, phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C1-C8-alkyl, C4-C8-alkoxy, C5-C7-cycloalkyl or halogen, —H or —S02-phenyl; when n is 2 A is —C(=0)-O—Z1—O—C(=0)-, —C(=0)-N(R?1)—Z2—N(R?2)—C(=0)- or piperazine-N,N?-biscarbonyl.

Abstract: Disclosed is a monomer having an electron-withdrawing substituent and a lactone skeleton, represented by Formula (1), wherein Ra represents, e.g., hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbons; R1 represents, e.g., a halogen or an alkyl or haloalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbons; “A” represents an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbons, oxygen, sulfur, or is nonbonding; “m” denotes an integer of 0 to 8; Xs each represent an electron-withdrawing substituent; “n” denotes an integer of 1 to 9; and Y represents a bivalent organic group having 1 to 6 carbons. The monomer is useful as a monomer component typically for a highly functional polymer, because, when the monomer is applied to a resist resin, the resin is stable and resistant to chemicals, is highly soluble in organic solvents, and has improved hydrolyzability and/or solubility in water after hydrolysis.

Abstract: Natural and synthetic compounds having a lactone structure methods for alleviation of pain, especially pain associated with disorders such as melanoma, leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, esophagus cancer, liver cancer, and lymphatic cancer. Initial studies have shown that patients can be taken off of morphine when the preferred alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone is administered in a dosage of between 60 and 120 mg/day intramuscularly.

Abstract: Compounds of Formulae Ia wherein R1-R9 taken independently are preferably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or any other organic groups or grouping, Z and X are independently and preferably a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen groupings are useful for treatment of bacterial and fungal infections.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an ester from a ketone or an aldehyde, which is a reactive substrate, by a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction using hydrogen peroxide, and in this method, as a catalyst, M(BAr4)n, which is a metal borate, is used (M represents an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal; Ar represents an aryl; and n is the same number as the valence of M). For example, when cyclohexanone was used as the reactive substrate, and Sr[B(3,5-CF3C6H3)4]2 was used as the catalyst, ?-caprolactone was obtained at an isolated yield of 82%.

Abstract: A method for utilizing agricultural biomass components, namely cellulose, hemicellose, and lignin, and converting them to value-added biobased chemical products is described herein. The present method provides treatments to obtain a plurality of component streams from agricultural biomass for producing derivative products while minimizing waste products.

Abstract: A method for utilizing woody biomass components, namely cellulose, hemicellose, and lignin, and converting them to value-added biobased chemical products is described herein. The present method provides treatments to obtain a plurality of component streams from woody biomass for producing derivative products while minimizing waste products.

Abstract: An antimicrobial material is provided for use in forming textiles, medical devices, packaging materials, and the like, or coatings thereon. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial material may be utilized for bulk modification of an article. The antimicrobial material includes a furanone possessing vinyl and/or acrylate functional groups, optionally in combination with another monomer possessing vinyl and/or acrylate groups.

Abstract: Disclosed are compounds comprising a zinc oxide molecule chemically bound to one or more molecules having an acidic hydrogen, such as an organic acid. The invention also provides compositions comprising such compounds and methods of preparing such compounds. The compounds of the invention may be provided in, for example, topical skin formulations, pharmaceutical compositions, or delivery systems for active ingredients.

Abstract: ?-Hydroxycarboxylic esters and ?-lactones which are suitable as flavors can be prepared by electrochemical reductive cross-coupling of ?,?-unsaturated esters with carbonyl compounds in an undivided electrolysis cell having a cathode composed of lead, lead alloys, cadmium, cadmium alloys, mercury, steel, glassy carbon or boron-doped diamonds and a basic aqueous electrolyte comprising an electrolyte salt which suppresses the cathodic formation of hydrogen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the catalytic conversion of a carbohydrate, an alcohol, an aldehyde or a polyhydroxy compound in the presence of a catalyst containing gold in a solvent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a compound of having the following formula: wherein either 1 or 2 of the dotted lines represent a double bond, in order to provide or enhance buttery, creamy, green, fatty and/or milky note to flavors and foods.

Abstract: The present invention concerns the field of bacterial biocontrol. More precisely, the invention relates to the identification of chemicals which promote the growth of bacteria inactivating NAHL, such as gamma-caprolactone (GCL) and 4-heptanolide (HTN) and their use in soil additives.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of 4-aminobut-2-enolide compounds of the formula (I): comprising reaction of a 4-alkoxyfuran-2(5H)-one compound or 4-arylalkoxyfuran-2(5H)-one compound of the formula (II) with an amine of the formula (III) in which R1, R2 and A have the definitions given in the description, in the presence of a Brønstedt acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mixture comprising protolichesterinic acid or a salt thereof or a diastereoisomer thereof or a derivative thereof, and lichesterinic acid or a salt thereof or an enantiomer thereof or a derivative thereof, for use for stimulating pigmentation of the skin and/or of its appendages. The invention also relates to derivatives of lichesterinic acid of formula (A).

Abstract: The current invention relates to the structure, synthesis of dialkyl(2,4,6- or 2,6-alkoxyphenyl)phosphine or its tetrafluoroborate, as well as its applications in the palladium catalyzed carbon-chlorine bond activation for Suzuki coupling reactions and carbon-nitrogen bond formation reactions. The dialkyl(2,4,6- or 2,6-alkoxyphenyl)phosphine or its tetrafluoroborate could coordinate with the palladium catalyst to activate the inert carbon-chlorine bond highly selectively and catalyze Suzuki coupling reaction with arylboronic acid or carbon-nitrogen bond formation reaction with organic amines. The current invention uses only one step to synthesize dialkyl(2,4,6- or 2,6-alkoxyphenyl)phosphine and its tetrafluoroborate is stable in the air. Compared with known synthetic routes of ligands used in activating carbon-chlorine bonds, the method of current invention is short, easy to operate.

Abstract: Natural and synthetic compounds having a lactone structure methods for alleviation of pain, especially pain associated with disorders such as melanoma, leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, esophagus cancer, liver cancer, and lymphatic cancer. Initial studies have shown that patients can be taken off of morphine when the preferred alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone is administered in a dosage of between 60 and 120 mg/day intramuscularly.

Abstract: A novel chemical genus of furan-2-one antifouling compound as non-toxic, environment friendly antifouling agent, a coating material for objects submerged under the water based on the furan-2-one compounds. The substituted furan-2-one antifouling compounds have a furan-2-one ring and an alkyl side chain thereto and are of the formula: where n=6-14, representing the number of carbon atoms in said side chain.

Abstract: Redox flow devices are described in which at least one of the positive electrode or negative electrode-active materials is a semi-solid or is a condensed ion-storing electroactive material, and in which at least one of the electrode-active materials is transported to and from an assembly at which the electrochemical reaction occurs, producing electrical energy. The electronic conductivity of the semi-solid is increased by the addition of conductive particles to suspensions and/or via the surface modification of the solid in semi-solids (e.g., by coating the solid with a more electron conductive coating material to increase the power of the device). High energy density and high power redox flow devices are disclosed. The redox flow devices described herein can also include one or more inventive design features. In addition, inventive chemistries for use in redox flow devices are also described.

Abstract: A novel chemical genus of furan-2-one antifouling compound as non-toxic, environment friendly antifouling agent, a coating material for objects submerged under the water based on the furan-2-one compounds. The substituted furan-2-one antifouling compounds have a furan-2-one ring and an alkyl side chain thereto and are of the formula: where n=6-14, representing the number of carbon atoms in said side chain.

Abstract: Three biosynthetic pathways are disclosed for microorganism bio-production of 1,4-Butanediol from various carbon sources. Exemplary methods are provided. The recombinant microorganisms comprising any of these 1,4-Butanediol biosynthesis pathways may also comprise genetic modifications directed to improved tolerance for 1,4-Butanediol.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel methylene furanone derivatives as well as the use thereof as a protective, antioxidant, or depigmentation agent in cosmetic or dermatological compositions. The invention also relates to a method for preparing said derivatives involving a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction from corresponding dibromofuranone derivatives. The invention also relates to a method of preparation involving a coupling reaction of 2-methoxy-furan derivatives with a ketone followed by dehydration.

Abstract: Natural and synthetic compounds having a lactone structure methods for using and making the compounds have been disclosed. The compounds are useful as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory agents, and for treating proliferation disorders such as melanoma, leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, esophagus cancer, liver cancer, and lymphatic cancer. The compounds are also effective for treatment or prevention of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, lung fibrosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, pancreatitis, sarcoidosis, glomerulitis, and organ transplant rejection. They are also effective for treatment or prevention of bacterial and fungal infections, including treatment of peptic ulcers, gastritis, dyspepsia and gastric cancer, gingivitis and periodontitis.

Abstract: A method for modifying ethylenic unsaturation in a triglyceride. One or more unsaturated fatty acyl moieties present in the triglyceride are substituted with a lactone or ketone moiety via an electron acceptor mediated reaction. The resulting reaction products are useful, for example, as formulations for lubricants, hydraulic fluids, dielectric fluids, and intermediates for polymer synthesis.

Abstract: The present invention provides a stable composition which comprises a non-hydroxyl-group-containing solvent mixture comprising N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide and ?-hexalactone, optionally with dimethyl sulfoxide, eucalyptol and 1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate; and an effective amount of each of amitraz and at least one additional parasiticidal compound, such as R-28153. Said composition allows for high concentrations of a mixture of parasiticidal agents in a single application and is useful for treating and controlling parasiticidal infection and infestation in a homeothermic animal.

Abstract: A method of providing a flavour or a fragrance to a composition, which includes adding to the composition a compound of the formula I in which R1 and R3 are independently selected from at least one of H, C1-C10 straight chain alkyl or branched chain alkyl, and R2 and R4 are independently selected from at least one of C1-C10 straight chain alkyl or branched chain alkyl. Flavored and fragranced products including a compound of the Formula I are also provided.

Abstract: The invention provides various ionic and non-ionic photoacid generator compounds. Photoresist compositions that include the novel ionic and non-ionic photoacid generator compounds are also provided. The invention further provides methods of making and using the photoacid generator compounds and photoresist compositions disclosed herein. The compounds and compositions are useful as photoactive components in chemically amplified resist compositions for various microfabrication applications.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for controlling molluscs, members of the Gastropoda and Bivalvia classes which includes but is not limited to lactones, lactams, carbamates, amides, and/or carboxylic acid containing compounds as active ingredients and/or compounds derived from Pseudomonas and/or Erwinia. Also provided are methods and compositions for increasing the efficacy of chemical and biological control for invasive molluscs in open waters, power plants, and drinking water treatment facilities under coldwater conditions.