Abstract: An information processing method is performed by a computer for evaluating flammability of a mixed refrigerant material containing a plurality of components. The method includes: calculating, for each of the plurality of components, a second value obtained by multiplying a mixture ratio thereof in the mixed refrigerant material by a first value obtained based on numbers of hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, and double bonds included in a molecular structure thereof; calculating a total sum of the second value calculated for each of the plurality of components; and classifying the mixed refrigerant material into a predetermined flammability class based on the total sum.

Abstract: A process for preparing polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) which includes step of melting solid PBT oligomer having an IV of between 0.13 and 0.17 dL/g and a CEG of between 90 and 180 mmol/kg; and further step of the PBT oligomer polycondensation; wherein the polycondensation process is carried out continuously using a melt tank for melting oligomers, one or more reactors for post-condensation processing, and one or more finishing reactors to increase molecular weight. The resulting PBT has an intrinsic viscosity (IV) of between 0.5 and 1.3 dl/g and a carboxylic end group (CEG) concentration of between 1 and 75 mmol/kg.

Abstract: A batch process for preparing polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) includes heating a solid PBT oligomer having an intrinsic viscosity (IV) of 0.1 to 0.2 dL/g and a carboxylic acid end group concentration [CEG] of 90 to 180 mmol/kg at a temperature and pressure defined herein to form melted homogeneous PBT oligomer containing 0 to 300 ppm tetra(C1-C8 alkyl) titanate catalyst, and polycondensing the melted homogeneous PBT oligomer in the presence of a tetra(C1-C8 alkyl) titanate catalyst, reducing the pressure, and maintaining the temperature at approximately 245-260° C. for a sufficient time to provide PBT having an IV of 0.55 and 1.20 dL/g. The PBT oligomer can be prepared by heating a mixture of 1,4-butane diol and purified terephthalic acid in the presence of a tetra(C1-C8 alkyl) titanate catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing hyperbranched polyhydroxybenzoic acid alkoxylates, comprising the steps of: (a) reacting at least one polyhydroxybenzoic ester with one or more alkylene oxides, optionally in the presence of a basic catalyst, (b) allowing the polyhydroxybenzoic ester alkoxylates formed in step (a) to react with transesterification to form hyperbranched polyhydroxybenzoic acid alkoxylates.

Abstract: Polyester polyols are produced from at least one carboxylic acid hydride and diethylene glycol by a process in which the formation of 1,4-dioxane is suppressed. These polyester polyols are useful for producing polyurethane (PUR) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams and metal composite elements containing these PUR or PIR foams.

Abstract: Supported heterogeneous organotin catalysts of the formula X1, X2, or X3: wherein Z is a spacer group; Y is an insoluble phenyl-group containing copolymer; R1, R2, R3, R5, and R6 are independently selected from halogen, alkyl, alkylene, phenyl, vinyl, allyl, naphthyl, aralkyl, and Z; and R4 is alkyl, alkylene, phenyl, vinyl, allyl, naphthyl, or aralkyl.

Abstract: This invention relates to toluate ester compositions and their use as solvent, plasticizers, extender and/or diluents in binder formulations, a method of producing such ester compositions, as well as polymer compositions containing such liquid ester compositions. The method of making toluate based esters by reacting methyl-p-toluate with ethylene glycol, diethylene or triethylene glycol, butanediol, etc. More particularly, this invention relates to the mono- or di-ester of methyl toluic acid with a diol containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms that are low viscosity liquids at 25° C. The most common polymer that employs plasticizer is polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Typical amounts of plasticizer in PVC are from about 3 wt. % to about 50 wt. %. Phenolic resins generally require solvents, diluents and/or extenders that reduce the volatility and viscosity of the resin, especially when it is used in building and automotive products. Typical amounts of solvent are from about 5 wt. % to about 65 wt. %.

Abstract: Flame retardant formulations comprised of at least one bromine-containing polyol are produced by a process which comprises: A) heating a mixture formed from components comprised of (i) tetrabromophthalic anhydride, (ii) at least one aliphatic polyol, and (iii) at least one liquid straight chain aliphatic diester of a straight-chain alkane dicarboxylic acid to form an intermediate composition; and B) contacting all or a portion of the intermediate composition one or more times with (iv) at least one alkylene oxide that results in the formation of a liquid product formulation, and optionally, removing any excess alkylene oxide present; the amounts of (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) used being proportioned to form a formulation having a bromine content of at least about 40 wt %, a viscosity at 25° C. of about 20,000 cps or less, and an acid number as determinable by aqueous sodium hydroxide titration and expressed in terms of potassium hydroxide, of less than about 1 milligram of KOH per gram of the formulation.

Abstract: A method of making a hindered phenolic antioxidant is disclosed wherein the method comprises: reacting an ester of the formula: wherein R1, R2, and R3 are independently selected alkyl groups and n is 0, 1, or 2, with an aliphatic polyhydroxyl alcohol of the general formula R(OH)n wherein R is an aliphatic group of from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms and n is an integer of from 2 to 7, provided that one hydroxyl is primary and the others are secondary or tertiary, in the presence of a strong acid catalyst; then, neutralizing the strong acid catalyst with an overbased detergent; and isolating the hindered phenolic antioxidant after the neutralization step.

Abstract: Flame retardant formulations comprised of at least one bromine-containing polyol are produced by a process which comprises: A) heating a mixture formed from components comprised of (i) tetrabromophthalic anhydride, (ii) at least one aliphatic polyol, and (iii) at least one liquid straight chain aliphatic diester of a straight-chain alkane dicarboxylic acid to form an intermediate composition; and B) contacting all or a portion of the intermediate composition one or more times with (iv) at least one alkylene oxide that results in the formation of a liquid product formulation, and optionally, removing any excess alkylene oxide present; the amounts of (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) used being proportioned to form a formulation having a bromine content of at least about 40 wt %, a viscosity at 25° C. of about 20,000 cps or less, and an acid number as determinable by aqueous sodium hydroxide titration and expressed in terms of potassium hydroxide, of less than about 1 milligram of KOH per gram of the formulation.

Abstract: A flame retardant formulation which is the combination of at least (1) at least one bromine-containing polyol flame retardant formed from the reaction of (a) tetrabromophthalic anhydride, (b) an aliphatic polyol, and (c) an epoxide, and (2) at least one aliphatic diester of an alkane dicarboxylic acid, with the proviso that the formulation has a viscosity at 25° C. of about 20,000 cps or less, and a bromine content of at least about 40 wt %. A flame retardant compound formed from A) tetrabromophthalic anhydride; B) diethylene glycol; C) at least one alpha-omega alkane diol, or at least one alpha-omega alkane diol and at least one aliphatic monool; and D) at least one alkylene oxide; with the proviso that the compound has a viscosity at 25° C. of about 60,000 cps or less, and a bromine content of at least about 43 wt %. Polymer compositions formed from (a) a polyurethane or a polyisocyanurate and (b) a formulation of the invention.

Abstract: A process for the continuous production of at least one of bis(3-hydroxypropyl) terephthalate and low molecular weight oligomers of 1,3-propanediol and terephthalic acid is disclosed. According to the process, preheated 1,3-propanediol (about 150° C. to about 200° C.) and preheated lower dialkyl esters of terephthalic acid (about 150° C. to about 220° C.) are combined in a mole ratio of about 1.2:1 to about 2.3:1 and fed to an ester exchange vessel where the mixture undergoes a continuous transesterification reaction. The liquid reaction mixture is continuously heated and mixed, at a temperature of about 215° C. to about 250° C., and a pressure of about 800 mm Hg to about 1,000 mm Hg. Gaseous reaction products are continuously separated from the liquid reaction mixture, and a stream of liquid reaction products containing bis(3-hydoxypropyl) terephthalate and low molecular weight oligomers of 1,3-propanediol and terephthalic acid is continuously removed from a base portion of the ester exchange vessel.

Abstract: Oligomers from multifunctional acrylates and organonitro compounds are provided. Films obtained from crosslinked oligomers of the present invention are useful as protective or decorative coatings as well as components in adhesives and composites.

Abstract: Selected bis-amino acid hydroxyethylamino sulfonamide compounds are effective as retroviral protease inhibitors, and in particular as inhibitors of HIV protease. The present invention relates to such retroviral protease inhibitors and, more particularly, relates to selected novel compounds, composition and method for inhibiting retroviral proteases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease, prophylactically preventing retroviral infection or the spread of a retrovirus, and treatment of a retroviral infection.

Abstract: This invention provides an article, compositions, methods of making and uses of vapor-deposited metal compounds immobilized on porous substrates. The substrate is a porous substrate having an average pore size of at least about 8 Å and a surface area of at least about 10 m2/g. The methods describe the vapor-deposition of an inorganic compound onto the substrate where the deposition is accomplished with a relatively small amount of ligand loss. The substrate can be pre-treated to achieve a uniformly dispersed metal compound deposited on the substrate. The inorganic compound can decompose into a metal compound. The article can also function as a catalyst for carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions such as carbon-carbon coupling reactions, most notably, the Heck reaction.

Abstract: A process for producing a dicarboxylic acid monoester which comprises subjecting a dicarboxylic acid monoester or an alkali metal salt of a dicarboxylic acid monoester and a metal alkoxide to transesterification in the presence of an organic solvent, or a process for producing a dicarboxylic acid monoester which comprises subjecting a dicarboxylic acid monoester or an alkali metal salt of a dicarboxylic acid monoester and an alcohol to transesterification in the presence of a metal alkoxide.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improvement for the preparation of bis(3-hydroxypropyl) dicarboxylate monomers using 1,3-propanediol and a dialkyl dicarboxylate in the presence of a catalytic amount of such yttrium and/or samarium compounds as yttrium/samarium acetylacetonate or tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato) yttrium/samarium which act as a catalyst for the transesterification reaction

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved transesterification process for the preparation of bis(3-hydroxypropyl) terephthalate monomer from 1,3-propanediol and a dialkyl terephthalate using a lanthanum compound transesterification catalyst.

Abstract: Prepolymer polyols containing mesogenic moieties useful as reactants for the preparation of resinous materials are disclosed. Synthesized by condensing a polyether polyol with bifunctional mesogenic diacids, or diesters, the compounds of the invention are characterized by their reasonably low melt temperature which renders them suitable as additive materials in polymeric molding compositions and as precursors for the preparation of resinous materials.The liquid crystalline properties of the prepolymers of the invention were found to depend on the type and molecular weight of the glycols and on the molar ratio between the glycols and the mesogenic reactant.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for making compounds such as 3,6,9-trioxaundecane-1,11-bis (3-n-dodecylthiopropionate) which comprises reacting an alkyl thiopropionate with a glycol at temperatures between 50.degree. C. and 180.degree. C. in the presence of a catalytic amount of a dialkyl tin oxide.

Abstract: A process for the production of terephthalate esters having the following general formula (I). ##STR1## Substituents R and R' are the same or different and represent a straight chain or branched alkyl group having from 6 to 15 carbon atoms. The process comprises reacting a terephthalate polyester with a high molecular weight alcohol or mixture of high molecular weight alcohols in the presence of a catalyst and recovering the desired compound according to formula (I). This process is particularly useful for recycling scrap terephthalate polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate.

Abstract: Fluorocarbon blowing agent compatible polyol blends are provided comprising reaction products of a combination of (a) a residue from the manufacture of dimethyl terephthalate, (b) a low molecular weight diol compound, (c) a nonionic surfactant compound, (d) optionally a hydrophobic compound, and (e) optionally a polybasic carboxylic acid compound. These polyol blends are produced by a simple heating process and are thereafter optionally blendable with various conventional polyols and other additives (including fluorocarbons and catalysts) to make resin prepolymer blends. Such resin blends can be catalytically reacted with organic isocyanates to produce cellular polyurethanes and polyurethane/polyisocyanurates.

Abstract: Disclosed is a mixture of terephthalic acid ester polyols for use in the preparation of rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams. The polyols are prepared by reacting scrap polyethylene terephthalate, dimethyl terephthalate process residue and an excess of a mixture of glycols.

Abstract: A polyester being liquid at 25.degree. C. comprises a polybasic acid and a polyhydric alcohol as its monomer constituents, wherein the polyhydric alcohol is composed at least partially of 1,2-butanediol.

Abstract: A novel method for producing a composite ester from dibasic acid, diol and monovalent alcohol through a dehydrating esterification reaction in the first step and then alcohol removing ester interchange reaction in the second step.

Abstract: A process for the production of an ester comprises reacting an olefin with carbon monoxide, hydrogen and another ester at elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst comprising (1) a rhodium source, (2) a ruthenium source, and (3) cobalt or zinc iodide. The product ester comprises the acid group of the ester used as reactant esterified with a hydrocarbyl group derived from the olefin, hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A polyester polyol mixture is prepared by reacting a polycarboxylic acid component-containing polyol with a terephthalic acid residue, wherein the polycarboxylic acid component has ring units with two ##STR1## groups on adjacent or alternate ring positions, the ring unit content of the polycarboxylic acid component being sufficient for viscosity reduction of the polyester polyol mixture. The polyester polyol mixture is useful in the preparation of cellular foam materials, particularly polyisocyanurate and polyurethane foams, and laminates thereof.

Abstract: Esterification of aromatic dicarboxylic acids with cyclic alkylene carbonates in the presence of organic compounds containing at least one six-membered aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moiety.

Abstract: A polyester being liquid at 25.degree. C. comprises a polybasic acid and a polyhydric alcohol as its monomer constituents, wherein the polyhydric alcohol is composed at least partially of 1,2-butanediol.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel acylation process which comprises using as the acylating agent an o-hydroxy-substituted aromatic oxime ester represented by the general formula (I) ##STR1## and mixing said acylating agent with an amine substance represented by the general formula (III) ##STR2## to form a compound represented by the general formula (IV) ##STR3##

Abstract: Mixtures of aromatic polyols containing ester functionalities suitable for use as polyol extenders in rigid foams prepared by reacting aromatic carbonyl-containing compounds with an alkylene glycol, the reaction product of which is reacted with recycled polyethylene terephthalate are described. Surprisingly, the process is non-catalytic. These novel polyols may be blended with conventional polyols to yield excellent rigid foams, thus serving as useful polyol extenders.

Abstract: Mixtures of aromatic polyols containing ester functionalities suitable for use in rigid foams prepared by reacting dibasic acid residues with an alkylene glycol residue, the reaction product of which is reacted with terephthalic acid residues are described. These novel polyols may be blended with conventional polyols to yield excellent rigid foams, thus serving as useful polyol extenders. These low hydroxyl number extender polyols unexpectedly have a low relative viscosity.

Abstract: Mixtures of aromatic polyols containing amide and ester functionalities suitable for use in rigid foams prepared by reacting a phthalic acid residue with an amino alcohol and subsequent alkoxylation are described. These novel polyols may be blended with conventional polyols to yield rigid foams with better flammability resistance as compared with foams made from conventional polyols alone.

Abstract: Mixtures of aromatic polyols containing tertiary amine and ester functionalities suitable for use in rigid foams prepared by reacting a phthalic acid residue with an alkylene glycol and an amino alcohol are described. These novel polyols may be blended with conventional polyols to yield rigid polyurethane foams with better flammability resistance as compared with foams made from conventional polyols alone.

Abstract: Economical, open-celled packaging foams of better quality than foams from commercial aromatic polyester polyols may be prepared with a novel polyol blend. The most important component in the polyol blend is an aromatic polyester polyol made from dibasic acid waste streams and recycled polyethylene terephthalate. This type of polyol made from waste or recycled reactant streams is economical to make and serves as an inexpensive substitute for a portion of more expensive amino polyols normally used.

Abstract: Oligomeric alkylene terephthalates having an average degree of condensation of 4 to 7 are produced by passing dimethylterephthalate and diol having at least 3 carbon atoms downwardly through a series of reaction chambers, each outfitted with stirring and heating means employed so that the temperature increases from stage to stage. Thereby transeterification is effected. The chambers are interconnected so that the methanol evolved in each chamber is vented without being admixed with the material undergoing transesterification in any of the other chambers. The transesterification product is then condensed at elevated temperature and under vacuum to produce the oligomer. The oligomers are high reactivity so that the further condensation thereof to polyesters is simplified.

Abstract: Phosphonic acids are suitable catalysts for the transesterification of alkyl esters of carboxylic acids with aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diols containing more than 3 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method for decreasing the amount of ether as a by-product in polyesters (for example terephthalic-based) by initially utilizing a deficient amount of a glycol (for example, ethylene glycol) in the early reaction stages and utilizing an excess of the glycol in the final or end stages. The polyesters produced are of better quality, have a high melting point, possess increased thermal stability, and yield improved fiber properties.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of new organic compounds having blocked hydroxyl groups, which compounds are converted by the action of moisture into compounds having free hydroxyl groups, the preferred compounds obtainable by this process, and a process for the preparation of polyurethanes in which mixtures containing polyisocyanates and compounds which can be converted into polyols by hydrolysis are reacted with water.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting a bis-(diol) terephthalate to dimethyl terephthalate, by interchange in a methanol medium in the presence of magnesium methylate as catalyst. In this way dimethyl terephthalate may be regenerated from scrap of polyterephthalate or copolyterephthalate filaments or films, for the purpose of manufacturing fresh polyterephthalates or copolyterephthalates which can then be used for the manufacture of, for example, filaments or films.

Abstract: A polycondensation catalyst consisting essentially of the reaction product of an unsaturated .alpha.,.beta.-dicarboxylic acid anhydride and an antimony alkoxide.

Abstract: A process for the production of an alkylene glycol ether ester of an organic carboxylic acid which comprises the step of reacting an alkylene oxide with an ester of organic carboxylic acid in accordance with the following reaction equation: ##STR1## wherein R" is a substituted or non-substituted hydrocarbon having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom;R'" is a substituted or non-substituted hydrocarbon having 1 to 20 carbon atoms;R.sup.3 are each the same or different substituted or non-substituted hydrocarbon having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom;Q is simultaneously the same or different groups X, R, OR, SR, NR.sub.2 or PR.sub.2 (wherein X is a halogen atom selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I, and R is the same or different substituted or non-substituted hydrocarbon having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom, and a combination of all Q=R does not occur).

Abstract: High molecular weight, colorless polyesters suitable for shaping into filaments and films are obtained using novel catalysts selected from the group consisting of reaction products of specified antimony or zirconium (IV) compounds with 1) a carboxylate of calcium, manganese or zinc and 2) an acid anhydride, alcohol or glycol. The molar ratio of the antimony or zirconium compound to the aforementioned carboxylate is between 1:1 and 1:6. The catalysts are active in both transesterification and polycondensation. The rates of these reactions are more rapid than can be achieved using prior art catalysts.