Abstract: A bearing element may include a bearing substrate and a sliding layer of a sliding layer material. The sliding layer material may include a polymeric material and nanodiamonds. The nanodiamonds may also be surface-functionalized nanodiamonds. The bearing element may be suitable for automotive applications, including, but not limited, use within automotive engines.

Abstract: A bearing element may include a bearing substrate and a sliding layer of a sliding layer material. The sliding layer material may include a polymeric material and nanodiamonds. The nanodiamonds may also be surface-functionalized nanodiamonds. The bearing element may be suitable for automotive applications, including, but not limited, use within automotive engines.

Abstract: A process for recovering and using an organic/carboxylic acid or furanic molecule by means of making an ester of a free carboxylic acid or furanic molecule with an alcohol in carbon dioxide (CO2) without the presence of any other acid catalyst at a reaction temperature and pressure that corresponds to supercritical, critical or near critical conditions for the alcohol and/or CO2 is described. The process can constitute part of a general process of refining carboxylic acids derived from a fermentation broth or use in the production of a variety of chemical compounds, such as C4 platform compounds or polymers.

Abstract: A process for recovering acrylic acid, including: a) division of a heated mother acid stream in direction of an absorption a condensation column and a dissociation column; b) feeding of a heated mother acid substream as runback to the dissociation column; c) feeding-in of at least one stripping gas stream to the dissociation column; d) feeding-in of a secondary component stream comprising oligomeric acrylic acid from the absorption column to the dissociation column; e) dissociation of part of oligomeric acrylic acid in the dissociation column to give monomeric acrylic acid; f) removal of secondary components comprised in the secondary component stream in the dissociation column; g) discharge of monomeric acrylic acid as gas mixture with introduced circulating stripping gas stream from the dissociation column; and h) feeding-in of the gas mixture to the absorption column.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of preparing methylol alkanal. According to the present invention, a yield of methylol alkanal may be improved without using formaldehyde in an excess amount of a theoretical minimum molar ratio or more, formaldehyde wastewater may be reduced, and the amount of formaldehyde remainder, which may act as a hydrogenation catalyst poison, comprised in the methylol alkanal is decreased when the prepared methylol alkanal is hydrogenated resulting in improvement in efficiency of the hydrogenation.

Abstract: A process for purifying a dicarboxylic acid that is derived from the mixed oxidation products from an ozonization of a mixture containing an ethylenically unsaturated compound having between 6 to 24 carbons, the process includes distilling the mixed oxidation products to provide a first distillate, and a second distillate, where the second distillate includes the dicarboxylic acid and impurity acids, partitioning the second distillate between water and a organic solvent, separating the organic solvent layer from the water layer, lowering the temperature of the water layer to crystallize at least a portion of the dicarboxylic acid, separating the crystallized dicarboxylic acid solid, melting the crystallized dicarboxylic acid, and distilling the liquid dicarboxylic acid to provide a purified dicarboxylic acid.

Abstract: The oxidation of isobutyraldehyde produces isobutyric acid and byproducts, such as isopropyl formate. A method of reducing the isopropyl formate byproduct in the oxidation of isobutyraldehyde is described. The method uses a co-solvent, such as acetone, to the isobutyraldehyde feed to increase both the selectivity of the reaction to isobutyric acid and the production rate of isobutyric acid so that the isopropyl formate byproduct is significantly reduced.

Abstract: A method for producing polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether carboxylic acid or a salt thereof includes an oxidation reaction process of oxidizing polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether with oxygen by supplying an oxygen-containing gas to a suspension or a solution that has a depth of 200 mm or more and includes polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether. In the oxidation reaction process, a supply rate of the oxygen-containing gas is reduced in a period in which the conversion is greater than or equal to 50% and less than 70%.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to processes for the chemocatalytic conversion of a pentose source to a glutaric acid product. The present invention includes processes for the conversion of pentose to a glutaric acid product via pentaric acid or derivatives thereof. The present invention also includes processes comprising the catalytic oxidation of pentose to pentaric acid and catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of pentaric acid or derivatives thereof to a glutaric acid product.

Abstract: A system and process for separating methacrolein (MA) from methacrylic acid (MAA) and acetic acid in the gas phase product from partial oxidation of isobutylene (IB) in two oxidation steps is disclosed. The process and system maximize recovery of all three components at minimum capital and energy cost, under conditions that minimize polymerization conditions and plugging by solids deposition in compressors, columns, etc.

Abstract: A process for purifying a dicarboxylic acid that is derived from the mixed oxidation products from an ozonization of a mixture containing an ethylenically unsaturated compound having between 6 to 24 carbons, the process includes distilling the mixed oxidation products to provide a first distillate, and a second distillate, where the second distillate includes the dicarboxylic acid and impurity acids, partitioning the second distillate between water and a organic solvent, separating the organic solvent layer from the water layer, lowering the temperature of the water layer to crystallize at least a portion of the dicarboxylic acid, separating the crystallized dicarboxylic acid solid, melting the crystallized dicarboxylic acid, and distilling the liquid dicarboxylic acid to provide a purified dicarboxylic acid.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method of oxidizing lignin. Further disclosed herein are aromatic and non-aromatic compounds obtained from oxidized lignin.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the water soluble self fluorescent quantum carbon dots (C-dots). These C-dots are isolated from carbon soot in one embodiment a wax soot solvent washed and isolated from other larger material by filtration such as by membrane filtration. The C-dots can be varied in their color by change of their size and by the amount of oxidative groups' position on each C-dot.

Abstract: A process for the oxidation of hydrocarbons comprises contacting the hydrocarbon with an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst comprising a microporous solid support, preferably a zeolite, having from 8- to 12-ring open windows and comprising non-framework metal cations selected from manganese, iron, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, copper, nickel, and ruthenium, and mixtures thereof, providing that the oxygen-containing gas does not contain significant amounts of added hydrogen. The catalyst is novel and forms part of the invention. The process may be used for oxidation of alkanes, cycloalkanes, benzene and alkylbenzenes, and is suitable for use in regioselective terminal oxidation of straight chain alkanes and for selective oxidation/separation of p-dialkylbenzenes from an alkylbenzene mixture, for example, p-xylene from an isomeric mixture of xylenes.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for chemically attaching carboxyl, alcohol, amine or amide groups to the surface of nanodiamond (ND) in a liquid phase. Also disclosed herein are a functional ND compound obtained by the method and use thereof. The method includes treating synthetic ND with a size of 1 nm-1OO nm with sonication and a strong acid to provide ND-(COOH)n. The ND-(COOH)n compound is used as a starting material to provide ND compounds having alcohol, amine or amide groups attached to the surfaces thereof. The surface-functionalized ND compounds are characterized by using an X-ray diffractometer, FTIR, AFM, particle size analyzer and zeta sizer. The ND compounds show functionalities as well as high solubility to provide stable ND solutions in a liquid phase. Therefore, the ND compounds may be used as diamond coating agents. The powder of the ND compounds may be used as materials for producing composites of polymers, plastics, synthetic fibers, ceramics, etc.

Abstract: The utilization amount of steam generated by heat recovery tends to decrease in a production process of an organic acid when the concentration of an organic acid solution obtained in a step of collecting an organic acid with a solvent such as water becomes high. The purpose of the invention is to find an advantageous method for effectively utilizing reaction heat and contribute to global environmental preservation and saving product costs. The present invention provides a production method of an organic acid comprising carrying out a gas-phase catalytic oxidation reaction of raw material gas at the temperature from 250° C. to 450° C.

Abstract: The invention relates to processes for preparing supported gold catalysts on carbon supports, wherein the support is contacted with aqueous solution or suspension of a chloroauric acid precursor. The invention also relates to a carbon-supported gold catalyst and to the use thereof for oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes, polyhydroxy compounds and carbohydrates.

Abstract: A controlled nitric acid process employing oxygen and nitric acid as co-oxidants is used to oxidize organic compounds subject to nitric acid oxidation, to their corresponding carboxylic acids. Oxidation of some carbohydrates by this process can produce one or more of their corresponding acid forms. The process is carried out at moderate temperatures, typically in the range of 20° C. to 45° C. in a closed reactor, with oxygen gas being introduced into the reaction chamber as needed in order to sustain the reaction. Computer controlled reactors allow for careful and reproducible control of reaction parameters. Nitric acid can be recovered by a distillation/evaporation process, or by diffusion dialysis, the aqueous solution made basic with inorganic hydroxide, and the residual inorganic nitrate removed using a filtration (nanofiltration) device.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for producing a carboxylic acid employing a solvent from esterification of lignocellulosic materials. An acid-containing composition from esterification of lignocellulosic materials can be employed in the oxidation of para-xylene to terephthalic acid. The acid-containing composition can comprise acetic acid, acetic anhydride, and one or more terpenes.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optimized process and apparatus for more efficiently and economically carrying out the liquid-phase oxidation of an oxidizable compound. Such liquid-phase oxidation is carried out in a bubble column reactor that provides for a highly efficient reaction at relatively low temperatures. When the oxidized compound is para-xylene and the product from the oxidation reaction is crude terephthalic acid (CTA), such CTA product can be purified and separated by more economical techniques than could be employed if the CTA were formed by a conventional high-temperature oxidation process.

Abstract: A supported catalyst comprising a support having supported thereon at least one member selected from the group consisting of heteropolyacids and heteropolyacid salts, in which the heteropolyacid and/or heteropolyacid salt is substantially present in a surface layer region of the support to a depth of 30% from the support surface. The catalyst has a high performance when used for the production of compounds by various reactions.

Abstract: A method for quickly starting up a reactor and a reactor system therefor are provided. A shell-and-tube reactor in the system is adapted to circulate a heat medium having a solid point in the range of 50-250° C. to the outside of the reaction tubes and characterized by initiating temperature elevation of the reactor by introducing a gas of a temperature in the range of 100-400° C. to the reaction tubes' side and then circulating the heat medium in a heated state to the outside of the reaction tubes. By introducing a gas of an elevated temperature preparatorily to the reaction tubes, it is made possible to prevent the heat medium after circulation from being solidified again and enable the reactor to be quickly started up.

Abstract: A method oxidizes an organic compound with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst, in which the catalyst contains a N-hydroxy- or N-(substituted oxy)-imide compound derivable from at least one selected from a target product, a reaction intermediate, and a reaction byproduct, and the catalyst is produced from at least one component selected from the target product, reaction intermediate, and reaction byproduct each formed as a result of the reaction and is used in the oxidation reaction so as to make up for a loss of the catalyst due to denaturation in the reaction. The method can easily and inexpensively make up for a loss of the catalyst denaturated in the course of reaction.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved process for oxidizing a primary amidoalcohol to the corresponding amidocarboxylic acid in high yield.

Abstract: A method for producing acrylic acid, comprising (a) a absorption step of absorbing acrylic acid-containing gas obtained by oxidizing raw material gas in gas phase as crude acrylic acid-containing solution, (b1) a step of separating high boiling point components that separates the crude high boiling point components at a distillation column as (b) a step of purifying the acrylic acid-containing solution, and further, (c) a decomposition step of decomposing Michael adducts contained in the high boiling point components to prepare acrylic acid and (d) a collection step of collecting acrylic acid generated in the decomposition step (c), whereby the proportion of the amount of maleic acid to a sum of the sum of the maleic acid and maleic anhydride in the high boiling point components that are fed from the high boiling point component separation step (b1) to the decomposition step (c) satisfies a equation below: [ Equation ? ? 1 ] ? ` [ Maleic ? ? acid ? ? ( mass ) ] [

Abstract: A controlled nitric acid process employing oxygen and nitric acid as co-oxidants is used to oxidize organic compounds subject to nitric acid oxidation, to their corresponding carboxylic acids. Oxidation of some carbohydrates by this process can produce one or more of their corresponding acid forms. The process is carried out at moderate temperatures, typically in the range of 20° C. to 45° C. in a closed reactor, with oxygen gas being introduced into the reaction chamber as needed in order to sustain the reaction. Computer controlled reactors allow for careful and reproducible control of reaction parameters. Nitric acid can be recovered by a distillation/evaporation process, or by diffusion dialysis, the aqueous solution made basic with inorganic hydroxide, and the residual inorganic nitrate removed using a filtration (nanofiltration) device.

Abstract: A process for the carbonylation of ethylenically unsaturated compounds is described. The process comprises reacting an ethylenically unsaturated compound with carbon monoxide in the presence of a source of hydroxyl groups and a catalyst system. The catalyst system is obtained by combining: (a) metal of Group VIII or a compound thereof; and (b) a bidentate phosphine of general formula (I) The carbonylation reaction is carried out at a temperature of between ?30° C. to 49° C. and under a CO partial pressure of less than 30×105 N.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing an ?,?-bis(hydroxymethyl)alkanal represented by Formula (II): (wherein R represents an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, or an aryl group) which comprises reacting an aldehyde represented by Formula (I): R—CH2—CHO ??(I) (wherein R has the same meaning as defined above) with formaldehyde in the presence of a basic catalyst and a phase-transfer catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is a shell-and-tube reactor or heat exchanger comprising: first tubes, through the inside of which a first object for heat transfer with a heat transfer medium is passed, some of the first tubes being provided in a zone in which a flow of the heat transfer medium (parallel flow) parallel to the axis of the tubes is present; and a second tube, through the inside of which the first object is not passed, the second tube being provided in said zone such that it is parallel to the axis of the first tubes. Also disclosed is a method for producing an oxide, comprising using said shell-and-tube reactor or heat exchanger, and causing a catalytic vapor-phase oxidation reaction in first tubes, through the inside of which the first object for heat transfer with the heat transfer medium is passed.

Abstract: Clogging of a distillation column by polymerization caused by a change of the production rate of (meth)acrylic acid, is prevented to carry out a stabilized operation over a long period. A process for producing (meth)acrylic acid, which includes a purification step wherein a (meth)acrylic acid-containing material to be purified is supplied to and distilled by a distillation column, wherein during a cut operation in which the production rate of (meth)acrylic acid is reduced by ?% relative to the production rate of (meth)acrylic acid during the ordinary operation, the liquid/gas flow rate in the distillation column is adjusted to be at least (100??/2)% of the liquid/gas flow rate during the ordinary operation.

Abstract: A process for preparing alkynecarboxylic acids includes the oxidation of an alkyne alcohol with a hypohalite in the presence of a nitroxyl compound at a pH of greater than 7 with continual addition of the alkyne alcohol and of the hypohalite to the reaction mixture.

Abstract: A synthetic reaction to produce [2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy] acetic acid (AEEA) derivatives. This synthetic reaction does not require isolation and purification of intermediates. The AEEA derivatives can be used to synthesize high load polystyrene-polyethylene glycol-like resins having excellent swelling characteristics.

Abstract: A process for the heterogeneously catalyzed gas-phase partial oxidation of acrolein to acrylic acid over a multimetal oxide material having a specific structure, which contains the elements Mo and V, at least one of the elements Te and Sb and at least one of the elements from the group consisting of Nb, Ta, W and Ti and is doped with promoter elements, is described.

Abstract: In a method for synthesizing methacrylic acid by using a fixed bed tube type reactor provided with a catalyst bed into which a solid oxidation catalyst is filled and with a heat medium bath and by flowing a raw material gas containing methacrolein and oxygen through the catalyst bed, the catalyst bed does not have any sections in which a temperature difference between the heat medium bath and the catalyst bed (?T) exceeds 35° C., and two or more high temperature zones in which each ?T is 15 to 35° C. are provided. According to this method, mathacrylic acid can be manufactured in higher yields.

Abstract: In a process for preparing acrylic acid, an acrylic acid-containing product gas mixture obtained by catalytic gas phase partial oxidation of a C3 precursor of acrylic acid, after direct cooling with a quench liquid, is fractionally condensed in a separating column provided with internals, rising into itself with sidestream takeoff of crude acrylic acid, and the acrylic acid oligomers which form are dissociated and the resulting dissociation gas is subjected to a countercurrent rectification before it is recycled.

Abstract: A process prepares methacrylic acid from isobutane by subjecting isobutane to a partial catalytic dehydrogenation in the gas phase and charging an oxidation zone with the isobutenic product gas mixture after the components other than isobutane and isobutene have been substantially removed from the product gas mixture. The oxygen required to charge the oxidation zone is introduced accompanied by nitrogen.

Abstract: In producing a catalyst used for synthesis of an unsaturated aldehyde and an unsaturated carboxylic acid by a gas-phase catalytic oxidation, there is used a step of packing an additive-containing catalyst precursor of the catalyst into a tubular reactor, passing a gas through the tubular reactor, and elevating, in this state, the temperature of the additive-containing catalyst precursor so that a temperature of the gas at an outlet of the catalyst precursor layer becomes higher than a temperature of the gas at an inlet of the catalyst precursor layer. The step makes possible easy and highly reproducible production of a high-performance catalyst which is small in the reduction in catalytic performance caused by, for example, the thermal decomposition of the additive contained in the catalyst precursor.

Abstract: A method for producing an organic acid and/or an organic acid ester which utilizes a steam system permitting stable production of an organic acid and/or an organic acid ester and realizing a high thermal efficiency constantly relative to the waste heat generated in the process of the production is provided. More particularly, this invention concerns a method for the production of an organic acid and/or an organic acid ester, wherein heat generated in the process for producing an organic acid and/or an organic acid ester is recovered in the form of steam, and the steam is used in any of the following forms: {circle around (1)} thermal energy, {circle around (2)} dynamic energy, and {circle around (3)} electrical energy in the process for producing an organic acid and/or an organic acid ester.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the oxidation, by means of oxygen or a gas containing it, of hydrocarbons to the corresponding carboxylic acids, alcohols and/or ketones or of alcohols and/or ketones to the corresponding carboxylic acids. It consists more precisely in a process for oxidizing hydrocarbon, alcohol and/or ketone, using oxygen or a gas containing it, in liquid phase and in the presence of a catalyst dissolved in the reaction medium, characterized in that the catalyst comprises a soluble manganese compound and at least one soluble chromium compound.

Abstract: A process is provided for preparing specific polycarboxylic acids by oxidative cleavage of double-bond compounds with hydrogen peroxide or hydrogen peroxide donors. The polycarboxylic acids thus obtained are notable for excellent acid stability, and consequently ease of handling in aqueous solution and are useful for treating cellulosic fibers or textile or paper materials produced therefrom.

Abstract: Raney copper, which is doped (promoted) with an effective quantity of a doping (promoting) agent selected from the group boric acid, onium fluorides, salts of fluorine complex anions, and heteropoly acids, represents an outstanding oxidation catalyst for amine-group-containing primary amines to carboxylic acids.

Abstract: A method for generating a concentrated solution of rhodium starting from solid RHI3 and other solid rhodium sources by combination with a reducing agent, preferably hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives. The solution does not form any precipitate of rhodium iodide or other compounds even upon admixture with large quantities of hydriodic acid. The solution is stable at ambient conditions, very stable towards air and is easily prepared without application of external pressure and heating sources.

Abstract: A method for producing an organic acid and/or an organic acid ester which utilizes a steam system permitting stable production of an organic acid and/or an organic acid ester and realizing a high thermal efficiency constantly relative to the waste heat generated in the process of the production is provided. More particularly, this invention concerns a method for the production of an organic acid and/or an organic acid ester, wherein heat generated in the process for producing an organic acid and/or an organic acid ester is recovered in the form of steam, and the steam is used in any of the following forms: {circle over (1)} thermal energy, {circle over (2)} dynamic energy, and {circle over (3)} electrical energy in the process for producing an organic acid and/or an organic acid ester.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of perfluorocarboxylic acids of the formula RF—COOH, salts thereof and esters thereof from perfluoroalkyl iodides of the formula RF′—I, in which RF and RF′ are cyclic, branched or linear, saturated or unsaturated perfluoroalkyl radicals, by activating the perfluoroalkyl iodides in the presence of oxygen and in organic solvents.

Abstract: A method for the oxidation of substrates comprising treating an aqueous, basic solution of a substrate having an oxidizable functionality using an elemental halogen as terminal oxidant in the presence of an oxoammonium catalyst/halide co-catalyst system. Use of elemental halogen, preferably chlorine gas or elemental bromine, unexpectedly allows oxidation without significant degradation of the substrate. The substrate is preferably a monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide, and the oxidizable functionality is preferably an aldehyde, hemiacetal, or a primary alcohol. An effective source of the oxoammonium catalyst is 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPO) and a particularly economical and effective catalyst is 4-acetylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy.

Abstract: A process for preparing saturated carboxylic acids having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms at a reaction temperature of from 100° C. to 400° C. and pressures of from 1.2×105 Pa to 51×105 Pa by gas phase oxidation of saturated and/or unsaturated C4-hydrocarbons, with an oxygen-containing gas and water vapor in the presence of at least one catalyst. The gas leaving the reactor is partly recirculated in a reaction gas circuit. This reaction gas circuit is configured such that part of the organic acids formed in the gas-phase oxidation is taken from the gas leaving the reactor so that the acid content of the recirculated part of the gas leaving the reactor is from 0.01% to 6.0% by volume.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for preparing amino-, imino-, and nitrilocarboxylic acids, and their alkali metal salts, starting from alkanolamines. The method employs oxidative dehydrogenation of the alkanolamine(s) in an alkali metal hydroxide medium, using a copper catalyst containing silver.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for stabilizing waste oil which is taken of each chemical apparatus of the manufacturing line of (meth)acryl acid and/or ester thereof, and treating the waste oil such as draining it out of the production apparatus, for example, a distillation tower from its bottom, sending and transporting it by a pump through a pipeline, and storing it in a storage tank in a simple manner while keeping the waste oil in a stable state. The waste oil can be stabilized by coexisting with solvent. The solvent used in the present invention is typically at least one selected from the group consisting of water, alcohol, ether, carboxylic acid, ketone, aromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method is described for producing saturated dicarboxylic acids with a chain length of C6 to C21 or the corresponding diamidic dicarboxylic acids from fatty acid cleavage of unsaturated fatty acids or the bis-fatty acid diamides of these unsaturated fatty acids by oxidative ozonolysis and subsequent separation and purification of the dicarboxylic acids, whereby after oxidative ozonolysis, the reaction products are dissolved at a high temperature in a carboxylic acid or a mixture of several carboxylic acids with a medium chain length of C6 to C12 or esters of short-chain alcohols of these carboxylic acids as the recrystallization solvent.

Abstract: A process for heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon, in which a reaction gas mixture input stream comprising the hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated is conducted through a fixed catalyst bed disposed in a shaft and the reaction gas mixture input stream is obtained in the shaft by metering an input gas II comprising molecular oxygen upstream of the fixed catalyst bed into an input gas stream I which comprises molecular hydrogen and the hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated and is flowing within the shaft toward the fixed catalyst bed.