Abstract: The present invention relates to boron containing compounds of Formula (IA): that inhibit phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). The invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds and methods for treating diseases, conditions, or disorders ameliorated by inhibition of PDE4.

Abstract: Precatalysts of formula I and IV, and processes for the functionalization of SP2-carbons using the same are described herein. The precatalysts comprise a fluoroborate salt protected intramolecular frustrated lewis pair (FLP). The precatalysts are bench stable with improved stability towards moisture and/or air. The precatalysts can be used to generate in situ the corresponding FLP catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides a phosphorous compound represented by general formula (1), and transition metal complexes containing such phosphorous compounds as ligands: wherein R1 to R7, A, B, Y, and Z have the same meanings as those defined in the specification.

Abstract: Catalysts for the reduction of CO2 are described herein. More specifically, catalysts of Formula I and Formula II: wherein LB is a Lewis base; LA is a Lewis acid; R1 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, phenyl and substituted phenyl; and R9 and R10 are independently selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, phenyl and substituted phenyl; are described. A process for the production of methanol from CO2 using such catalysts is also described.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the inventions described herein relate to a composition of matter comprising a molecule having the structure: wherein: independently at each occurrence, R1 is a halogen, a alkyl group, a heteroalkyl group, an aryl group, or a heteroaryl group; R2 comprises from 3 to 30 CH2— groups, n=0-5, m=0-5, q=1-3, and R2 comprises at least one ether linkage.

Abstract: Novel P-chirogenic organophosphorus compounds of general formula (I), a process for the synthesis of the compounds of formula (I), and intermediate products of general formulae (II), (III) and (IV), as shown below, are involved in the synthesis of compounds (I). Metal complexes including compounds (I) as ligands are also described. The novel compounds and complexes are useful in asymmetric catalysis by transition metal complexes or organocatalysis, especially for asymmetric hydrogenation or allylation. Compounds of general formula (I) may be useful as agrochemical and therapeutic substances, or as reagents or intermediates for fine chemistry.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of alkali-metal salts with dihydridodicyanoborate anions by reaction of alkali-metal tetrahydridoborates or trihydridocyanoborates with trialkylsilyl cyanide and further reaction thereof in metathesis reactions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to auxiliary ligands for luminescent metal complexes, particularly emitter complexes having such auxiliary ligands, and particularly light-emitting devices, and particularly organic light-emitting devices (OLED) having metal complexes, which have the auxiliary ligands according to the invention.

Abstract: A compound having the formula (I) where each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently C6-C18 aryl-, C5-C8 cycloalkyl-, C6-C18 aryl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C5-C8 cycloalkyl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C4-C20 branched alkyl-, C16-C20 linear alkyl-, RO—, —NRR?, —PRR?, —SR, fluoro substituted forms thereof, and perfluoro forms thereof: and R5 is C6-C18 aryl-, C3-C8 cycloalkyl-, C6-C18 aryl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C5-C8 cycloalkyl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C3-C20 branched alkyl-, C2-C30 linear alkyl-, fluoro substituted forms thereof, and perfluoro forms thereof; where R and R? are each independently C6-C18 aryl-, C5-C8 cycloalkyl-, C6-C18 aryl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C5-C8 cycloalkyl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C4-C20 branched alkyl-, C2-C30 linear alkyl-, fluoro substituted forms thereof, and perfluoro forms thereof; A is N, P, S, or O with the proviso that when A is S, R2 is a nullity; and M is

Abstract: The invention relates to novel phosphonium borate compounds represented by the Formula: (R1)(R2)(R3)PH.BAr4, wherein R1, R2, R3 and Ar4 are as defined herein, and compositions including such phosphonium borate compounds in combination with a transition metal, transition metal salt, transition metal oxide or transition metal complex for use in carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, carbon-nitrogen bond forming reactions and carbon-oxygen bond forming reactions.

Abstract: Mechanosynthesis trajectories are described which are approximately coaxial, and are shown to be useful in a wide range of mechanosynthesis reactions regardless of the nature of the tip or the feedstock being transferred.

Abstract: Processes are described for manufacturing atomically-precise tips using one or more tips in one or more mechanosynthetic reactions to create one or more atomically-precise tips. The processes may employ a variety of feedstock, binding any of a wide range of atoms to a workpiece to build the one or more atomically-precise tips. The processes result in atomically-precise mechanosynthesis tips with a wide variety of possible tip structures using a wide range of feedstock binding elements. Characteristics of such tips that may be used when designing new embodiments are also described.

Abstract: Methods and systems for building three-dimensional workpieces are described using a plurality of mechanosynthetic reactions. These methods may employ engineered reliability in reactions and process conditions and may use simulated or otherwise vetted reaction sequences, to allow workpieces requiring many reactions to be built with acceptable reliability. These many reactions may be the repetition of one or a small number of reactions, or many diverse reactions, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel metallocene compound, a catalyst composition including the compound and an olefin polymer prepared using the same. The metallocene compound and the catalyst composition can be used for preparing the olefin polymer with high copolymerization degree and high molecular weight. Particularly, the block copolymer with high heat resistance can be prepared by using the metallocene compound, and the olefin polymer with high melting point (Tm) can be obtained, even if co-monomer is used at an increased amount in preparation of olefin polymer.

Abstract: A compound having the formula (I) where each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently C6-C18 aryl-, C5-C8 cycloalkyl-, C6-C18 aryl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C5-C8 cycloalkyl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl s?bstituent, C4-C20 branched alkyl-, C16-C20 linear alkyl-, RO—, —NRR?, —PRR?, —SR, fluoro substituted forms thereof, and perfluoro forms thereof: and R5 is C6-C18 aryl-, C5-C8cycloalkyl-, C6-C18 aryl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C5-C8 cycloalkyl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C3-C20 branched alkyl-, C2-C30 linear alkyl-, fluoro substituted forms thereof, and perfluoro forms thereof; where R and R? are each independently C6-C18 aryl-, C5 -C8 cycloalkyl-, C6-C18 aryl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C5-C8 cycloalkyl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C4-C20 branched alkyl-, C2-C30 linear alkyl-, fluoro substituted forms thereof, and perfluoro forms thereof; A is N, P, S, or O with the proviso that when A is S, R2 is a nullity; and M is

Abstract: Boronated polyphosphinohydrazide fire retardants are provided having the basic structural unit: wherein, Y is O or S; R can be selected from H, alkyl (e.g., linear, branched, saturated, or unsaturated), aryl, heterocyclic, cycloaliphatic (e.g., saturated or unsaturated), or a metallocene (e.g., ferrocene, zirconocene or the like); and n can be selected from 1 to 500.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of salts having perfluoroalkyltricyano- or perfluoroalkylcyanofluoroborate anions, ((per)fluoro)phenyltricyano- or ((per)fluoro)phenylcyanofluoroborate anions, phenyltricyanoborate anions which are mono- or disubstituted by perfluoroalkyl groups having 1 to 4 C atoms or phenylcyanofluoroborate anions which are mono- or disubstituted by perfluoroalkyl groups having 1 to 4 C atoms, by reaction of alkali metal trifluoroperfluoroalkylborate with trialkylsilyl cyanide and a subsequent salt-exchange reaction or by direct reaction of an organic trifluoroperfluoroalkyl borate with trialkylsilyl cyanide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electrolyte formulations comprising at least one compound of formula (I) Ma+[B(Rf)(CN)x(F)y]a— (I) in which Ma+ is an inorganic or organic cation, Rf denotes straight-chain or branched perfluoroalkyl groups having 1 to 4 C atoms, C6F5, C6H5, partially fluorinated phenyl or phenyl which is monosubstituted or disubstituted by perfluoroalkyl groups having 1 to 4 C atoms, a is 1 or 2, x is 1, 2 or 3, y is 0, 1 or 2 and x+y is 3 and their use in an electrochemical and/or optoelectronic device such as a photovoltaic cell, a capacitor, a light emitting device, an electrochromic or photo-electrochromic device, an electrochemical sensor and/or biosensor, preferably their use in a dye or quantum dot sensitized solar cell.

Abstract: The present invention relates to FTY720 analogs bearing a boron dipyrromethene difluoro (BODIPY) fluorophore in the alkyl side chain and methods of preparation. The compounds of the present invention can be used in fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy and in chromatography using fluorescence detection.

Abstract: The current invention relates to the structure, synthesis of dialkyl(2,4,6- or 2,6-alkoxyphenyl)phosphine or its tetrafluoroborate, as well as its applications in the palladium catalyzed carbon-chlorine bond activation for Suzuki coupling reactions and carbon-nitrogen bond formation reactions. The dialkyl(2,4,6- or 2,6-alkoxyphenyl)phosphine or its tetrafluoroborate could coordinate with the palladium catalyst to activate the inert carbon-chlorine bond highly selectively and catalyze Suzuki coupling reaction with arylboronic acid or carbon-nitrogen bond formation reaction with organic amines. The current invention uses only one step to synthesize dialkyl(2,4,6- or 2,6-alkoxyphenyl)phosphine and its tetrafluoroborate is stable in the air. Compared with known synthetic routes of ligands used in activating carbon-chlorine bonds, the method of current invention is short, easy to operate.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, carbon-nitrogen bond forming reactions and/or carbon-oxygen bond forming reactions using phosphonium borate compounds represented by the Formula: (R1)(R2)(R3)PH.BAr4, wherein R1, R2, R3, and Ar4 are as defined herein in combination with a transition metal, transition metal salt, transition metal oxide or transition metal complex.

Abstract: The present invention provides P-chiral compounds of general formulae (II) and (III): in formula (II) at least one of R21, R25, R26 and R30 is independently selected from CM alkyl, CF3, C1-4 alkoxy, phenyl and benzyloxy and the remaining substituents selected from R21, R25, R26 and R30 are hydrogen; at least one of R22, R24, R27 and R29 are independently selected from C1-14 alkyl, CF3, C1-14 alkoxy, phenyl and benzyloxy and the remaining substituents selected, from R22, R24, R27 and R29 are hydrogen; and R23 and R28 are independently selected from hydrogen, CM alkyl, CF3, C1-14 alkoxy, phenyl and benzyloxy; in formula (III) at least one of R21, R25, R26 and R30 is independently selected from phenyl and benzyloxy and the remaining substituents selected from R21, R25, R?26 and R30 are hydrogen; and R22, R?23 R24, R27, R28 and R29 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-14 alkyl, CF3, C1-14 alkoxy, phenyl and benzyloxy.

Abstract: A production method of a compound represented by the formula wherein R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, R1e, R1f, R2a, R2b, R2c, R2d, R2e and R2f are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom and the like, and R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom and the like, or a salt thereof, which comprises reacting a compound represented by the formula wherein X is a leaving group and other symbols are as defined above, or a salt thereof, with a phosphine-borane complex represented by the formula wherein the symbols are as defined above, or a salt thereof, in a solvent in the presence of an amine and a nickel catalyst, is provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel phosphonium borate compounds represented by the Formula: (R1)(R2)(R3)PH.BAr4, wherein R1, R2, R3 and Ar4 are as defined herein, and compositions including such phosphonium borate compounds in combination with a transition metal, transition metal salt, transition metal oxide or transition metal complex for use in carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, carbon-nitrogen bond forming reactions and carbon-oxygen bond forming reactions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel metallocene compound, a catalyst composition including the compound and an olefin polymer prepared using the same. The metallocene compound and the catalyst composition can be used for preparing the olefin polymer with high copolymerization degree and high molecular weight. Particularly, the block copolymer with high heat resistance can be prepared by using the metallocene compound, and the olefin polymer with high melting point (Tm) can be obtained, even if co-monomer is used at an increased amount in preparation of olefin polymer.

Abstract: Methods and compositions involving a class of boron-protected phenylphosphine agents having increased cell permeability and having improved chemical stability for treating or for preventing neuronal cell death-related diseases or conditions in a human or a non-human animal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to FTY720 analogs bearing a boron dipyrromethene difluoro (BODIPY) fluorophore in the alkyl side chain and methods of preparation. The compounds of the present invention can be used in fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy and in chromatography using fluorescence detection.

Abstract: A radiation-sensitive composition includes a free-radically polymerizable component, an initiator composition capable of generating free radicals sufficient to initiate polymerization upon exposure to imaging radiation, an infrared radiation absorbing compound, and a polymeric binder. The initiator composition includes a unique polyonium borate comprising a polyvalent onium cation with multiple onium moieties and sufficient organic borate counterions to provide a net neutral charge. The radiation-sensitive composition can be used to prepare a negative-working imageable element that is sensitive to suitable imaging infrared radiation, can be imaged at relatively low energy, and can be developed either on-press or off-press.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for synthesizing tertiary phosphines by reacting halophosphines with organomagnesium compounds in the presence of copper compounds and optionally of salts.

Abstract: A novel process of preparing tridentate ligands containing one or more of a diarylphosphine and/or dialkylphosphine electron donating groups are disclosed. Use of this process for preparing a combinatorial library of such tridentate ligands and of organometallic complexes containing same is also disclosed. Further disclosed are novel diarylphosphine-containing and dialkylphosphine-containing compounds that can serve as tridentate ligands (e.g., pincer ligands), combinatorial libraries of such tridentate ligands, organometallic complexes containing these ligands (e.g., pincer complexes), and combinatorial libraries of such complexes. Methods utilizing these libraries for screening for candidate organometallic catalysts are also disclosed. Novel precursor molecules useful for preparing the tridentate ligands and processes of preparing same are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides P-chiral compounds of general formulae (II) and (III): in formula (II) at least one of R21, R25, R26 and R30 is independently selected from CM alkyl, CF3, C1-4 alkoxy, phenyl and benzyloxy and the remaining substituents selected from R21, R25, R26 and R30 are hydrogen; at least one of R22, R24, R27 and R29 are independently selected from C1-14 alkyl, CF3, C1-14 alkoxy, phenyl and benzyloxy and the remaining substituents selected, from R22, R24, R27 and R29 are hydrogen; and R23 and R28 are independently selected from hydrogen, CM alkyl, CF3, C1-14 alkoxy, phenyl and benzyloxy; in formula (III) at least one of R21, R25, R26 and R30 is independently selected from phenyl and benzyloxy and the remaining substituents selected from R21, R25, R—26 and R30 are hydrogen; and R22, R—23 R24, R27, R28 and R29 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-14 alkyl, CF3, C1-14 alkoxy, phenyl and benzyloxy.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a bis(phosphine) boronium salt to be used as a building block or the like for producing a diphosphine compound effective mainly for various kinds of transition metal-catalyzed reactions and further to provide a preferable production method of the bis(phosphine) boronium salt and a bis(phosphine) boronium salt to be produced by the production method. The present invention provides a bis(phosphine) boronium salt having the structure defined by the following formula (1).

Abstract: A production method of a compound represented by the formula wherein R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, R1e, R1f, R2a, R2b, R2c, R2d, R2e and R2f are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom and the like, and R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom and the like, or a salt thereof, which comprises reacting a compound represented by the formula wherein X is a leaving group and other symbols are as defined above, or a salt thereof, with a phosphine-borane complex represented by the formula wherein the symbols are as defined above, or a salt thereof, in a solvent in the presence of an amine and a nickel catalyst, is provided.

Abstract: The invention describes compounds for use in BCNT. These compounds comprise a carborane group coupled to a phosphorus containing group. The compounds may comprise a carborane group coupled to a phosphonium group.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel organo phosphorus P-chiral optically active compounds of formula (I) having a hydroxyl, mercapto, amino, carboxyl, sulfonyl group on aryl near a phosphorus atom, to the preparation and the use thereof in then asymmetrical catalysis of unsaturated compounds. Novel acylphosphine optically pure ligands embodied in the form of transition metal complexes exhibit an increased activity and enantloselectivity, in particular in asymmetrical hydrogenation, in comparison with the same type Uganda such as DiPAMP.

Abstract: A production method of a compound represented by the formula wherein R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, R1e, R1f, R2a, R2b, R2c, R2d, R2e and R2f are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom and the like, and R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom and the like, or a salt thereof, which comprises reacting a compound represented by the formula wherein X is a leaving group and other symbols are as defined above, or a salt thereof, with a phosphine-borane complex represented by the formula wherein the symbols are as defined above, or a salt thereof, in a solvent in the presence of an amine and a nickel catalyst, is provided.

Abstract: A compound having the formula (I) where each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently C6-C18 aryl-, C5-C8 cycloalkyl-, C6-C18 aryl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C5-C8 cycloalkyl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C4-C20 branched alkyl-, C16-C20 linear alkyl-, RO—, —NRR?, —PRR?, —SR, fluoro substituted forms thereof, and perfluoro forms thereof: and R5 is C6-C18 aryl-, C5-C8 cycloalkyl-, C6-C18 aryl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C5-C8 cycloalkyl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C3-C20 branched alkyl-, C2-C30 linear alkyl-, fluoro substituted forms thereof, and perfluoro forms thereof; where R and R? are each independently C6-C18aryl-, C5-C8 cycloalkyl-, C6-C18 aryl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C5-C8 cycloalkyl having at least one C1-C20 alkyl substituent, C4-C20 branched alkyl-, C2-C30 linear alkyl-, fluoro substituted forms thereof, and perfluoro forms thereof; A is N, P, S, or O with the proviso that when A is S, R2 is a nullify; and M is

Abstract: The invention relates to a phosphonium borate compound represented by Formula (I) (hereinafter, the compound (I)). The invention has objects of providing (A) a novel process whereby the compound is produced safely on an industrial scale, by simple reaction operations and in a high yield; (B) a novel compound that is easily handled; and (C) novel use as catalyst. Formula (I): (R1)(R2)(R3)PH.BAr4??(I) wherein R1, R2, R3 and Ar are as defined in the specification. The process (A) includes reacting a phosphine with a) HCl or b) H2SO4 to produce a) a hydrochloride or b) a sulfate; and reacting the salt with a tetraarylborate compound. The compound (B) has for example a secondary or tertiary alkyl group as R1 and is easily handled in air without special attention.

Abstract: The invention relates to chemical genera of organometal benzenephosphonates useful in cross-coupling organic synthesis, having general formula: where R is selected from boron, zinc, tin and silicon residues.

Abstract: A process for the production of phosphine-borane complexes represented by the general formula: or salts thereof: [wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group (with the proviso that R1 and R2 together with the adjacent phosphorus atom may form a 4- to 6-membered ring)], characterized by converting a compound represented by the general formula: in a solvent in the presence of a borane reagent: [wherein each symbol is as defined above].

Abstract: A process for producing cyano substituted arene boranes is described. The compounds are useful intermediates to pharmaceutical compounds using the cyano group as a reactant.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a bis(phosphine) boronium salt to be used as a building block or the like for producing a diphosphine compound effective mainly for various kinds of transition metal-catalyzed reactions and further to provide a preferable production method of the bis(phosphine) boronium salt and a bis(phosphine) boronium salt to be produced by the production method. The present invention provides a bis(phosphine) boronium salt having the structure defined by the following formula (1).

Abstract: A compound represented by the following general formula (I): [wherein R1 represents hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group, R2 represents a hydroxyalkyl group, or a triarylmethyloxyalkyl group, or R1 and R2 combine together to represent —C(R3)(R4)— (R3 and R4 represent hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or hydroxyl group, or R3 and R4 may combine together to represent oxo group), or —C(R5)(R6)—O—C(R7)(R8)— (R5 to R8 represent hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or hydroxyl group, or R5 and R6 may combine together to represent oxo group, and R7 and R8 may combine together to represent oxo group); Ar1 to Ar4 independently represent an aryl group (the aryl group may have 1 to 5 of the same or different substituents), *1 to *4 indicate asymmetric carbons, and configurations are cis between *1 and *2, cis between *3 and *4, and trans between *2 and *3]. An optically active phosphine ligand which can be easily synthesized and gives a transition metal complex showing superior asymmetric catalyst activity is provided.

Abstract: A radiation-sensitive composition includes a free-radically polymerizable component, an initiator composition capable of generating free radicals sufficient to initiate polymerization upon exposure to imaging radiation, an infrared radiation absorbing compound, and a polymeric binder. The initiator composition includes a unique polyonium borate comprising a polyvalent onium cation with multiple onium moieties and sufficient organic borate counterions to provide a net neutral charge. The radiation-sensitive composition can be used to prepare a negative-working imageable element that is sensitive to suitable imaging infrared radiation, can be imaged at relatively low energy, and can be developed either on-press or off-press.

Abstract: The invention relates to salts having alkoxytris(fluoroalkyl)borate anions which on the one hand are used for the synthesis of ionic liquids, but on the other hand can be employed per se as ionic liquid, and to processes for the preparation thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved methods for synthesis of phosphinothiol reagents, as well as novel protected reagents, for use in formation of amide bonds, and particularly, for peptide ligation. The invention provides phosphine-borane complexes useful as reagents in the formation of amide bonds, particularly for the formation of an amide bond between any two of an amino acid, a peptide, or a protein.

Abstract: A description is given of processes for the preparation of mono- and bisacylphosphines and of mono- and bisacylphosphine oxides and mono- and bisacylphosphine sulfides, which comprises first reacting organic P-monohalogenophosphines or P,P-dihalogenophosphines, or mixtures thereof, with an alkali metal or magnesium in combination with lithium, where appropriate in the presence of a catalyst, and then carrying out the reaction with acid halides and, in the case of the process for the preparation of oxides, carrying out an oxidation step and, in the case of the preparation of sulfides, reacting the phosphines so obtained with sulfur. It is characteristic, inter alia, that the processes are carried out without isolation of the intermediates.

Abstract: A metal compound obtained by a process comprising the step of contacting, in a specific ratio, a compound represented by the formula M1L1r, a compound represented by the formula R1s?1TH, and a compound represented by the formula R24?nJ(OH)n; a catalyst component for addition polymerization comprising the metal compound; a catalyst for addition polymerization using the catalyst component; and a process for producing an addition polymer using the catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved methods for synthesis of phosphinothiol reagents, as well as novel protected reagents, for use in formation of amide bonds, and particularly for peptide ligation. The invention provides phosphine-borane complexes useful as reagents in the formation of amide bonds, particularly for the formation of an amide bond between any two of an amino acid, a peptide, or a protein.

Abstract: The invention addresses an composition of matter comprising a cation [Ct]+ and an anion [A]−, the anion comprises a core Group-13 element bound to partially or completely fluorinated fluoroaryl ligands, at least one of the fluoroaryl ligands is substituted with a Group-15 element that has been rendered essentially inert for subsequent chemical reaction through its unbonded electron pair by substituting an electron-withdrawing group on it. [Ct]+ may be selected from anilinium and ammonium cations, trityl carbenium cations, Group-11 metal cations, silylium cations, the cations of the hydrated salts of Group-1 or -2 metals, and derivatives of the foregoing anilinium, ammonium, trityl carbenium, and silylium cations containing C1-C20 hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl, or hydrocarbylamine substituents for one or more hydrogen atoms of said cations.