Abstract: The invention relates to the use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as naphthalene and its alkyl, aryl, or heteroatom substituted analogs, that act as catalysts in the presence of an alkali metal (Li, K, Na) for the reduction of electron-deficient and electron-rich triaryl phosphines to their corresponding alkali metal diaryl phosphide salts. The process is also useful for the catalysis of triaryl phosphine chalcogen adducts such as the sulfides, oxides, and selenides, diaryl(halo)phosphines, triaryl phosphine-borane adducts, and tetra-aryl bis(phosphines) that can also be reduced to their corresponding alkali metal diaryl phosphide salts. The invention also relates to small molecule PAHs and polymer tethered PAHs naphthenics.

Abstract: Premature termination codons readthrough compounds, composition thereof, and methods of making and using the same are provided.

Abstract: The compound (I) or a salt thereof has an excellent controlling activity against pests. Then the compound (I) or a salt thereof is useful for an active ingredient of a pesticidal composition.

Abstract: Provided is a process by which pyrimidinylacetonitrile derivatives can be prepared easily and efficiently from industrially available raw materials. Also provided are intermediates for the synthesis of the derivatives. A process for the preparation of pyrimidinylacetonitrile derivatives represented by general formula (3) [wherein X is a halogen atom, and R is an alkoxymethyl group], characterized by reacting a 2,4-dihalogeno-6-nitrobenzene derivative represented by general formula (1) [wherein X and R are each as defined above] with 4,6-dimethoxy-2-cyanomethylpyrimidine represented by general formula (2) [wherein Me represents a methyl group] in the presence of a base; and intermediates for the synthesis of the pyrimidinylacetonitrile derivatives.

Abstract: New thyroid receptor ligands are provided which have the general formula in which: X is —O—, —S—, —CH2—, —CO—, or —NH—; Y is —(CH2)n— where n is an integer from 1 to 5, or cis- or trans-ethylene; R1 is halogen, trifluoromethyl, or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons or cycloalkyl of 3 to 7 carbons; R2 and R3 are the same or different and are hydrogen, halogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbons or cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbons, at least one of R2 and R3 being other than hydrogen; R4 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R5 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R6 is carboxylic acid, or esters or prodrugs; R7 is hydrogen or an alkanoyl or an aroyl. In addition, a method is provided for preventing, inhibiting or treating a disease associated with metabolism dysfunction or which is dependent upon the expression of a T3 regulated gene, wherein a compound as described above is administered in a therapeutically effective amount.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel pentabromobenzyl alkyl ethers serving as highly effective flame retardants in polymers. The invention further provides a fire retarded polymer composition comprising said pentabromobenzyl alkyl ethers.

Abstract: New thyroid receptor ligands are provided which have the general formula in which: X is —O—, —S—, —CH2—, —CO—, or —NH—; Y is —(CH2)n— where n is an integer from 1 to 5, or cis- or trans-ethylene; R1 is halogen, trifluoromethyl, or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons or cycloalkyl of 3 to 7 carbons; R2 and R3 are the same or different and are hydrogen, halogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbons or cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbons, at least one of R2 and R3 being other than hydrogen; R4 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R5 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R6 is carboxylic acid, or esters or prodrugs; R7 is hydrogen or an alkanoyl or an aroyl. In addition, a method is provided for preventing, inhibiting or treating a disease associated with metabolism dysfunction or which is dependent upon the expression of a T3 regulated gene, wherein a compound as described above is administered in a therapeutically effective amount.

Abstract: Novel liquid crystal compound having a negative and absolutely large value of dielectric anisotropy, being excellent in compatibility with other liquid crystalline compounds at a low temperature and being stable chemically and physically, as well as a liquid crystal composition comprising this compound, and a liquid crystal display device comprising this liquid crystal composition are provided, said compound is expressed by the general formula (1): R1—A1—B1—A2—B2—A3—B3—Z—B4—A4—R2  (1) wherein A1, A2, A3 and A4 represent a single bond, 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene which may be substituted with a fluorine atom(s) or the like; B1, B2, B3 and B4 represent a single bond, 1,2-ethylene, 1,2-ethenylene, 1,2-ethynylene, oxymethylene, methyleneoxy or the like; R1 and R2 represent an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or the like; and Z represents (I) to (VI): wherein X represents H or F, and Y represents difluoromethyl gr

Abstract: The present invention describes novel nitrosated and/or nitrosylated phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and novel compositions containing at least one nitrosated and/or nitrosylated phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and, optionally, one or more compounds that donate, transfer or release nitric oxide, elevate endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulate endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and/or one or more vasoactive agents. The present invention also provides novel compositions containing at least one phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and one or more compounds that donate, transfer or release nitric oxide, elevate endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulate endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and/or one or more vasoactive agents.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of (R)-1-(2,3-difluoro-6-nitrophenoxy)-propan-2-ol, which is a useful intermediate in the synthesis of the widely used antibiotic Levofloxacin is provided. A process for the preparation of (R)-1-(2,3-difluoro-6-nitrophenoxy)-2-trimethylsiloxypropane is also described. The process includes the ring opening of (R)-propylene oxide with 2,3-difluoro-6-nitrophenyl trimethylsilyl ether in the presence of an optically active Co(salen) catalyst. The trimethylsilyl group of the reactant is transferred to the product aryloxy alcohol, which serves to protect the secondary alcohol in situ. Upon isolation, the trimethylsilyl group is removed and the resulting regioisomeric mixture purified to yield the desired (R)-1-(2,3-difluoro-6-nitrophenoxy)-propan-2-ol in high purity and yield.

Abstract: A liquid crystalline alkenyltolan derivative expressed by the general formula CtH2t−1—G—(CH2)m—A1—B1—(A2—B2)n—(A3—B3)p—A4—X wherein A1, A2, A3, and A4 independently represent a 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene in which one or two hydrogen atoms may be replaced by a fluorine atom(s), dioxane-2,5-diyl, or pyrimidine-2,5-diyl group; B1, B2, and B3 independently represent a covalent bond, an 1,2-ethylene, 1,2-ethenylene, 1,2-ethynylene, oxymethylene, methylenoxy, carbonyloxy, or 1,4-butylene group provided that at least one of B1, B2, and B3 represents an 1,2-ethynylene group; G represents a covalent bond or an oxygen atom; CtH2t−1 represents an alkenyl group having t carbon atoms; n and p are each 0 or 1; and X represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The present invention describes novel nitrosated and/or nitrosylated phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and novel compositions containing at least one nitrosated and/or nitrosylated phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and, optionally, one or more compounds that donate, transfer or release nitric oxide, elevate endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulate endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and/or one or more vasoactive agents. The present invention also provides novel compositions containing at least one phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and one or more compounds that donate, transfer or release nitric oxide, elevate endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulate endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and/or one or more vasoactive agents.

Abstract: N-Cyclopropyl-2-difluoromethoxy-3-halogenoanilines which serve as important intermediates in the preparation of quinolonecarboxylic acids useful as synthetic antimicrobial agents from industrially inexpensive and easily available raw materials; and intermediates for the preparation thereof. Specifically, compounds represented by the general formula (1), (2) and (3), wherein X is halogeno; and Y is nitro or amino, (2) wherein X is halogeno; and R1 is lower alkyl, (3) wherein X is halogeno; and R is hydrogen or —CH═C(CO2R2)2, R2 being lower alkyl.

Abstract: A method for producing an optically active 1-substituted 2-propanol of the following formula 1, which comprises reacting a hydroxy aromatic compound of the following formula 2 with an optically active propylene oxide in the presence of a catalyst: AOH  Formula 2 CH3C*H(OH)CH2OA  Formula 1 wherein A is a univalent aromatic group, and C* is an asymmetric carbon atom.

Abstract: Substituted N-phenyl- and N-heteroarylalkylcarbamates of the formula I ##STR1## in which Q is a group ##STR2## R is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkoxy;Z is hydrogen or halogen; orZ and R together in the 2- and 3-position of the phenyl ring form a group --OCF.sub.2 O--;R.sub.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl;R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5, independently of one another, are hydrogen, methyl or ethyl;X is oxygen, sulfur, --SO-- or --SO.sub.2 --;Y is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy or cyano;n is 0, 1 or 2;n.sub.1 is 0 or 1; andm is 0 or 1,with the proviso that m is 1 if Q is group (1) or (2);and the diastereomers and enantiomers thereof,exhibit pre- and post-emergence herbicidal properties. The preparation of these compounds and their use as herbicidally active ingredients are described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel process for the production of tinted mouldings, in particular tinted contact lenses, in which a crosslinkable tinted polymer comprising units containing a crosslinkable group and units containing a reactive dye radical is crosslinked in solution, and to tinted mouldings, in particular tinted contact lenses, obtainable by this process.

Abstract: Substituted N-phenyl- and N-heteroarylalkylcarbamates of formula (I), in which Q is a group (1), (2) or (3); R is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkoxy; Z is hydrogen or halogen; or Z and R together in the 2- and 3-position of the phenyl ring form a group --OCF.sub.2 O--; R.sub.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl; R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5, independently of one another, are hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; X is oxygen, sulfur, --SO-- or --SO.sub.2 --, Y is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy or cyano; n is 0, 1 or 2; n.sub.1 is 0 or 1; and m is 0 or 1, with the proviso that m is 1 if Q is group (1) or (2); and the diastereomers and enantiomers thereof, exhibit pre- and post-emergence herbicidal properties. The preparation of these compounds and their use as herbicidally active ingredients are described.

Abstract: 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl ethers of the formula IR--(A.sup.1 --Z.sup.1).sub.m --A.sup.2 --Z.sup.2 A.sup.3 --O--CHF--CF.sub.3(I)are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline media whereinR is H, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1 to 15 carbon atoms,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are each, independently of one another, a(a) trans-1,4-cyclohexylene radicals and derivatives thereof in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups is optionally replaced by --O-- and/or --S--,(b) 1,4-phenylene radicals and derivatives thereof in which, in addition, one or two CH groups is optionally replaced by N, or(c) radical from the group consisting of 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)octylene, piperidine-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl,wherein radicals (a) and (b) are optionally substituted by one or two fluorine atoms,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each, independently of one another, --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.

Abstract: This invention provides chiral nonracemic compounds of general formula I which are useful as components of FLC compositions in SSFLC and DHFLC devices: ##STR1## wherein Z is a C.dbd.O group or a CH.sub.2 group, R.sub.F is a partially or fully fluorinated alkyl or alkenyl group, R.sub.2 is selected from an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group in which one or more CH.sub.2 groups can optionally be substituted with one or two halogen atoms or in which one or more non-neighboring CH.sub.2 can be replaced with an O, S or an alkyl silyl group, S.sub.1 (R.sub.A)(R.sub.B), in which R.sub.A and R.sub.B, independently of one another, are small alkyl or alkenyl groups having from one to six carbon atoms, * indicates the chiral carbon and where Ar can be a one, two, or three aromatic ring LC core moieties. In particular, the core can have one to three, aromatic rings which are optionally linked by linking groups including O, S, CH.sub.2 S, SCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2 O, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2, CH.sub.

Abstract: Difluoromethoxyarenes and difluoromethylthioarenes of the general formula (I),Ar--Q--CHF.sub.2 (I)in whichAr represents optionally substituted aryl, andQ represents oxygen or sulphur,(which can be used as intermediates for preparing biologically active products) are obtained in very good yields and in a high degree of purity by reacting hydroxyarenes or mercaptoarenes of the general formulaAr--Q--H (II)with chlorodifluoromethane (ClCHF.sub.2) in the presence of an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide at temperatures of between 20.degree. C. and 120.degree. C.

Abstract: This invention provides chiral nonracemic compounds of formula ##STR1## wherein * indicates a chiral carbon, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, independently of one another, can be an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group wherein one or more non-neighboring CH.sub.2 groups can be replaced with an O, S or a silyl group (R.sub.A SiR.sub.B) wherein R.sub.A and R.sub.B, independently of one another, are alkyl or alkenyl having from one to six carbon atoms; R.sub.1 having from about 3 to 20 carbon atoms, and R.sub.2 having from 1 to about 18 carbon atoms; X is O, S, CO, COO, OCO, COS or a single bond where Ar is a liquid crystal core moiety having two or three aromatic rings of the formula--(Cyc).sub.n --(A).sub.a --Ph.sub.1 --(B).sub.b --Ph.sub.2 --(C).sub.c --(Ph.sub.3).sub.m --whereinPh.sub.1, Ph.sub.2 and Ph.sub.

Abstract: The synthesis and compound of a new caged calcium which is an ortho-nitrophenyl derivative of EGTA and various intermediates. It is synthesized in ten steps and 24% overall yield. The photosensitive chelator, nitrophenyl-EGTA, has a K.sub.d for Ca.sup.2+ of 80 nM and for Mg.sup.2+ of 8.8 mM. Upon exposure to ultra-violet light (in the region of 350 nm), the chelator is cleaved, yielding iminodiacetic acid photoproducts with known low Ca-affinity (K.sub.d =1 mM). The quantum yield of photolysis of nitrophenyl-EGTA in the presence of Ca.sup.a+ is 0.23 and in the absence of Ca.sup.2+ is 0.20. In experiments with chemically skinned skeletal muscle fibers, a fully relaxed fiber equilibrated with nitrophenyl-EGTA:Ca.sup.2+ complex, in the presence of physiological [Mg.sup.2+ ] (i.e. 1.0 mM), produced maximal contraction after a single flash from a frequency doubled ruby laser (347 nm). Half-maximal tension was achieved in 18 ms at 15.degree. C.

Abstract: An optically active compound of the formula (I): ##STR1## R is a halogen atom, a cyano group, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, --R' or --O--R' group; R' is a ##STR2## group, wherein Y is a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an acyloxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms; X is a direct bond or a ##STR3## group; m, n and p each are each 0 or 1, provided that at least one of m, n and p is 1; and , represents an asymetric carbon atom.

Abstract: This invention relates to structurally novel acyclic tocotrienol analogs, which are useful for cholesterol/lipid lowering in cases of hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia, and for atherosclerosis. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions and a method of use employing those compositions.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, halo-C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy, halo-C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy or cyano and/or two substituents R.sub.1 which are bonded to adjacent C atoms of the phenyl ring together are --O--CH.sub.2 --O--; R.sub.2 is hydrogen, halogen or methyl;R.sub.3 is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl; R.sub.4 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl;either R.sub.5 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, ##STR2## --COCO--R.sub.8,--CO--R.sub.9 or S(O).sub.m --N(R.sub.10)--COO--R.sub.11 andR.sub.6 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, halo-C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkenyl, halo-C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 alkenyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.5 alkynyl, halo-C.sub.3 -C.sub.5 alkynyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy-C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl; or R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 together are --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 -- or --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --; R.sub.7 is hydrogen, halogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl; R.

Abstract: An optically active compound represented by formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms; R.sup.2 represents an alkyl group having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms; m and n each represent 1 or 2 provided that they do not simultaneously represent 1; and C.sup.*1 and C.sup.*2, both represent an optically active carbon atom, and a liquid crystal composition containing the same are disclosed. The compound exhibits chiral nematic and smectic phases and are excellent as a chiral dopant for ferroelectric liquid crystal compositions or nematic liquid crystal compositions.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel fluorinated ethers, useful as insecticides and acaricides, to processes and intermediates for their preparation, to insecticidal and acaricidal compositions thereof and to methods of combating and controlling insect and acarine pests therewith.

Abstract: The invention relates to new peroxide perfluoropolyethers having formula: ##STR1## wherein: A and B are end groups,X represents a (R'O).sub.m R" group where R' is selected from the class consisting of --CF.sub.2 --, --CF.sub.2 --CF.sub.2 -- and ##STR2## and R" is a perfluoroalkyl group; the value of "m" ranging from 0 to 6. The invention relates also to processes for preparing said perfluoropolyethers and other classes of non peroxide perfluoropolyethers derived therefrom.

Abstract: An optically active compound of the formula (I): ##STR1## R is a halogen atom, a cyano group, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms --R' or --O--R' group; R' is a ##STR2## group, wherein Y is a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an acyloxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms; X is a direct bond or a ##STR3## group; m, n and p each are each 0 or 1, provided that at least one of m, n and p is 1; and * represents an asymetric carbon atom. The optically active compound can impart a desired helical pitch to a liquid crystal composition.

Abstract: A liquid crystal compound having a relatively low viscosity, a superior compatibility with other liquid crystalline compounds and suitable for preparing a liquid crystal device having a high response rate, and a superior liquid crystal composition containing the compound are provided, which compound is expressed by the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is H, F, Cl, CN or 1-20C alkyl or alkenyl in which alkenyl one --CH.sub.2 -- group or two not adjacent --CH.sub.2 -- groups may be replaced by --O-- and in which alkenyl the position and number of the double bond may be optionally chosen; A.sup.1, A.sup.2 and A.sup.3 are ##STR2## the H atom(s) of which ##STR3## may be replaced by F, Cl or methyl; B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 are --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O--, --OCH.sub.2 -- or single bond; n is 0 or 1; and m is 0 to 20.

Abstract: The invention relates to a new process for the preparation of geminal diarylalkanes of the formula ##STR1## by Friedel-Crafts alkylation of aromatic compounds with specific aliphatic halogen compounds (addition compounds of CCl.sub.4 , to .alpha.-olefins), to new geminal diarylalkanes and the aralkyl compounds resulting as intermediates.

Abstract: A higher yield of the difluorohalomethoxybenzene produced by the reaction of a metal phenolate with dibromodifluoromethane or bromochlorodifluoromethane can be obtained by conducting the addition of a metal alcoholate or a metal hydride as a reaction initiator to a solution or a suspension of an aprotic polar solvent containing the metal phenolate and dibromodifluoromethane or bromochlorodifluoromethane.

Abstract: A lubricating compound having the structure:R.sup.1 --R.sub.f --O--Ar--R.sup.2wherein R.sup.1 is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of fluoride, unsubstituted aryloxys, substituted aryloxys, unsubstituted arylthios, substituted arylthios, perfluoroalkoxys, and perfluoro (3,6-dimethyl-1, 4-dioxanyl-2-oxy), R.sup.

Abstract: The invention concerns a cycloalkane derivative of the formula I, ##STR1## wherein Ar.sup.1 is optionally substituted phenyl or naphthyl;A.sup.1 is (1-6C)alkylene, (3-6C)alkenylene, (3-6C)alkynylene or cyclo(3-6C)alkylene;Ar.sup.2 is optionally substituted phenylene, or a 6 membered heterocyclene moiety containing up to three nitrogen atoms;R.sup.1 is hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl, (3-6C)alkenyl, (3-6C)alkynyl, cyano-(1-4C)alkyl or (2-4C)alkanoyl, or optionally substituted banzoyl; andR.sup.2 and R.sup.3 together form a (3-6C)alkylene group which defines an optionally substituted ring having 4 to 7 ring atoms; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.The compounds of the invention are inhibitors of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase.

Abstract: A compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein X is a chlorine atom or a bromine atom, which is useful as a herbicide.

Abstract: A compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein X is a chlorine atom or a bromine atom and R is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkyl group except isopropyl, which is useful as a herbicide.

Abstract: An optically active ester compound useful as a component of a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition is represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R is C.sub.1-18 alkyl or C.sub.1-18 alkoxyl; R' is C.sub.1-18 alkyl or C.sub.

Abstract: Preparation of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) from 3,5-dichloroanisole. Nitration of 3,5-dichloroanisole under relatively mild conditions gave 3,5-dichloro-2,4,6-trinitroanisole in high yield and purity. Ammonolysis of this latter compound gave the desired TATB. Another route to TATB was through the treatment of the 3,5-dichloro-2,4,6-trinitroanisole with thionyl chloride and dimethylformamide to yield 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene. Ammonolysis of this product produced TATB.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of cyclopropanecarbaldehydes of formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or benzyl, which comprises (a) reacting a tetrahydrofuran of formula ##STR2## in which X is halogen and R.sub.2 is unsubstituted or halo-substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -cycloalkyl that is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or by C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, or phenyl or benzyl each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, nitro or cyano, with a halogenating agent to form a 1,2,4-trihalobutyl ether of formula ##STR3## in which X is halogen and R.sub.2 is unsubstituted or halo-substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 cycloalkyl that is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or by C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, or phenyl or benzyl each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel process for effecting an ether interchange reaction by heating together in the presence of a basic catalyst, a nitroaromatic ether or thioether and an organic compound containing at least one hydroxyl or mercapto group. The novelty resides particularly in carrying out the interchange in an inert solvent while sparging the heated reactants thereby to remove at least a portion of solvent along with an evolving alcohol or thiol.The process is particularly adapted to the capping of organic polyols with nitroaromatic ether groups. The capped products are useful as intermediates for the preparation of high molecular weight polyamines which in turn find utility in various polymer applications.

Abstract: Preparation of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) from 3,5-dichloroanisole. Nitration of 3,5-dichloroanisole under relatively mild conditions gave 3,5-dichloro-2,4,6-trinitroanisole in high yield and purity. Ammonolysis of this latter compound gave the desired TATB. Another route to TATB was through the treatment of the 3,5-dichloro-2,4,6-trinitroanisole with thionyl chloride and dimethylformamide to yield 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene. Ammonolysis of this product produced TATB.

Abstract: A process for the halogenation (bromination or chlorination)/nitration/fluorination of aromatic derivatives substituted by at least one group containing a halogenoalkyl unit. The aromatic derivative is reacted with a halogen and a nitrating agent in liquid hydrofluoric acid. The products obtained are useful as intermediates for the synthesis of compounds having a plant-protecting or pharmaceutical activity.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of (pentafluoroethoxy)- and (pentafluoroethylthio)benzene derivatives either from phenol, thiophenol or from halobenzene. A halobenzene is reacted with trifluoroethanol or a phenol or a thiophenol is reacted with a compound of the formula CF.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--R'. The product is chlorinated and the chlorinated product is fluorinated in liquid hydrofluoric acid in the presence of a Lewis acid.The compounds obtained by the process of the present invention are used as synthesis intermediates in the phytosanitary, pharmaceutical and veterinary industries, and are used in lubricants.

Abstract: A process for preparing substituted or unsubstituted trifluoroethoxy- or trifluoroethylthiobenzenes by reaction of a phenol or thiophenol, both of which may be substituted or unsubstituted, with a compound of the formula CF.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--R', where R' is a moiety selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetyl, methanesulfonyl, paratoluenesulfonyl, trichloromethanesulfonyl and chlorosulfonyl, in the presence of a strong alkaline base and a complexing agent of the formula:N--CHR.sub.1 --CHR.sub.2 --O--(CHR.sub.3 --CHR.sub.4 --O).sub.n --R.sub.5 ].sub.3 (II)wherein n is an integer from 0 to 10 (0 is less than or equal to n is less than or equal to 10), R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, which may be identical or different, are selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom and an alkyl moiety having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R.sub.5 denotes an alkyl or cycloalkyl moiety having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a phenyl moiety or a moiety of the formula: --C.sub.m H.sub.2m --C.sub.6 H.sub.

Abstract: A process for the electrophilic ring fluorination of aromatic compounds which comprises reacting a fluorinating agent from the group consisting of CF.sub.3 OF and CF.sub.2 (OF).sub.2 with an aromatic compound of the formula ##STR1## where X is selected from the group consisting of ##STR2## and ##STR3## and Y is selected from the group consisting of --H, --CF.sub.3, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --Cl, and CH.sub.3.

Abstract: A compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein X is a chlorine atom or a bromine atom and R is a C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 alkenyl group or a C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 alkynyl group, which is useful as a herbicide.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of compounds containing a difluoromethylene group in a position .alpha. to an oxygen atom. An alcohol or a phenol is brought into contact with trifluoroacetic acid or a halide or anhydride thereof in anhydrous liquid hydrofluoric acid, in the presence of boron trifluoride, in a quantity such that the absolute pressure of boron trifluoride is at least about one bar. The compounds obtained according to the invention are used as synthesis intermediates in the pharmaceutical, plant-protection, and dye industries, as anesthetics and as additives for lubricating oils.

Abstract: New substituted benzyl-type ethers of formula I ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is aryl or aryl substituted by C.sub.1-4 -alkyl, halo-C.sub.1-4 -alkyl, phenyl-C.sub.1-4 -alkyl, C.sub.2-4 -alkenyl, halo-C.sub.2-4 -alkenyl, phenyl-C.sub.2-4 -alkenyl, C.sub.2-4 -alkynyl, halo-C.sub.2-4 -alkynyl, phenyl-C.sub.2-4 -alkynyl, C.sub.1-4 -alkoxy, halo-C.sub.1-4 -alkoxy, phenyl-C.sub.1-4 -alkoxy, C.sub.2-4 -alkenyloxy, halo-C.sub.2-4 -alkenyloxy, phenyl-C.sub.2-4 -alkenyloxy, C.sub.2-4 -alkynyloxy, halo-C.sub.2-4 -alkynyloxy, phenyl-C.sub.2-4 -alkynyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, halo, cyano, nitro, aryloxy, haloaryloxy, C.sub.1-4 -alkyl-aryloxy, or nitroaryloxy,R.sub.2 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-4 alkyl,R.sub.3 is hydrogen, cyano or ethynyl,R.sub.4 is phenyl or pyridyl or one of these groups substituted by one or more of C.sub.1-6 -alkyl, halo-C.sub.1-6 -alkyl, phenyl-C.sub.1-6 -alkyl, C.sub.1-6 -alkyl interrupted by an O--, N-- or S-- atom, C.sub.2-4 -alkenyl, halo-C.sub.2-4 -alkenyl, phenyl-C.

Abstract: Aromatic hydroxyl- or thiol-containing compounds are methylated by contacting with methyl trichloroacetate at elevated temperatures in the presence of an initiator.

Abstract: Certain miticidal (2-alkyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-8-yl)diazenecarboxylic acid esters.