Abstract: A process of making certain compounds using a phase transfer catalyst that permits the recovery and recycle of the phase transfer catalyst.

Abstract: A process for co-production of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a;CF.sub.3 CH.sub.2 F), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125; CF.sub.3 CHF.sub.2) and 1,1,1 -trifluoroethane (HFC-143a; CF.sub.3 CH.sub.3) by a two-step gaseous reaction comprising the steps of a) reacting 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane (CFCH.sub.2 Cl, HCFC-133a) with HF in a first reactor to prepare 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a; CF.sub.3 CH.sub.2 F), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125; CF.sub.3 CHF.sub.2) and 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a; CF.sub.3 CH.sub.3); b) adding trichloroethylene (TCE:CCl.sub.2 CHCl) to the reaction product of step a) in a second reactor to prepare HCFC-133a; separating HCl, HFC-134a, HFC-125 and HFC-143a from the reaction product of step b) and recycling HCFC-133a to the first reactor, and the stages being performed in the presence of fluorization catalyst obtained by calcining a reaction product which is obtained by reacting ethanol with a mixture of calcium fluoride(CaF.sub.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of a hydrochlorofluoropropane by halogen exchange using SbF.sub.5-y Cl.sub.y, where y=0 to 1, at 50.degree.-100.degree. C. to fluorinate a hydrochlorofluoropropane precursor characterized by the formula C.sub.3 HCl.sub.7-x F.sub.x, where x=2 to 5 and H is at a terminal carbon, wherein the degree of halogen exchange, p, and the number of moles, n, of SbF.sub.5-y Cl.sub.y per mole of precursor is such that (5-y)-(p/n) is at least 3. Such a process produces a more highly fluorinated hydrochlorofluoropropane substantially free of perhalogenated or carbon--carbon cleavage products.

Abstract: Cleaning method for a thermal head used in thermal transfer printers, wherein said cleaning method uses a cleaning solution comprising at least one organic solvent having in pure state a vapour pressure above 25 mbar at 20.degree. C. and a lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, polyolefin waxes, fluor compounds, phosphate compounds, phosphonate compounds, polysiloxanes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, fatty acid amides, fatty acids salts and polyalkyleneoxides.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of chlorofluoronitrobenzenes and difluoronitrobenzenes, which comprises heating dichloronitrobenzene to not more than 200.degree. C. in excess with an alkali metal fluoride having a total water content of about 0.2 to about 2.5% by weight in the presence of a quaternary ammonium and/or phosphonium salt, crown ether and/or polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether as catalyst in the absence of a solvent.

Abstract: This invention relates to manufacture a normally solid perfluoroalkyl bromide by thermalbromination in the gas phase of a C.sub.10 or greater perfluoroalkyl iodide, bromination is carried out in the presence of a normally liquid perfluoroalkyl bromide.This makes it possible to carry out the post-treatment operations (reduction of iodine, separation, neutralization/washing, and the like) at room temperature.

Abstract: The fluorine content of an acyclic saturated compound of the formula C.sub.n F.sub.a X.sub.b H.sub.c (wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br, and wherein n is 1 to 6, a is 1 to 13, b is 0 to 12, c is 1 to 9, and a+b+c equals 2n+2) is reduced by reacting the acyclic saturated compound with HCl in the vapor phase at an elevated temperature in the presence of a catalyst, the mole ratio of HCl to the acyclic saturated compound being at least about 1:1.

Abstract: Multiply, preferably doubly or triply, fluorinated nitrobenzenes are prepared in an advantageous way from the corresponding chloronitrobenzenes and an alkali metal fluoride in a chlorine-fluorine exchange reaction by catalyzing the reaction with a quaternary ammonium compound comprising at least one alkoxypolyoxyalkyl radical.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for direct fluorination of hydrocarbons (having 1 to 4 carbons) by using molecular fluorine gas in a liquid medium. The number of reactors or reaction steps is a function of the number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon to be replaced by molecular fluorine to produce a refrigerant or other product.

Abstract: Fluoronitrobenzenes are prepared in an advantageous way from the corresponding chloronitrobenzenes and an alkali metal fluoride by means of a chlorine-fluorine exchange reaction with replacement of a chlorine atom by a fluorine atom, by catalyzing the reaction with a quaternaryammonium compound which comprises at least one alkoxypolyoxyalkyl radical.

Abstract: According to the process according to the invention, substantially fluorinated alkyl bromides, preferably perfluoroalkyl bromides, are prepared by reaction of substantially fluorinated alkyl iodides, with phase transfer catalysts in the bromide form.

Abstract: The fluorine content of an acyclic saturated compound of the formula C.sub.n F.sub.a X.sub.b having at least one carbon with at least two fluorine substituents (wherein each X is independently selected from Cl and Br, and wherein n is 1 to 4, a is 2 to 10, b is 0 to 8, and a+b equals 2n+2) is reduced by reacting the acyclic saturated compound with HCl in the vapor phase at an elevated temperature in the presence of a catalyst, the mole ratio of HCl to the acyclic saturated compound being at least about 2:1.

Abstract: According to the process according to the invention, substantially fluorinated alkyl bromides, preferably perfluoroalkyl bromides, are prepared by reaction of substantially fluorinated alkyl iodides with organic bromine compounds in which the bromine atom is bound covalently to a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom.

Abstract: Substrate compounds are reacted by passing them through an eductor with fluorine gas optionally in the presence of a liquid medium and preferably in a loop reactor with cooling means thereby providing rapid but controlled reaction suitable for industrial scale production. Vinylidene chloride, for example, smoothly produces dichlorodifluoroethane and dichlorotrifluoroethane in good yield.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an alkane containing fluorine by contacting a halogenated alkane containing at least one hydrogen atom and at least one halogen atom selected from chlorine, bromine and iodine with a transition metal fluoride selected from osmium hexafluoride, iridium hexafluoride, rhenium hexafluoride, ruthenium pentafluoride, chromium pentafluoride, vanadium pentafluoride, rhenium heptafluoride and uranium hexafluoride, whereby to replace at least one hydrogen atom or at least one chlorine, bromine or iodine atom in said halogenated alkane starting material by a fluorine atom.Use of certain of the defined transition metal fluorides, e.g. OsF.sub.6, IrF.sub.6 and ReF.sub.6 allows the selective replacement of halogen by fluorine, while others, e.g. UF.sub.6, VF.sub.5 and ReF.sub.7 allow selective replacement of hydrogen by fluorine.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an alkane containing fluorine which process comprises contacting a halogenated alkane containing at least one halogen atom selected from chlorine, bromine and iodine with a transition metal oxide fluoride and replacing at least one chlorine, bromine or iodine atom in said halogenated alkane by a fluorine atom.The transition metal oxide fluoride may be an oxide fluoride of vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium or osmium, and the replacement of halogen atom in the starting halogenated alkane is highly selectove where the starting halogenated alkane also contains hydrogen.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the photochemical production of compounds of the general formula:R--(C.sub.2 R.sub.4 ').sub.n --Xby telomerisation of an alkyl halide R--X as telogen and of an olefin C.sub.2 R.sub.4 ' as monomer, in which R is an alkyl radical which is not halogenated or is partly or completely halogenated, R' can in each case be the same or different and, independently of one another, are hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine atoms or unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or aryl radicals, n is a natural number from 2 to 10 and X is a bromine or iodine atom, wherein(1) a reaction mixture is produced which contains the olefin and the alkyl halide,(2) this reaction mixture is irradiated with ultra-violet light, the wavelength of which is from 230 to 350 nm, and(3) the end product or end products is/are recovered from the reaction mixture.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing saturated halohydrocarbons containing fluorine which comprises the step of reacting certain saturated or olefinic compounds at an elevated temperature with hydrogen in the presence of at least one material selected from the group consisting of iodine and hydrogen iodide, or with hydrogen iodide. Also disclosed s a process for producing certain chloromethanes which comprises the step of reacting CCl.sub.4 at an elevated temperature with hydrogen in the presence of iodine and/or HI, or with hydrogen iodide; and a process for producing CF.sub.3 CCl.dbd.CHCF.sub.3 which comprises the step of reacting CF.sub.3 CCl.dbd.CClCF.sub.3 at an elevated temperature with hydrogen in the presence of iodine and/or HI, or with hydrogen iodide.

Abstract: Substrate compounds are reacted by passing them through an eductor with fluorine gas optionally in the presence of a liquid medium and preferably in a loop reactor with cooling means thereby providing rapid but controlled reaction suitable for industrial scale production. Vinylidene chloride, for example, smoothly produces dichlorodifluoroethane and dichlorotrifluoroethane in good yield.

Abstract: A perfluoroalkyl halogenide represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein X stands for one element selected from the group consisting of iodine and bromine, R.sub.f for a perfluorohydrocarbon group, n for an integer in the range of 1 to 3, and m for an integer in the range of 1 to 3, provided that n and m satisfy the relationship, n.gtoreq.m, is produced by a method which consists essentially in subjecting a perfluorocarboxylic acid fluoride represented by the formula, ##STR2## wherein R.sub.f and n have the same meanings as defined above, to a thermal reaction with a lithium halogenide represented by XI, wherein X has the same meaning as defined above.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of substantially fluorinated alkyl bromides from the corresponding iodides is described. At least one anhydrous metal bromide, which can contain certain metals as the cation, is reacted at 80.degree. to 450.degree. C. under atmospheric pressure or the autogenous pressure of the reaction mixture and with good mixing, with the substantially fluorinated alkyl iodide, without the addition of other substances. The new process achieves good yields of substantially fluorinated alkyl bromides and requires no special safety precautions.

Abstract: A method for brominating a perfluoroalkyl iodide or a perfluoroalkylene diiodide, which comprises reacting a perfluoroalkyl iodide or a perfluoroalkylene diiodide with a brominating agent in a gas phase to obtain a perfluoroalkyl bromide or a perfluoroalkylene dibromide.

Abstract: A process is described for the preparation of the title compounds from the corresponding iodine-containing compounds by reaction with bromide or chloride ions present as salts, in a dipolar aprotic solvent, in the presence of a metal complex compound which contains chromium, nickel, cobalt or rhodium as the central atom and contains, per central atom, 1, 2 or 3 bromine or chlorine atoms and at least one additional phosphorus-containing ligand, at 20.degree. to 140.degree. C. Good yields are obtained in this way without the difficulties associated with the known procedure using elemental halogens at elevated temperatures. The compounds prepared can be used in the medical sector and as liquids resistant to high temperatures.

Abstract: A process for fluorination by contacting a haloolefin with molten alkali metal acid fluoride to provide a fluorinated saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one more fluorine than the starting haloolefin.

Abstract: Improved process for the preparation of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane by the steps of chlorofluorination of selected organic compounds using Cl.sub.2 and HF followed by hydrogenolysis of the resulting products, the improvement residing in the use of excess HF and recycle of the unreacted compounds and byproducts to the chlorofluorination step.

Abstract: A process for halogen exchange fluorination by contacting a halocarbon having a replaceable halogen other than fluorine with CsF or RbF.multidot.nHF wherein n is 0.5-3 to provide a fluorinated hydrocarbon having at least one more fluorine than the starting halocarbon and, optionally, regenerating the MF.multidot.nHF with additional HF, or in a continuous process, with excess HF in the feed.

Abstract: A process for halogen exchange fluorination by contacting a halocarbon having a replaceable halogen other than fluorine with KF.nHF wherein n is 0.5-3 to provide a fluorinated hydrocarbon having at least one more fluorine than the starting halocarbon and, optionally, regenerating the KF.nHF with additional HF, or in a continuous process, with excess HF in the feed.

Abstract: An improved synthesis of carbon fluoride CF.sub.x, and carbon fluoride chloride, (C.sub.y F.sub.x Cl.sub.z).sub.n, is described. Direct fluorination of the intermediate (C.sub.y F.sub.x Cl.sub.z).sub.n (x.ltoreq.0.7, y.ltoreq.1 and z.ltoreq.0.1) in the absence of chlorine produces, either CF.sub.x (x.gtoreq.1) or (C.sub.y F.sub.x Cl.sub.z).sub.n (x.gtoreq.0.9, y=1, z.ltoreq.0.01) in as brief a period as 1 hour. The final CF.sub.x product is novel and exhibits improved properties compared to CF.sub.x made via conventional methods. The novel process for producing carbon fluoride chloride is more economical than prior art methods.

Abstract: A continuous process for florinating haloalkanes containing at least one nonfluorine halogen atom wherein antimony pentachloride is reacted with HF to produce an antimony (V) chlorofluoride and HCl is removed. The antimony chlorofluoride thus produced is then transferred to a separate reaction zone where it is reacted with the haloalkane, thereby replacing a portion of the nonfluorine halogen in the haloalkane with fluorine of the antimony (V) chlorofluoride.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the manufacture of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, FC-134a, more particularly for its manufacture from 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane, FC-133a, by reaction with a high fluoride content antimony pentahalide.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for purifying and stabilizing a mixture of regular chlorotrifluoroethyelne telomers of formula RCXCl(CF.sub.2 CFCl).sub.n Br from bromine-containing irregular telomer impurities of similar molecular weight. The telomer mixture is produced by reacting chlorotrifluoroethylene with a telogen of formula RCXClBr, where R is CF.sub.2 Br, or Cl, and X is Cl or F. The telomer mixture is then chlorinated using either elevated temperature alone (100.degree. C.-350.degree. C.), or a combination of elevated temperatures (100.degree. C.-200.degree. C.) and light energy primarily of the wavelength region greater than about 3000.degree.A. Under these conditions, CFClBr telomer end group of the regular or normal telomer is chlorinated to form --CFCl.sub.2 end groups, while the bromine-containing irregular telomer impurities (whose bromine-containing end groups are substantially only --CF.sub.2 Br) are substantially not chlorinated.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of trifluoromethyl iodide by bringing into contact with one another to form a reaction product either:zinc, sulfur dioxide, and trifluoromethyl bromide, or(b) sodium dithionite and trifluoromethyl bromide;in a polar aprotic solvent, such as dimethylformamide, preferably followed by a filtration stage to remove the solid products. Thereafter, iodine dissolved in carboxylic or sulfuric acid is added to the reaction product, and trifluoromethyl iodide is evolved.

Abstract: A process for preparing .alpha.,.omega.-dihaloperfluoroalkanes consisting in dihalogenating .alpha.,.omega.-diiodoperfluoroalkanes, or .alpha.,.omega.-chloroiodoperfluoroalkanes or .alpha.,.omega.-bromoiodoperfluoroalkanes with Cl.sub.2 or Br.sub.2.

Abstract: A novel apparatus and a process for fluorinating organic compounds from halogen-containing organic compounds is disclosed.

Abstract: According to the specified process chromium oxyfluoride catalysts which have largely lost their activity are regenerated. The catalysts are mixed with magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide in the presence of water and converted into a paste. If necessary the mixture must be concentrated by evaporation until it exhibits the consistency of a paste. Finally the paste is dried. The paste is best converted into molded bodies such as, for example, granules before drying.

Abstract: A process for consecutive-competitive gas phase halogenation of organic compounds, i.e. alkanes, alkenes and benzene, alkyl benzenes and alkenyl benzenes containing labile hydrogens and having no more than 12 and 9 carbon atoms, respectively, in a thin reaction film on the surface of a porous barrier for production of highly halogenated products by substantial suppression of diffusion of partially halogenated intermediates away from the reaction film is disclosed.

Abstract: The invention disclosed herein is a method for preparing antimony trifluorodichloride whereby antimony trifluoride is dispersed in a liquid organic medium to form a slurry and contacted with chlorine. The invention further comprises a process for fluorinating a fluorinatable hydrocarbon or halocarbon whereby a fluorinatable hydrocarbon or halocarbon is contacted with the antimony trifluorodichloride prepared in the above process, and the fluorinated product is distilled off.

Abstract: 2-Chloro- and 2-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane react with potassium, cesium or rubidium fluoride in aqueous solution at elevated temperature under autogenous pressure to produce 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.

Abstract: A halogenated alkene is reacted with HF in the presence of TaF.sub.5 or NbF.sub.5 to produce a fluorinated alkane. Exemplary is the reaction of tetrachloroethene with HF in the presence of TaF.sub.5 to produce 1,2,2-trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane.