Abstract: The preparation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by reacting a chlorinated alkane substrate, such as 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane, with a source of chlorine, such as chlorine (Cl2), in the presence of a polyvalent bismuth compound, such as triphenyl bismuth and/or triphenyl bismuth dichloride, is described. With the method of the present invention, the chlorinated alkane product has covalently bonded thereto at least one more chlorine group than the chlorinated alkane substrate, and the chlorinated alkane substrate and the chlorinated alkane product each have a carbon backbone structure that is in each case the same.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, the process comprising: (1) a first reaction step of reacting hydrogen fluoride with at least one chlorine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of a chloropropane represented by Formula (1): CClX2CHClCH2Cl, wherein each X is the same or different and is CI or F, a chloropropene represented by Formula (2): CClY2CCl?CH2, wherein each Y is the same or different and is CI or F, and a chloropropene represented by Formula (3): CZ2?CClCH2Cl, wherein each Z is the same or different and is CI or F in a gas phase in the absence of a catalyst while heating; and (2) a second reaction step of reacting hydrogen fluoride with a reaction product obtained in the first reaction step in a gas phase in the presence of a fluorination catalyst while heating. According to the process of this invention, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) can be obtained with high selectivity, and catalyst deterioration can be suppressed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a reactor and agitator useful in a high pressure process for making 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (1233zd) from the reaction of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane (240fa) and HF, wherein the agitator includes one or more of the following design improvements: (a) double mechanical seals with an inert barrier fluid or a single seal; (b) ceramics on the rotating faces of the seal; (c) ceramics on the static faces of seal; (d) wetted o-rings constructed of spring-energized Teflon and PTFE wedge or dynamic o-ring designs; and (e) wetted metal surfaces of the agitator constructed of a corrosion resistant alloy.

Abstract: The preparation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as pentachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane, from tetrachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane, in the presence of a polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound, such as antimony pentachloride, is described. Also described are methods for preparing optionally chlorinated alkenes, such as, tetrachloropropenes, from chlorinated alkanes, such as pentachloropropanes, in the presence of polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound, as well as methods for recovering polyvalent antimony compounds from such processes.

Abstract: A process for the selective dehydrofluorination of hydrochlorofluoroalkanes and novel hydrochlorofluoroalkenes is described wherein an effective amount of a catalytically active metal compound is applied which is selected from the group consisting of AlF3??, MgAlxF2+3x?? and MgZryF2+4y??, wherein x and y have, independently of one another, values in the range of from 0 to 0.33 and ? has a value in the range of from 0 to 0.1. Certain hydrofluorochloroalkenes are also described, as well as their use as intermediates in chemical reactions.

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorinated propanes and propenes are provided. The present processes comprise catalyzing at least one chlorination step with one or more regios elective catalysts that provide a regioselectivity to one chloropropane of at least 5:1 relative to other chloropropanes.

Abstract: The preparation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as pentachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane, from tetrachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane, in the presence of a polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound, such as antimony pentachloride, is described. Also described are methods for preparing optionally chlorinated alkenes, such as, tetrachloropropenes, from chlorinated alkanes, such as pentachloropropanes, in the presence of ferric chloride and a polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound.

Abstract: Processes for isolating 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane from a crude product stream containing the 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane and ferric chloride. The processes may include deep distillation of the crude, treatment of the crude with a reagent that deactivates the ferric chloride followed by distillation on the deactivated crude stream, aqueous washing of the crude product stream to remove ferric chloride followed by distillation on the deactivated crude stream. Other embodiments simultaneously prepare 1,1,2,3-tetrachloroprene and 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloroprane.

Abstract: The preparation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as pentachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane, from tetrachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane, in the presence of a polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound, such as antimony pentachloride, is described. Also described are methods for preparing optionally chlorinated alkenes, such as, tetrachloropropenes, from chlorinated alkanes, such as pentachloropropanes, in the presence of ferric chloride and a polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of cis-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (cis-1233zd) comprising the steps of (a) providing CF3CHClCHCl2 (233da), and (b) treating the 233da with a dechlorinating agent to produce a mixture of compounds including cis-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, preferably wherein the amount of the cis-isomer generated in the reaction is not less than 30%.

Abstract: A catalyst system for use in oxychlorination, the catalyst system comprising catalyst pellets comprising a catalyst carried on a substrate the pellets having length x, breadth y and depth z, intrinsic density P and bulk density p and diluent beads having length x±25%, breadth y±25% and depth z±25%, intrinsic density?P+25% and a bulk density p ±25%.

Abstract: A method to inhibit the ethylene response in plants with cyclopropene compounds by first generating stable cyclopropane precursor compounds and then converting these compounds to the gaseous cyclopropene antagonist compound by use of a reducing or nucleophilic agent.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) starting from a stream of ethane which is subjected to a catalytic oxydehydrogenation (ODH) producing a gas mixture containing ethylene then dried and subjected to an absorption to be separated into a fraction enriched with the compounds that are lighter than ethylene containing some of the ethylene conveyed to a chlorination reactor R1 in which most of the ethylene is converted into DCE, and into a fraction F1 which is subjected to a desorption D1 to be separated into an ethylene fraction depleted of the compounds that are lighter than ethylene conveyed to a chlorination reactor R2, the stream of products derived from this reactor being added to the dry gas mixture, and into a fraction F2. Fraction F2 is then subjected to a desorption D2 to be separated into a fraction enriched with ethylene conveyed to an oxychlorination reactor in which most of the ethylene is converted into DCE, and into a fraction F3 which is recycled to the absorption.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) starting from a stream of ethane which is subjected to a catalytic oxydehydrogenation (ODH) producing a gas mixture containing ethylene, then dried and subjected to an absorption to be separated into a fraction enriched with the compounds that are lighter than ethylene containing some of the ethylene conveyed to a chlorination reactor in which most of the ethylene is converted to DCE, and into a fraction F1. Fraction F1 is then subjected to a desorption to be separated into a fraction enriched with ethylene conveyed to an oxychlorination reactor in which most of the ethylene is converted into DCE, and into a fraction F3.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) starting from a stream of ethane which is subjected to a catalytic oxydehydrogenation (ODH) thus producing a gas mixture containing ethylene which is then dried and conveyed to a chlorination reactor supplied with a flow of chlorine so that at least 10% of the ethylene is converted to DCE. The stream of products derived from the chlorination reactor is then conveyed to an oxychlorination reactor in which the majority of the balance of ethylene is converted to DCE.

Abstract: Described is a process for preparing a halo-olefin comprising contacting a halogenated hydrocarbon with a metal dehalogenating agent, in a solvent, in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, under conditions sufficient to dehalogenate said halogenated hydrocarbon to produce a product stream comprising said halo-olefin. In one embodiment, the halogenated hydrocarbon is trifluorotrichloroethane and the halo-olefin is chlorotrifluoroethylene.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the manufacture of vinyl chloride monomer comprising the preparation of acetylene from one or more renewable starting materials and then the reaction of the acetylene with hydrogen chloride in order to form vinyl chloride monomer. The invention also relates to the vinyl chloride monomer obtained and to its use.

Abstract: Chemical Production Processes and Systems. Chemical production processes are provided that include replacing a halogen of an unsaturated halocarbon to produce an unsaturated hydrohalocarbon. Chemical production systems are provided that include a reaction zone coupled to first and second reservoirs, the first reservoir containing an unsaturated halocarbon and the second reservoir containing a hydrogenating reagent with the system being configured to expose the unsaturated halocarbon of the first reservoir to the hydrogenating agent of the second reservoir within the reaction zone.

Abstract: Described is a process for preparing a halo-olefin comprising contacting a halogenated hydrocarbon with a metal dehalogenating agent, in a solvent, in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, under conditions sufficient to dehalogenate said halogenated hydrocarbon to produce a product stream comprising said halo-olefin. In one embodiment, the halogenated hydrocarbon is trifluorotrichloroethane and the halo-olefin is chlorotrifluoroethylene.

Abstract: An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolyzed in a cell (1) with an ion permselective membrane to produce, on the one hand, chlorine (16) which is converted in a chlorine production unit (6) and, on the other, an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (19), which is carbonated using a flue gas (13) from an electricity and steam cogeneration unit (5), and the resulting carbonated solution (18) is evaporated to produce sodium carbonate crystals (21).

Abstract: Process and apparatus to form vinyl chloride monomer from ethylene dichloride in a cracking furnace, including a firebox chamber having a thermal protective layer disposed on refractory walls and/or process tubes disposed within the chamber, a quencher to form vinyl chloride monomer, and fractionator separate products. The thermal protective layer which contains an inorganic adhesive for metal/alloy tubes or colloidal silica and/or colloidal alumina for refractory walls or ceramic tubes, a filler, and one or more emissivity agents.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) starting from a stream of ethane which is subjected to a catalytic oxydehydrogenation (ODH) producing a gas mixture containing ethylene, then dried and subjected to an absorption to be separated into a fraction enriched with the compounds that are lighter than ethylene containing some of the ethylene conveyed to a chlorination reactor in which most of the ethylene is converted to DCE, and into a fraction F1. Fraction F1 is then subjected to a desorption to be separated into a fraction enriched with ethylene conveyed to an oxychlorination reactor in which most of the ethylene is converted into DCE, and into a fraction F3.

Abstract: Provided is a method for selectively preparing 2-chloropentafluoropropene comprising catalytic dechlorination of 1,2,2-trichloro-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane in the presence of hydrogen and a noble metal catalyst. Also provided is method for dechlorinating a vicinal chloride substituted organic compound using a palladium/barium sulfate catalyst.

Abstract: A method for the selective reduction of an aromatic compound. The present invention provides a method for pre-venting the reduction of at least one halogen substituted aromatic ring of an aromatic compound, while allowing the reduction of at least one functional group on the aromatic compound. In the present invention at least one hydroxyl group is placed on the at least one halogen substituted aromatic ring to be protected from reduction. The aromatic compound is then reacted with at least one alkali metal in at least one nitrogen containing base and at least one alcohol at a ratio of the alcohol to the nitrogen containing base at which the aromatic ring with the hydroxyl group is protected from reduction, while the desired functional group is reduced.

Abstract: A process for preparing a halo-olefin to minimize one or more side reactions which form at least one impurity, said process comprising contacting a halogenated hydrocarbon with a metal dehalogenating agent dissolved in a solvent under conditions sufficient to dehalogenate said halogenated hydrocarbon to produce a product stream comprising said halo-olefin and at least one impurity, said metal dehalogenating agent having an average particle size within a range of average particle sizes, said impurity concentration of said product stream being essentially constant within said range and increasing significantly below said range.

Abstract: An oxidative halogenation and optional dehydrogenation process involving contacting a reactant hydrocarbon having three or more carbon atoms, such as propane or propene, or a halogenated derivative thereof, with a source of halogen, and optionally, a source of oxygen in the presence of a rare earth halide or rare earth oxyhalide catalyst, so as to form a halogenated hydrocarbon product, such as allyl chloride, having three or more carbon atoms and having a greater number of halogen substituents as compared with the reactant hydrocarbon, and optionally, an olefinic co-product, such as propene. The less desired of the two products, that is, the halogenated hydrocarbon or the olefin as the case may be, can be recycled to the process to maximize the production of the desired product.

Abstract: This invention is a process for producing vinyl chloride from an ethylene-containing feed, oxygen, and a chlorine source in the presence of a catalyst. The process permits direct production of vinyl chloride in a single reactor system, and further permits ethane to be used as the C2 hydrocarbon feed with recycle of ethylene from the product stream to constitute the ethylene specified for the feed. This invention in another aspect concerns also a composition of matter, and a method for making the composition, wherein the composition is useful as a catalyst for the vinyl chloride process. The composition comprises a rare earth-containing material, with the proviso that the catalyst prepared therefrom is substantially free of iron and copper and with the further proviso that when cerium is present the catalyst further comprises at least one more rare earth element other than cerium.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for obtaining directly polymerisable vinyl chloride which consists in subjecting a cooled raw product derived from of pyrolysis of 1,2-dichloroethane, to another cooling process at a temperature not more than 40° C., under pressure ranging between 10 to 15 bars then in leaving it at substantially identical temperature and pressure levels for a duration not more than 20 minutes. The invention also concerns a device for implementing the method.

Abstract: A process for producing vinyl chloride monomer where significant quantities of both ethane and ethylene in input streams to the affiliated reactor where hydrogen chloride in the reactor effluent is essentially fully recovered from the reactor effluent in the first unit operation after the ethane/ethylene-to-vinyl reaction step or stage. Steps are presented of oxydehydro-chlorination catalytic reaction of ethane, ethylene, hydrogen chloride, oxygen, and chlorine; quenching the reactor effluent stream to provide a raw product stream having essentially no hydrogen chloride; and separation of the raw product stream into a vinyl chloride monomer product stream and into a lights stream; and recycling the lights steam to the reactor.

Abstract: A process for evaporating 1, 2-dichloroethane (EDC) prior to its thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) is provided so that it facilitates the heating of the liquid-phase EDC at temperatures below 100.degree. C. to meet the inlet conditions for the pyrolysis zone, while dispensing with the need for an evaporation zone and exploiting sensible heat recovery at the same time. This is achieved in that the liquid-phase EDC is first pressurized to attain a value above its critical pressure (5.36 MPa) and then heated to attain at least its critical temperature (approx. 288.degree. C.).

Abstract: Catalytic dehalogenation (or hydrodehalogenation) of halogen-containing compounds of elements of group IV of the periodic table in the presence of hydrogen is carried out using a finely-dispersed catalytically active material which comprises silicon and at least one transition metal, and which is characterized by high catalytic activity and stability. This process can be used, for example, for synthesizing compounds or alternatively for decomposing halogen-containing compounds, for instance in waste-water or waste-gas purification processes. It is also suitable for dehalogenation (hydrodehalogenation) of halogen-containing silane compounds, for instance of silicon tetrachloride or alkyl trichlorosilane compounds, and the original purity of the silanes used as starting materials is retained by the products. Tetrachlorosilane, for example, can be converted into trichlorosilane.

Abstract: The present invention provides an efficient process for the production of ethylene or a mixture of ethylene and vinyl chloride, in which some 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) may also be produced, by reacting chlorine with ethane. The process is characterized by a conversion of ethane per pass through the reactor of at least about 50%, and a combined molar yield of ethylene and vinyl chloride of at least about 80% based on the ethane consumed. In accordance with this invention, there is provided a process for preparing ethylene or a mixture of ethylene and vinyl chloride by the reaction of ethane and chlorine which comprises:(a) providing a stream of ethane feed gas and a stream of chlorine feed gas;(b) preheating either said ethane stream only or both said ethane and chlorine streams;(c) thoroughly mixing said ethane and chlorine feed gases within about one second and at a molar ratio of ethane to chlorine of at least about 0.9:1.

Abstract: A thermal process for cracking 1,2-dichloroethane to form vinyl chloride comprising heating 1,2-dichloroethane in a reaction zone at a temperature between 300.degree. and 650.degree. C. under an absolute pressure between 1 and 40 bars; said heating being conducted in the presence of hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: A process for reacting ethane with chlorine to produce a mixture of ethylene and vinyl chloride is disclosed. The process involves the intimate mixing of ethane and chlorine in an ethane to chlorine ratio of at least about 0.9:1 at a temperature such that ethane and chlorine do not react during mixing, and heating the mixture to a temperature above about 215.degree. C. to commence the reaction, allowing the reaction to proceed for a period of less than about 1 minute, and providing sufficient heat to the reacting mixture so that the reacted mixture will have a temperature between about 400.degree. C. and about 800.degree. C.

Abstract: The purpose of this invention is to describe a new process for the manufacture of choroethene (C.sub.2 H.sub.3 Cl). This new process involves the use or ethylene (C.sub.2 H.sub.4) as a feedstock. Highly chlorinated ethenes or methanes are used as chlorinating agents. The corresponding less chlorinated ethenes or methanes are recovered as co-products or recycled to the process to produce additional chloroethene. The distribution of the products may be adjusted so that chloroethene is the major product.

Abstract: A process for converting a chlorinated alkene feedstock including two or more chlorines to reaction products including a less-chlorinated alkene in a commercially substantial proportion, comprising reacting the chlorinated alkene feedstock with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst consisting essentially of a Group VIII metal other than rhodium, palladium or ruthenium and a Group IB metal on a support.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic conversion of various chlorinated hydrocarbon byproducts and waste products especially to less chlorinated, useful or salable products, in which a chlorinated hydrocarbon feedstock containing two or more chlorines is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst consisting essentially of an active hydrogenating metal component such as platinum in elemental or compound form, and a surface segregating metal component such as copper in elemental or compound form on a support.

Abstract: A method for dehalogenation of organohalogen compounds, e.g. environmental pollutants in industrial waste. The organohalogen is reacted with a reducing agent in the presence of a selected metal-centered corrin, porphyrin or phthalocyanine complex. Preferred complexes are hydrolysis products of cyanocobalamin, of formula (I), in which R.sup.1 is NH.sub.2 or OH, R.sup.2 is H, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 COOH or CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CONH.sub.2, R.sup.3 is H, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 COOH or CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CONH.sub.2, and R.sup.4 is NHCH.sub.2 CH(OH)CH.sub.3, OH or NH.sub.2. The complex is preferably immobilized on a substrate. Some novel metal-centered porphyrin complexes are also described. A dehalogenation apparatus using the method of the invention is also described.

Abstract: Quaternary ammonium phase transfer catalyst is removed from the dehydrochlorination product of 3,4-dichlorobutene-1 by treatment of the organic, chloroprene-containing phase with an oxy acid which combines with the catalyst to form a separate phase.

Abstract: Active methine compounds are chlorinated by contacting such compounds with a perchloroalkane and aqueous base in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst which is an tetraalkylonium hydroxide. Chlorinated products, preferably tertiary alkyl chloro compounds, are produced. The tertiary alkyl chloro compounds are useful in elimination reactions, preferably reactions with base, to form unsaturated compounds, particularly compounds having a vinylidene or exomethylene group.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of chloroform by catalytic hydrogenolysis of carbon tetrachloride in liquid phase, wherein liquid phase carbon tetrachloride is reacted with hydrogen gas or a gas containing molecular hydrogen, at a pressure below 8,000 kPa and at a temperature below 250.degree. C., in the presence of a catalyst formed by a metal selected from the group consisting of palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and platinum, deposited on a substrate and held in suspension in the liquid.

Abstract: A process for hydrodehalogenating halogenated organic compounds present in a contaminated aqueous environmental source in which the halogenated organic compounds are reacted with hydrogen gas or a source of hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst of palladium on carbon.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing perhalogenated olefins which comprises reacting a perhalogenated alkane, having at least one atom of a halogen different from fluorine, with a tris-dialkylamino phosphine at temperature not higher than 60.degree. C.

Abstract: The highly chlorinated methanes, e.g., carbon tetrachloride, are improvedly dechlorinated by reacting same with hydrogen in the presence of oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas, e.g., air, and a catalytically effective amount of a metal of the copper or precious metal Groups of the Periodic Table, typically in the form of a fixed or fluidized bed thereof, and advantageously in the gaseous phase.

Abstract: In the process, a copper/rhodium catalyst impregnated with 0.1 to 10.0% by weight, based on the total weight of active charcoal catalyst support and active components, of a water-soluble phosphonium halide is employed for the preparation of trichloroelethylene from perchloroethylene and hydrogen.

Abstract: Organic halogen compounds in which one or more halogen atoms are covalently bonded to the carbon are subjected to reductive dehalogenation by reaction with a hydrocarbon in the presence of carbon at elevated temperatures with formation of a hydrogen halide, by a process in which the dehalogenation is carried out in the presence of iron powder or an iron compound as a cocatalyst, at from 100.degree. to 450.degree. C.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing a 1,1-disubstituted ethylene derivative of the formula ##STR1## which comprises reacting lead with a carbinol derivative of the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, X, Y, m and n are defined in the specification. The reaction is conducted more advantageously in the presence of a metal having higher ionization tendency than lead.

Abstract: A novel process for producing oxygen-containing organic compounds with high selectivity and good yield by oxidizing organic compounds under mild conditions is provided, which process comprises using as a catalyst for the oxidation, a complex (M.sub.m X.sub.n.L.sub.l) consisting of a transition metal compound (M.sub.m X.sub.n) and an organic phosphorous compound (L) as a ligand, wherein M represents a transition metal belonging to group I, group IV.about.VII or iron group in group VIII of the periodic table; X represents an anion such as a halogen; ligand L represents an organic phosphorous compound; and m and n mean a number of the atomic valence of said transition metal (ion) M and said anion X, respectively, and l means a number of said ligand.

Abstract: Hydrogen chloride is recovered from a mixture with propylene by extractive distillation with an inert extraction solvent to minimize reaction between hydrogen chloride and propylene during such distillation. The temperature and pressure conditions are coordinated with the extraction solvent and amount thereof to prevent the presence of hydrogen chloride in a liquid state. The process is particularly suitable for recovering hydrogen chloride in the production of allyl chloride by thermal chlorination of propylene.

Abstract: In the process, a copper/rhodium catalyst impregnated with 0.1 to 10.0% by weight, based on the total weight of active charcoal catalyst support and active components, of a water-soluble phosphonium halide is employed for the preparation of trichloroelethylene from perchloroethylene and hydrogen.