Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing butadiene from n-butenes, comprising the steps of: A) providing an input gas stream a comprising n-butenes, B) feeding the input gas stream a comprising n-butenes and a gas containing at least oxygen into at least one oxidative dehydrogenation zone and oxidatively dehydrogenating n-butenes to butadiene, giving a product gas stream b comprising butadiene, unconverted n-butenes, water vapor, oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons and high-boiling secondary components, with or without carbon oxides and with or without inert gases; Ca) cooling the product gas stream b by contacting with a cooling medium in at least one cooling zone, the cooling medium being at least partly recycled and having an aqueous phase and an organic phase of an organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of toluene, o-, m- and p-xylene, mesitylene, mono-, di- and triethylbenzene, mono-, di- and triisopropylbenzene and mixtures thereof, and the mass ratio of

Abstract: A process for the production of butadiene is presented. The process combines the separation of butenes and butadienes extracted from a non-oxidated dehydrogenation process with the separation of butenes and butadienes from an oxidative dehydrogenation process to increase the butadiene yields and reduce the equipment for the recovery of a butadiene product.

Abstract: The process for preparing butadiene from n-butane comprises the steps of A) providing a feed gas stream a comprising n-butane; B) feeding the feed gas stream a comprising n-butane into at least one first dehydrogenation zone; C) compressing in at least one first compression stage and cooling the gas stream b; D) absorbing the butenes and the stream c2 comprising butadiene, n-butane, hydrogen and water vapor, with or without inert gases and with or without carbon oxides, with a selective solvent; E) extractively distilling the selective solvent; F) distilling the selective solvent; G) feeding stream f and an oxygenous gas into at least one second dehydrogenation zone and oxidatively dehydrogenating 1-butene and 2-butenes.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of acids from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of acids in the hydrocarbon stream by use of adsorbents or basic solutions.

Abstract: The invention relates to processes for converting a mixture of hydrocarbon and sulfur-containing molecules such as mercaptan into products comprising acetylene, ethylene, and hydrogen sulfide, to processes utilizing the acetylene and ethylene resulting from the conversion, and to equipment useful for such processes.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of oxygen from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of oxygen in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of mercury containing compounds from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of organic, ionic or suspended mercury compounds by first converting these compounds to elemental mercury or to inorganic mercury compounds and then removing them by use of an adsorbent bed.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of heavy hydrocarbon compounds including C2+ hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level heavy hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon stream by use of adsorbents, physical separators or cryogenic separation.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of solids from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of inorganic and organic solids in the hydrocarbon stream by use of adsorbent beds, filters, cyclone or gravity separators.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of carbon dioxide from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon dioxide in the hydrocarbon stream by contacting a stream with a physical or a chemical solvent.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of heavy metals from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of heavy metals in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of glycols from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of glycols and in particular, dimethyl ethers of polyethylene glycol in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of water from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of water in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of carbon monoxide from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon monoxide in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of carbon monoxide from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon monoxide in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes the further conversion of the acetylene to a hydrocarbon stream having olefins. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream is be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon, and in particular olefins. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of contaminants in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of hydrides of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, silicon, and boron from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of hydrides of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, silicon, and boron in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes heat management in the process for further converting the acetylene stream to form a subsequent hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream can be used to transfer heat to process streams used in downstream process units, and in particular streams that are fed to endothermic reactors.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of carbon dioxide from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of oxygen in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of organic oxygenates from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of organic oxygenates in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of mercury from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of mercury and mercury containing compounds in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and water from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and water in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of nitrogen from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of nitrogen in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of nitrogen contaminants from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of amines in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of acids from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of acids in the hydrocarbon stream by use of adsorbents or basic solutions.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of sulfur containing compounds from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of sulfur containing compounds in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of water, carbon dioxide and other condensable contaminants in the hydrocarbon stream by use of a fluid separation assembly such as a supersonic inertia separator. In addition, one or more adsorbent beds may be used to remove remaining trace amounts of condensable contaminants. The fluid separation assembly has a cyclonic fluid separator with a tubular throat portion arranged between a converging fluid inlet section and a diverging fluid outlet section and a swirl creating device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus convert carbon dioxide into chemical starting materials. Carbon dioxide is isolated from flue gas emitted by a combustion system. An electropositive metal is burned in an atmosphere of isolated carbon dioxide to reduce the carbon dioxide into chemical starting materials.

Abstract: A unique, integrated non-obvious pathway to convert biomass to biofuels using integration of chemical processes is described herein. The present invention is simple, direct, and provides for the shortest or minimum path between biomass and transportation fuels with alcohols as intermediates, while avoiding hydrogen use during processing. Furthermore, the present invention allows the manufacture of “drop-in” substitutable fuels to be used as-is without modifications instead of conventional petroleum based fuels. The processing described herein is done under mild conditions, under relatively low pressures and temperatures, and under non-corrosive conditions obviating use of special equipment or materials.

Abstract: A process for preparing butadiene, comprising A) providing a stream (a) comprising n-butane; B) feeding stream (a) comprising into at least one first dehydrogenation zone and nonoxidatively catalytically dehydrogenating n-butane to obtain a stream (b) comprising n-butane, 1-butene, 2-butene, butadiene, hydrogen and low-boiling secondary constituents; C) feeding stream (b) and an oxygenous gas into at least one second dehydrogenation zone and oxidatively dehydrogenating n-butane, 1-butene and 2-butene to obtain a stream (c) comprising n-butane, 2-butene, butadiene, low-boiling secondary constituents, carbon oxides and steam, wherein stream (c) has a higher content of butadiene than stream (b); D) removing the low-boiling secondary constituents and steam to obtain a stream (d) substantially consisting of n-butane, 2-butene and butadiene; E) separating stream (d) into a stream (e1) consisting substantially of n-butane and 2-butene and a stream (e2) consisting substantially of butadiene by extractive distillation

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons comprising heating the gas through a selected range of temperature for sufficient time and/or combustion of the gas at a sufficient temperature and under suitable conditions for a reaction time sufficient to convert a portion of the gas stream to reactive hydrocarbon products, primarily ethylene or acetylene. The gas containing acetylene may be separated such that acetylene is converted to ethylene. The ethylene product(s) may be reacted in the presence of an acidic catalyst to produce a liquid, a portion of which will be predominantly naphtha or gasoline. A portion of the incoming natural gas or hydrogen produced in the process may be used to heat the remainder of the natural gas to the selected range of temperature. Reactive gas components are used in a catalytic liquefaction step and/or for alternate chemical processing.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons comprising heating the gas through a selected range of temperature for sufficient time and/or combustion of the gas at a sufficient temperature and under suitable conditions for a reaction time sufficient to convert a portion of the gas stream to reactive hydrocarbon products, primarily ethylene or acetylene. The gas containing acetylene may be separated such that acetylene is converted to ethylene. The ethylene product(s) may be reacted in the presence of an acidic catalyst to produce a liquid, a portion of which will be predominantly naphtha or gasoline. A portion of the incoming natural gas or hydrogen produced in the process may be used to heat the remainder of the natural gas to the selected range of temperature. Reactive gas components are used in a catalytic liquefaction step and/or for alternate chemical processing.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons comprising heating the gas through a selected range of temperature for sufficient time and/or combustion of the gas at a sufficient temperature and under suitable conditions for a reaction time sufficient to convert a portion of the gas stream to reactive hydrocarbon products, primarily ethylene or acetylene. The gas containing acetylene may be separated such that acetylene is converted to ethylene. The ethylene product(s) may be reacted in the presence of an acidic catalyst to produce a liquid, a portion of which will be predominantly naphtha or gasoline. A portion of the incoming natural gas or hydrogen produced in the process may be used to heat the remainder of the natural gas to the selected range of temperature. Reactive gas components are used in a catalytic liquefaction step and/or for alternate chemical processing.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons comprising heating the gas through a selected range of temperature for sufficient time and/or combustion of the gas at a sufficient temperature and under suitable conditions for a reaction time sufficient to convert a portion of the gas stream to reactive hydrocarbon products, primarily ethylene or acetylene. The gas containing acetylene may be separated such that acetylene is converted to ethylene. The ethylene product(s) may be reacted in the presence of an acidic catalyst to produce a liquid, a portion of which will be predominantly naphtha or gasoline. A portion of the incoming natural gas or hydrogen produced in the process may be used to heat the remainder of the natural gas to the selected range of temperature. Reactive gas components are used in a catalytic liquefaction step and/or for alternate chemical processing.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons comprising heating the gas through a selected range of temperature for sufficient time and/or combustion of the gas at a sufficient temperature and under suitable conditions for a reaction time sufficient to convert a portion of the gas stream to reactive hydrocarbon products, primarily ethylene or acetylene. The gas containing acetylene may be separated such that acetylene is converted to ethylene. The ethylene product(s) may be reacted in the presence of an acidic catalyst to produce a liquid, a portion of which will be predominantly naphtha or gasoline. A portion of the incoming natural gas or hydrogen produced in the process may be used to heat the remainder of the natural gas to the selected range of temperature. Reactive gas components are used in a catalytic liquefaction step and/or for alternate chemical processing.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons comprising heating the gas through a selected range of temperature for sufficient time and/or combustion of the gas at a sufficient temperature and under suitable conditions for a reaction time sufficient to convert a portion of the gas stream to reactive hydrocarbon products, primarily ethylene or acetylene. The gas containing acetylene may be separated such that acetylene is converted to ethylene. The ethylene product(s) may be reacted in the presence of an acidic catalyst to produce a liquid, a portion of which will be predominantly naphtha or gasoline. A portion of the incoming natural gas or hydrogen produced in the process may be used to heat the remainder of the natural gas to the selected range of temperature. Reactive gas components are used in a catalytic liquefaction step and/or for alternate chemical processing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of light weight olefins comprising olefins having from 2 to 3 carbon atoms per molecule from an oxygenate feedstock. The process comprises passing the oxygenate feedstock to an oxygenate conversion zone containing a metal aluminophosphate catalyst to produce a light weight olefin stream. A propylene stream and/or mixed butylene is fractionated from said light weight olefin stream and a medium weight C4 to C7 stream is cracked in a separate olefin cracking reactor to enhance the yield of ethylene and propylene products.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons comprising heating the gas through a selected range of temperature for sufficient time and/or combustion of the gas at a sufficient temperature and under suitable conditions for a reaction time sufficient to convert a portion of the gas stream to reactive hydrocarbon products, primarily ethylene or acetylene. The gas containing acetylene may be separated such that acetylene is converted to ethylene. The ethylene product(s) may be reacted in the presence of an acidic catalyst to produce a liquid, a portion of which will be predominantly naphtha or gasoline. A portion of the incoming natural gas or hydrogen produced in the process may be used to heat the remainder of the natural gas to the selected range of temperature. Reactive gas components are used in a catalytic liquefaction step and/or for alternate chemical processing.

Abstract: A process for preparing 1-butene from 1-butane, which includes providing a n-butane-containing feed gas stream; introducing of the n-butane-containing feed gas stream into at least one dehydrogenation zone and nonoxidative catalytic dehydrogenation of n-butane; removing hydrogen, the low-boiling secondary constituents and optionally water vapor to give a C4 product gas stream containing 10-80% by volume of n-butane, 5-40% by volume of 1-butene, 10-50% by volume of 2-butene, 0-40% by volume of butadiene and 0-10% by volume of further gas constituents; introducing the C4 product gas stream containing 10-80% by volume of n-butane, 10-60% by volume of 1-butene, 15-60% by volume of 2-butene, 0-5% by volume of butadiene and 0-10% by volume of further gas constituents, into a selective hydrogenation zone and selective hydrogenation of butadiene to 1- and/or 2-butene to give stream consisting essentially of n-butane, 1-butene and 2-butene; and separating of the stream distillation into a desired product.

Abstract: A process for preparing butadiene, comprising nonoxidatively dehydrogenating n-butane from a stream (a) in a first dehydrogenation zone to obtain stream (b) comprising 1-butene, 2-butene, and butadiene; oxidatively dehydrogenating the 1-butene and 2-butene of (b) in the presence of an oxygenous gas in a second dehydrogenation zone to obtain stream (c) comprising n-butane, butadiene, hydrogen, and steam; compressing and cooling (c) to obtain stream (d2) comprising n-butane, butadiene, hydrogen, and steam; extractively distilling (d2) into stream (e1) comprising butadiene and stream (e2) comprising n-butane, hydrogen, and steam; optionally compressing and cooling (e2) to obtain stream (f1) comprising n-butane and water and stream (f2) comprising n-butane and hydrogen and optionally recycling (f1) into the first dehydrogenation zone; separating (f2) into stream (g1) comprising n-butane and stream (g2) comprising hydrogen by contacting (f2) with a high boiling absorbent and subsequently desorbing the gas constitu

Abstract: The disclosure involves a process for preparing butadiene from n-butane. In the process, n-butane is first dehydrogenated autothermally under nonoxidative conditions to form a gas stream. The gas stream is then oxidatively dehydrogenated to form a second gas stream. From the second gas stream, a third gas stream containing n-butane, 2-butene and butadiene is obtained. From the third gas stream, a butadiene/butaine product stream is obtained and remaining n-butane and 2-butene is recycled into the first dehydrogenation zone.

Abstract: The disclosure involves a process for the preparation of butadiene and 1-butene. The process includes at least a first catalytic dehydrogenation of n-butane to obtain a gas stream which is followed by at least a second oxidative dehydrogenation to form a second gas stream. The second gas stream is then subjected to distillation and isomeration steps to obtain butadiene and 1-butene.

Abstract: A process for preparing 1-butene, which includes nonoxidatively, catalytically dehydrogenating n-butane to obtain a product gas stream of n-butane, 1-butene, 2-butene, butadiene, hydrogen, and secondary constituents; removing hydrogen and the secondary constituents to obtain a C4 product gas stream; separating the C4 product stream into a recycle stream of n-butane and a stream of 1-butene, 2-butene and butadiene by extractive distillation, and recirculating the recycle stream to the dehydrogenation zone; introducing the 1 -butene, 2-butene and butadiene stream into a selective hydrogenation zone and selective hydrogenation of butadiene to 1-butene and/or 2-butene to obtain a stream of 1-butene and 2-butene; introducing the 1-butene and 2-butene stream, and a circulating stream of 1-butene and 2-butene into a distillation zone and isolation of a product stream; and introducing the 2-butene-containing stream into an isomerization zone to obtain a circulating stream of 1-butene and 2-butene, and recirculating t

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for preparing butadiene. The process involves nonoxidatively catalytically dehydrogenating butane to obtain a product gas stream containing butane, 1-butene, 2-butene, butadiene, hydrogen and secondary constituents. The 1-butene and 2-butene of the product gas stream is then oxidatively dehydrogenated to give a second gas stream containing butane,2-butene, butadiene, hydrogen, steam and secondary constituents. Next, the butane,2-butene and butadiene are separated from the second gas stream and the butane and 2-butene are then separated from the butadiene product. The butane and 2-butene are then recycled into the nonoxidative catalytic dehydrogenating zone.

Abstract: A process for preparing butadiene, comprising nonoxidatively dehydrogenating n-butane from a stream (a) in a first dehydrogenation zone to obtain stream (b) comprising 1-butene and 2-butene; oxidatively dehydrogenating the 1-butene and 2-butene of (b) in the presence of an oxygenous gas in a second dehydrogenation zone to obtain stream (c) comprising n-butane, butadiene, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and steam; compressing and cooling (c) to obtain stream (d2) comprising n-butane, butadiene, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and steam; extractively distilling (d2) into stream (e1) comprising butadiene and stream (e2) comprising n-butane, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and steam; compressing and cooling (e2) to obtain stream (f1) comprising n-butane and water and stream (f2) comprising n-butane, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide; cooling (f2) to obtain stream (g1) comprising n-butane and stream (g2) comprising carbon dioxide and hydrogen; phase separating water from (f1) to obtain stream (h1) comprising n-butane; and recycling (h1)

Abstract: Processes for producing butadiene from n-butane comprising: (a) providing a feed gas stream comprising n-butane; (b) non-oxidatively dehydrogenating the feed gas stream in the presence of a catalyst in a first dehydrogenation zone to form a first intermediate gas stream comprising n-butane, 1-butene, 2-butene, butadiene and hydrogen; (c) oxidatively dehydrogenating the first intermediate gas stream in the presence of an oxygenous gas having an oxygen content of at least 75% by volume in a second dehydrogenation zone to form a second intermediate gas stream comprising n-butane, butadiene, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and steam; (d) compressing and cooling the second intermediate gas to form a first condensate stream comprising water and a third intermediate gas stream comprising n-butane, butadiene, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and steam; (e) compressing and cooling the third intermediate gas to form a second condensate stream comprising n-butane, butadiene and water and a fourth intermediate gas stream comprising n-b

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas to reactive gaseous products, comprising heating the gas through a selected range of temperature for sufficient time, or combusting a portion of the gas at a sufficient temperature and under suitable conditions for a reaction time sufficient to convert a portion of the gas stream to reactive hydrocarbon products, primarily ethylene or acetylene. The gas containing acetylene may be separated such that acetylene is converted to ethylene. A portion of the incoming natural gas or hydrogen produced in the process may be used to heat the remainder of the natural gas to the selected range of temperature. Unrecovered gaseous products resulting from the reactions may be used to provide heat to the process by which reactive gas components are produced. Recovered gaseous products, together or individually, may be reserved for subsequent use or storage.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons comprising heating the gas through a selected range of temperature for sufficient time and/or combustion of the gas at a sufficient temperature and under suitable conditions for a reaction time sufficient to convert a portion of the gas stream to reactive hydrocarbon products, primarily ethylene or acetylene. The gas containing acetylene may be separated such that acetylene is converted to ethylene. The ethylene product(s) may be reacted in the presence of an acidic catalyst to produce a liquid, a portion of which will be predominantly naphtha or gasoline. A portion of the incoming natural gas or hydrogen produced in the process may be used to heat the remainder of the natural gas to the selected range of temperature. Reactive gas components are used in a catalytic liquefaction step and/or for alternate chemical processing.

Abstract: A process of treating a catalyst composition containing palladium, an inorganic support, and a catalyst component, such as silver and/or a modifier such as alkali metal fluoride, is provided. The process involves contacting a catalyst composition with a first treating agent comprising carbon monoxide under a first treating condition to provide a treated catalyst composition. As an option, such treated catalyst composition can then be contacted with a second treating agent comprising a hydrogen-containing fluid under a second treating condition. The treated catalyst composition can be used in a selective hydrogenation process in which highly unsaturated hydrocarbons such as diolefins and/or alkynes are contacted with such treated catalyst composition in the presence of hydrogen to produce less unsaturated hydrocarbons such as monoolefins.