Abstract: A continuous method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with moving beds of particles comprising an oxidative synthesizing agent under synthesis conditions wherein particles recirculate between two physically separate zones: a methane contact zone and an oxygen contact zone.

Abstract: A process for converting low molecular weight gases such as methane and natural gas to higher hydrocarbons by means of a molten salt containing a synthesizing contact agent. The gas is contacted with a molten salt containing a metal, the oxide of which is reduced when contacted with methane at a temperature in the range of 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. to produce higher hydrocarbons and water. The reduced metal oxide/salt mixture may be regenerated to the active state by contacting the molten salt mixture with an oxygen-containing gas.

Abstract: A solid composition of matter selected from the group consisting of:(a) a component comprising: (1) at least one material selected from the group consisting of Group IA metals and compounds containing said metals, a component comprising: (2) at least one material selected from the group consisting of zinc and compounds containing zinc, and a component comprising: (3) at least one material selected from the group consisting of chloride ions, compounds containing chloride ions; tin and compounds containing tin; and(b) a component comprising: (1) at least one material selected from the group consisting of Group IA metals and compounds containing said metals, a component comprising: (2) zinc oxide, and, optionally, a component comprising: (3) at least one material selected from the group consisting of chloride ions, compounds containing chloride ions tin and compounds containing tin.

Abstract: A solid composition of matter is disclosed consisting essentially of sodium, potassium, a Group IA metal or a Group IA metal and a Group IIA metal, titanium, oxygen and, optionally, at least one of a halogen and tin, in which at least one of the sodium, the potassium, the Group IA metal or the Group IIA metal is present in an amount in excess of any amount present in electrically neutral compounds of the metal, the titanium and oxygen.The above compositions are particularly useful as solid contact materials for the oxidative conversion of feed organic compounds to product organic compounds, particularly in the presence of a free oxygen containing gas. A method for such conversion is also disclosed.

Abstract: Methane is converted to higher hydrocarbons, paticularly ethylene and ethane, and most desirably ethylene, by:contacting a feed comprising methane, such as natural gas, and a free oxygen containing gas, such as oxygen or air, with a solid contact material, comprising:(a) a component comprising: at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Group IA and Group IIA metals;(b) a component comprising: at least one material selected from the group consisting of phosphate radicals and compounds containing phosphate radicals; and(c), optionally, at least one material selected from the group consisting of halogen ions and compounds containing halogen ions,under oxidative conversion conditions sufficient to convert the methane to the higher hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process is provided for converting alkanes and cycloalkanes having up to 20 carbon atoms per molecule to a product comprising hydrogen gas and dehydrogenated and/or dehydrocyclized hydrocarbons, in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising vanadium oxide and aluminum phosphate. The preferred product components are aromatics such as ethylbenzene and xylenes. In one embodiment, a substantially deactivated catalyst composition is regenerated by contacting it with a free oxygen containing gas under suitable regeneration conditions.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for producing aromatic hydrocarbons by bringing a feedback containing at least 10% w/w of C.sub.2 hydrocarbons into contact with a catalyst composition comprising a gallium loaded ziolite and a Group VIII metal selected from rhodium and platinum. The reaction is carried out at a temperature from 500.degree.-750.degree. C. A WHSV of 0.2-10 and a pressure of 1-20 bar are preferred. The presence of Group VIII metal increases conversion of the C.sub.2 feed reduces formation of undesirable polynuclear aromatics.

Abstract: The invention is directed to improve the profitability of existing catalytic cracking operations. Specifically, in thermofor catalytic cracking, liquified petroleum gases (LPG) are injected to the internal seal leg of the reactor for converting LPG to more valuable products and to prevent products and feed from surging out of the reaactor vessel.

Abstract: An improved method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting a hydrocarbon gas comprising methane, an oxygen-containing gas and a reducible metal oxide under conditions effective to produce higher hydrocarbon products and water, the improvement which comprises conducting the contacting in the presence of at least one promoter selected from the group consisting of halogens and compounds thereof.

Abstract: A method for the oxidative conversion of a feed material comprising methane, such as natural gas, to higher hydrocarbons, particularly ethylene and ethane and desirably ethylene, in which feed is contacted with a solid contact material comprising cobalt; at least one metal selected from the group consisting of zirconium, zinc, niobium, indium, lead and bismuth, preferably, zirconium; phosphorous; at least one Group IA metal; and oxygen under oxidative conversion conditions sufficient to convert the methane to the higher hydrocarbons. Substantial improvement in the conversion of methane and selectivity to ethylene and ethane is obtained by adding chlorine to the contact material. The further addition of sulfur to the contact material also improves the conversion and selectivity and permits the method to be carried out in an essentially continuous manner in the presence of a free oxygen containing gas.

Abstract: An improved method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting at a selected temperature at least one reducible oxide of at least one metal, associated with a hydroxylated magnesia support (that is, magnesia derived from magnesium hydroxide or a magnesium-containing component contacted with hydroxyl-containing material).

Abstract: In a process for dehydrocyclization of C.sub.6 -C.sub.12 alkanes in the presence of steam and a bed of a catalyst containing a Group IIA or IIB metal aluminate and a Group VIII metal, an oxygen containing gas is injected into the catalyst bed. The results of the oxygen injection are the internal generation of heat, a lower required steam to hydrocarbon ratio, and increased yield of aromatics.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for producing aromatic hydrocarbons by bringing a feedstock containing at least 10% w/w of C.sub.2 hydrocarbons into contact with a catalyst composition comprising a gallium loaded zeolite and a Group VIIB or Group VIII metal compound. The reaction is carried out at a temperature from 500.degree.-750.degree. C. A WHSV of 0.2-10 and a pressure of 1-20 bar are preferred. The presence of Group VIIB or Group VIII metal compounds increases conversion of the C.sub.2 feed and reduces formation of undesirable polynuclear aromatics.

Abstract: Process and device for the production of ethane and/or ethylene by heterogeneous catalytic reaction of methane and oxygen using a catalyst suitable for the formation of C.sub.2 hydrocarbons at increased temperatures, whereby in continuous operation a mixture of methane and oxygen is reacted at temperatures between 500.degree. and 900.degree. C. and at an oxygen partial pressure of less than 0.5 bar at the reactor entrance, while the ratio of the methane partial pressure to the oxygen partial pressure is greater than 1.The conversion reaction takes place with or without gas recycling in a reactor containing a bed of solid catalyst or by the use of a fluidized bed of fluidized catalyst particles, or in a cross-flow reactor with distributed input of oxygen.

Abstract: A process is provided for converting alkanes and cycloalkanes having up to 20 carbon atoms per molecule to a product comprising hydrogen gas and dehydrogenated and/or dehydrocyclized hydrocarbons, in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising divanadium pentoxide and silica. In one embodiment, a substantially deactivated catalyst composition is regenerated by contacting it with a free oxygen containing gas under suitable regeneration conditions. In another embodiment, a catalyst composition comprising divanadium pentoxide and silica is provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalytic process for the production of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons from lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. More particularly, disclosed is a catalytic process for the conversion of methane to C.sub.2 + hydrocarbons, particularly hydrocarbons rich in ethylene or benzene, or both. The process utilizes a metal-containing catalyst, high reaction temperature of greater than 1000.degree. C., and a high gas hourly space velocity of greater than 3200 hr.sup.-1.

Abstract: A zeolite related to zeolite L and having a characteristic cylindrical morphology may be prepared from a crystallization gel comprising (in mole ratios of oxides):K.sub.2 O/SiO.sub.2 : 0.22-0.36H.sub.2 O/K.sub.2 O: 25-90SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 : 6-15and preferably with the mole ratio H.sub.2 O/K.sub.2 O+Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 +SiO.sub.2 being at least 8. The cylindrical Zeolite L may be used as a catalyst base in aromatization of acyclic hydrocarbons with high benzene yields being sustained over commercially feasible periods.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with an oxide of Ru. The oxide is reduced by the contact which is carried at about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. Reducible oxides of Ru are regenerated by oxidizing the reduced composition with oxygen.

Abstract: There is provided a process for producing aromatic hydrocarbons enriched in benzene content. The process involves contacting one or more C.sub.2 -C.sub.8 non-aromatic hydrocarbons, such as propylene, with a catalyst containing a zeolite, such as ZSM-5. The proportion of benzene in the aromatics produced is increased by including hydrogen sulfide (i.e. H.sub.2 S) in the feedstock.

Abstract: There is provided a process for producing aromatic hydrocarbons from paraffins. The process involves contacting one or more C.sub.2 -C.sub.12 alkanes with a catalyst containing a zeolite, such as ZSM-5, modified with one or more oxides of Group IIIA, IVA or VA elements, such as Sc, Ti or V. The presence of these particular oxide modifiers has been observed to result in greater yields of aromatics including BTX.

Abstract: An improved support for a contact agent, useful for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting a gas comprising methane with a contact agent at a selected temperature, is formed by sintering the surface of the support.

Abstract: A continuous method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with particles comprising an oxidative synthesizing agent under synthesis conditions wherein particles recirculate between two physically separate zones: a methane contact zone and an oxygen contact zone. Preferably, particles are maintained in each of the two zones as fluidized beds of solids. Particularly effective oxidative synthesizing agents are reducible oxides of metals selected from the group consisting of Mn, Sn, In, Ge, Pb, Sb, and Bi.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with an oxidative synthesizing agent under elevated pressures, preferably at pressures within the range of about 5 to 30 atmospheres. Particularly effective oxidative synthesizing agents are reducible oxides of metals selected from the group consisting of Mn,Sn,In,Ge,Pb,Sb, and Bi.

Abstract: An improved method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting a gas comprising methane with a contact agent at a selected temperature, the agent comprising a reducible metal oxide, a support of at least two oxides, and an alkali metal.

Abstract: An improved method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting a gas comprising methane and a reducible metal oxide under synthesis conditions, the improvement which comprises performing the contacting in the presence of oxides of nitrogen. Nitrous oxide is a preferred nitrogen oxide.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon product by contacting the methane with a solid which comprises a reducible metal oxide which when contacted with methane at a temperature within the range of about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. is reduced and produces higher hydrocarbon products and water, the improvement comprising recycling C.sub.2 + alkanes recovered during subsequent processing of the effluent produced by the contacting to the contacting step.

Abstract: An improved method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting a gas comprising methane and an oxidative synthesizing agent at synthesizing conditions, the improvement which comprises contacting methane with a solid comprising a promoting amount of alkali metal and/or compounds thereof, said solid being associated with a support selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metals and compounds thereof. Magnesia is a particularly preferred support.

Abstract: An improved method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting a gas comprising methane with a contact agent at a selected temperature, the agent comprising a reducibile metal oxide, a support of at least two oxides, and an alkali metal.

Abstract: An improved process for the production of a contact agent comprising digesting a reducible oxide of at least one metal, the oxide of which forms a reduced metal oxide, and a support in the presence of a silicon component, drying the precipitate of the reducible oxide and calcining the precipitate to form the contact agent.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon product by contacting methane with a contact solid which comprises a reducible metal oxide which when contacted with methane at a temperature within the range of about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. is reduced and produces higher hydrocarbon products and water; and a promoting amount of at least one halogen component.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon product by contacting methane with a solid which comprises a reducible metal oxide which when contacted with methane at a temperature within the range of about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. is reduced and produces higher hydrocarbon products and a promoting amount of at least one chalcogen component. The preferred chalcogen components are selected from a group consisting of sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and compounds thereof.

Abstract: A process is described wherein C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 paraffins are dehydrogenated over a catalyst which has been prepared by(a) impregnating an Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 carrier with an aqueous solution of a Sn-compound;(b) calcining the impregnated carrier;(c) impregnating the composition with an aqueous solution of a Pt-compound;(d) reducing the composition;(e) removing at least part of any halogen introduced in step (a) and/or (c) by treating the composition with a non-acidic solution comprising NH.sub.4.sup.+ ions until the halogen content of the final catalyst amounts to less than 0.1% w; and(f) impregnating the composition with a non-acidic (halogen-free) aqueous solution of an alkali metal compound.The C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -olefins formed are converted to aromatic gasoline over a catalyst containing a crystalline metal silicate having a ZSM-5 structure.

Abstract: An improved method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting a hydrocarbon gas comprising methane, an oxygen-containing gas and a reducible metal oxide under synthesis conditions, the improvement which comprises contacting methane and oxygen with a contact solid which also contains a promoting amount of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and/or compounds thereof. Sodium is a particularly effective promoter. Stability of the promoted contact agent is enhanced by the presence of minor amounts of phosphorus.

Abstract: An improved method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting a hydrocarbon gas comprising methane, an oxygen-containing gas and a reducible metal oxide under synthesis conditions, the improvement which comprises contacting methane and oxygen with a contact solid which comprises at least one manganese silicate.

Abstract: A method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting, at conditions to convert said hydrocarbons, at least one reducible oxide of at least one metal, associated with a hydroxylated magnesia support (that is, magnesia derived from magnesium hydroxide or a magnesium-containing component contacted with hydroxyl-containing material), which support is calcined prior to the addition of the reducible oxide.

Abstract: An improved method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting a gas comprising methane and an oxidative synthesizing agent at synthesizing conditions, the improvement which comprises contacting methane with an oxidative synthesizing agent containing a promoting amount of alkali metal and/or compounds thereof. Sodium is a particularly effective promoter. Stability of the promoted contact agent is enhanced by the presence of phosphorus.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with an oxide of Pr having combined therewith an amount of alkali and/or alkaline earth metal which is sufficient to improve the selectivity to higher hydrocarbon products. The oxide is reduced by the contact which is carried at about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. Reducible oxides of Pr are regenerated by oxidizing the reduced composition with oxygen. The oxide Pr.sub.6 O.sub.11 is particularly effective in the process.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with an oxide of Ce having combined therewith an amount of alkali and/or alkaline earth metal which is sufficient to improve the selectivity to higher hydrocarbon products. The oxide is reduced by the contact which is carried at about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. Reducible oxides of Ce are regenerated by oxidizing the reduced composition with molecular oxygen. The oxide CeO.sub.2 is particularly effective in the process.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for converting a feedstock comprising aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons by bringing into contact in a fluid phase a mixture of the feedstock and an oxidizing agent other than molecular oxygen or a gas containing molecular oxygen into contact with a solid acidic catalyst having Bronsted acid sites. The process is particularly suitable for converting methane, ethane and/or ethylene into aromatics. The solid acidic catalyst with Bronsted acid sites may be an aluminosilicate zeolite with a silica to alumina ratio greater than 12:1. The oxidizing agents other than molecular oxygen or a gas containing molecular oxygen may be selected from nitrous oxide, sulphur trioxide, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxyfluoride. The process yields high octane value aromatics even from methane at relatively low conversion temperatures.

Abstract: An improved method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting a gas comprising methane and an oxidative synthesizing agent under systhesis conditions, the improvement which comprises contacting methane with an oxidative synthesizing agent containing a promoting amount of alkaline earth metal and/or compounds thereof. Magnesium is a particularly effective promoter. Stability of the promoted contact agent is enhanced by the presence of phosphorus.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with an oxide of Ru having combined therewith an amount of alkali and/or alkaline earth metal which is sufficient to improve the selectivity to higher hydrocarbon products. The oxide is reduced by the contact which is carried at about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. Reducible oxides of Ru are regenerated by oxidizing the reduced composition with oxygen. Bulk ruthenium oxides promoted by sodium and/or compounds thereof are particularly preferred contact solids.

Abstract: The conversion of unsaturated compounds to aromatic compounds is carried out using a catalyst comprising bismuth and lanthanide components.

Abstract: By-product effluent streams from pyrolytic hydrocarbon cracking processes, containing monoolefins and diolefins, are treated to hydrogenate the olefins and to aromatize the aliphatics, with a catalyst essentially comprising divalent-copper-containing ZSM-5 type molecular sieve catalyst.

Abstract: A process to convert propylene to gasoline blending stock products comprises contacting C.sub.2 -C.sub.3 olefins under conversion conditions with an AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate catalyst composition.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with an oxide of tin at a temperature of about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. The oxide is reduced by the contact and coproduct water is formed. A reducible oxide of tin is regenerated by oxidizing the reduced composition with molecular oxygen. The oxide SnO.sub.2 is a particularly effective synthesizing agent.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with an oxide of indium at a temperature of about 500.degree. to 850.degree. C. The oxide is reduced by the contact and coproduct water is formed. A reducible oxide of indium is regenerated by oxidizing the reduced composition with molecular oxygen. The oxide In.sub.2 O.sub.3 is a particularly effective solid synthesizing agent.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with an oxide of germanium at a temperature of 500.degree. to 800.degree. C. The oxide is reduced by the contact and coproduct water is formed. A reducible oxide of germanium is regenerated by oxidizing the reduced composition with molecular oxygen. The oxide GeO.sub.2 is a particularly effective synthesizing agent.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with an oxide of lead at a temperature of about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. The oxide is reduced by the contact and coproduct water is formed. A reducible oxide of lead is regenerated by oxidizing the reduced composition with molecular oxygen. The oxide PbO is a particularly effective synthesizing agent.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with an oxide of bismuth at a temperature of about 500.degree. to 850.degree. C. The oxide is reduced by the contact and coproduct water is formed. A reducible oxide of bismuth is regenerated by oxidizing the reduced composition with molecular oxygen. The oxide Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3 is a particularly effective solid synthesizing agent.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with an oxide of antimony at a temperature of about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. The oxide is reduced by the contact and coproduct water is formed. A reducible oxide of antimony is regenerated by oxidizing the reduced composition with molecular oxygen. The oxide Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3 is a particularly effective synthesizing agent.