Abstract: A functional fluid composition is provided suitable for high shear applications employing a major amount of a tertiary-butylphenyl/phenyl phosphate and a minor amount of a polyol ester as a base stock and a homopolymer of polystyrene having a molecular weight between 200,000 and 300,000.

Abstract: The self condensation of monovinyl aromatic compounds to acyclic dimers, the cross-reaction of monovinyl aromatic compounds with olefins in the presence of acid catalysts to produce cyclialkylated aromatic compounds, and the production of cyclialkylated aromatic compounds by reaction of olefins with acyclic dimers of monovinyl aromatic compounds in the presence of acid catalysts is improved by employing a tetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide solvent.

Abstract: Certain benzylic and allylic compounds are catalytically oxidatively dehydrodimerized wherein the molecular oxygen oxidant is separated from the substrate by a gas impervious catalyst membrane that conducts oxide ions from the surface of the catalyst membrane wall to the opposite surface thereof which is in contact with the substrate.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of [2,2]-paracyclophane comprises contacting aqueous p-methylbenzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, and preferably in the further presence of an inert water-immiscible organic solvent.

Abstract: Formulations for use as mounting media in microscopy and also useful as optical coupling materials for fibers and lens systems having a wide range of refractive index between 1.58 to 1.73 and exhibiting a range in viscosity from a very viscous fluid to a semi-solid resin or melt. The material is selected from brominated diphenyl oxides and modified or unmodified alpha-methylstyrene polymers. These materials can be employed individually or blended together with a stabilizer to provide a host of materials having different refractive indexes within said range and useful in various optical systems.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalyst for the oxidative dimerization of toluene, comprising a composition represented by the general formula:Tl.sub.l M.sub.a M'.sub.b O.sub.cwhereinM represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium; M' represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, zinc, aluminum, gallium, indium and antimony;a is 0.05 to 15;b is 0.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalyst for the oxidative dimerization of toluene, comprising a composition represented by the general formula:Tl.sub.1 M.sub.a M'.sub.b O.sub.cwhereinM represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium; M' represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, zinc, aluminum, gallium, indium and antimony;a is 0.05 to 15;b is 0.

Abstract: A process for preparing a metal oxygen composition capable of dehydrocoupling toluene wherein metal oxides such as Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3, PbO, and Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3 are admixed with an organic media such as isobutanol and heated to form a metal oxygen precursor composition which is recovered and calcined is disclosed.

Abstract: Attrition resistant bismuth-containing metal/oxygen compositions comprising the infusion and reaction product of an alumina existing in a crystal form selected from the group consisting of .gamma., .delta., .eta., and .chi. crystal forms, and mixtures thereof or that can be transformed by heat to such crystal forms, and characterized by a mean particle size from about 10 .mu.m to about 200 .mu.m, a fractional porosity of at least 0.2, a surface area of at least 150 m.sup.2 /g, and a pore diameter such that at least 10 percent of the pores are less than 55 .ANG., and at least one bismuth oxide, or compound convertible by heat to such bismuth oxide, having a maximum mean particle size of about 100 .mu.m, with the proviso that the alumina/bismuth oxide mean particle size ratio is at least 2, which bismuth oxide is susceptible of undergoing infusion and reaction with the alumina upon being subjected to temperatures of at least 0.4 T.sub.

Abstract: Attrition resistant metal/oxygen compositions comprising the infusion and reaction product of an alumina existing in a crystal form selected from the group consisting of .gamma., .delta., .eta., and .chi. crystal forms, and mixtures thereof, or that can be transformed by heat to such crystal forms, and characterized by a mean particle size from about 10 .mu.m to about 200 .mu.m, a fractional porosity of at least 0.2, a surface area of at least 150 m.sup.2 /g, and a pore diameter such that at least 10 percent of the pores are less than 55 .ANG., and at least one metal oxide, or compound convertible by heat to such metal oxide, having a maximum mean particle size of about 100 .mu.m, with the proviso that the alumina/metal oxide mean particle size ratio is at least 2, which metal oxide is susceptible of undergoing infusion and reaction with the alumina upon being subjected to temperatures of at least 0.4 T.sub.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a catalyst suitable for dehydrocoupling of toluene or xylene, represented by the general formula (I):M.sub.a Tl.sub.b O.sub.c (I),wherein M represents yttrium, zinc or zirconium; a denotes a number in a range of 0.25 to 5, b denotes 1, and c denotes a number necessary for fulfilling the respective average atomic valencies of M and Tl in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition represented by the formula (I), and a process for dehydrocoupling of toluene or xylene in the presence of the catalyst represented by the general formula (I).

Abstract: A process for dehydrocoupling a hydrocarbon, such as toluene, using oxygen as the oxidant, in the presence of a crystalline zeolite of the faujasite structure containing a cation such as cesium, and a promoter, such as boron and/or phosphorus is disclosed.

Abstract: Highly selective oxidative coupling of aromatic methyl groups, such as coupling toluene to DPE, is effected under mild, liquid phase conditions with a peroxodisulfate without expensive metal ion catalysts, in presence of substantial amounts, preferably equimolar, of methyl, ethyl or benzyl substituted quaternary ammonium salts. A continuous process is possible by electrolytic regeneration of the spent oxidant.

Abstract: At least one of propene and butene is oligomerized, preferably dimerized, in an elongate cylindrical reaction zone. A recycle flow and the fresh feed charge are injected tangentially into said reaction zone. The catalyst preferably comprises a nickel compound and a hydrocarbyl aluminum halide.

Abstract: Toluene dehydrocoupled products are produced by heating toluene in the vapor phase with an inorganic metal/oxygen composition which functions as an oxygen carrier and has the empirical formula:M.sub.a.sup.1 M.sub.b.sup.2 M.sub.c.sup.3 O.sub.xwhere M.sup.1 is bismuth, M.sup.2 is at least one element selected from indium, silver, Group 2a of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and mixtures thereof, and M.sup.3 is at least one element selected from zinc, germanium, thorium, the lanthanides or rare earths, Groups 1a, 3b, 4b, and 8 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and mixtures thereof, and wherein a is 1, b is 0.01 to 10, c is 0.01 to 10, and x is a number taken to satisfy the average valences of M.sup.1, M.sup.2, and M.sup.3 in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition.

Abstract: Toluene dehydrocoupled products are produced by heating toluene in the vapor phase with an inorganic metal/oxygen composition which functions as an oxygen carrier and has the empirical formula:M.sub.a.sup.1 M.sub.b.sup.2 M.sub.c.sup.3 O.sub.xwhere M.sup.1 is lead, M.sup.2 is bismuth, and M.sup.3 is at least one element selected from silver, zinc, indium, germanium, phosphorus, arsenic, thorium, the lanthanides or rare earths, Groups 1a, 2a, 3b, 4b, and 8 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and mixtures thereof, and wherein a is 1, b is 0.01 to 10, c is 0.01 to 10, and x is a number taken to satisfy the average valences of M.sup.1, M.sup.2, and M.sup.3 in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition. Alternatively, the same inorganic metal/oxygen composition can be employed as a catalyst or as a combination catalyst/oxygen carrier for the dehydrocoupling reaction when oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas is heated with the toluene.

Abstract: Toluene dehydrocoupled products are produced by heating toluene in the vapor phase with an inorganic metal/oxygen composition which functions as an oxygen carrier and has the empirical formula:M.sub.a.sup.1 M.sub.b.sup.2 M.sub.c.sup.3 O.sub.xwhere M.sup.1 is lead, M.sup.2 is antimony, and M.sup.3 is at least one element selected from silver, zinc, gallium, arsenic, the lanthanides or rare earths, Groups 1a, 2a, 3b, 4b, and 8 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and mixtures thereof, and wherein a is 1, b is 0.01 to 10, c is 0.01 to 10, and x is a number taken to satisfy the average valences of M.sup.1, M.sup.2, and M.sup.3 in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition. Alternatively, the same inorganic metal/oxygen composition can be employed as a catalyst or as a combination catalyst/oxygen carrier for the dehydrocoupling reaction when oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas is heated with the toluene.

Abstract: Toluene dehydrocoupled products are produced by heating toluene in the vapor phase with an inorganic metal/oxygen composition which functions as an oxygen carrier and has the empirical formula:M.sub.a.sup.1 M.sub.b.sup.2 M.sub.c.sup.3 O.sub.xwhere M.sup.1 is lead, M.sup.2 is at least one element selected from thallium and Group 2a of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and mixtures thereof, and M.sup.3 is at least one element selected from silver, zinc, phosphorus, arsenic, thorium, the lanthanides or rare earths, Groups 1a, 3b, 4b, and 8 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and mixtures thereof, and wherein a is 1, b is 0.01 to 10, c is 0.01 to 10, and x is a number taken to satisfy the average valences of M.sup.1, M.sup.2, and M.sup.3 in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition.

Abstract: Toluene dehydrocoupled products are produced by heating toluene in the vapor phase with an inorganic metal/oxygen composition which functions as an oxygen carrier and has the empirical formula:M.sub.a.sup.1 M.sub.b.sup.2 O.sub.xwhere M.sup.1 is lead and M.sup.2 is at least one element selected from thallium and Group 2a of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and mixtures thereof, and wherein a is 1, b is 0.01 to 10, and x is a number taken to satisfy the average valences of M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition. Alternatively, the same inorganic metal/oxygen composition can be employed as a catalyst or as a combination catalyst/oxygen carrier for the dehydrocoupling reaction when oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas is heated with the toluene.

Abstract: Toluene dehydrocoupled products are produced by heating toluene in the vapor phase with an inorganic metal/oxygen composition which functions as an oxygen carrier and has the empirical formula:M.sub.a.sup.1 M.sub.b.sup.2 O.sub.xwhere M.sup.1 is cobalt and M.sup.2 is lanthanum, and wherein a is 1, b is 1 to 10, and x is a number taken to satisfy the average valences of M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition. Alternatively, the same inorganic metal/oxygen composition can be employed as a catalyst or as a combination catalyst/oxygen carrier for the dehydrocoupling reaction when oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas is heated with the toluene.

Abstract: Toluene dehydrocoupled products are produced by heating toluene in the vapor phase with an inorganic metal/oxygen composition which functions as an oxygen carrier and has the empirical formula:M.sub.a.sup.1 M.sub.b.sup.2 O.sub.xwhere M.sup.1 is thorium and M.sup.2 is an element selected from copper and Group 2b of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and wherein a is 1, b is 0.01 to 10, and x is a number taken to satisfy the average valences of M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition. Alternatively, the same inorganic metal/oxygen composition can be employed as a catalyst or as a combination catalyst/oxygen carrier for the dehydrocoupling reaction when oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas is heated with toluene.

Abstract: Toluene dehydrocoupled products are produced by heating toluene in the vapor phase with an inorganic metal/oxygen composition which functions as an oxygen carrier and has the empirical formula:M.sub.a.sup.1 M.sub.b.sup.2 O.sub.xwhere M.sup.1 is lead and M.sup.2 is at least one element selected from silver, zinc, phosphorus, arsenic, thorium, the lanthanides or rare earths, Groups 1a, 3b, 4b, and 8 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and mixtures thereof, and wherein a is 1, b is 0.01 to 10, and x is a number taken to satisfy the average valences of M.sup.1 and M.sup.32 in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition. Alternatively, the same inorganic metal/oxygen composition can be employed as a catalyst or as a combination catalyst/oxygen carrier for the dehydrocoupling reaction when oxygen or an oxygen-contining gas is heated with the toluene.

Abstract: Toluene dehydrocoupled products are produced by heating toluene in the vapor phase with an inorganic metal/oxygen composition which functions as an oxygen carrier and has the empirical formula:M.sub.a.sup.1 M.sub.b.sup.2 O.sub.xwhere M.sup.1 is bismuth and M.sup.2 is at least one element selected from zinc, germanium, thorium, the lanthanides or rare earths, Groups 1a, 3b, 4b, and 8 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and mixtures thereof, and wherein a is 1, b is 0.01 to 10 and x is a number taken to satisfy the average valences of M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition. Alternatively, the same inorganic metal/oxygen composition can be employed as a catalyst or as a combination catalyst/oxygen carrier for the dehydrocoupling reaction when oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas is heated with the toluene.

Abstract: A method for preparing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with excellent yield and selectivity but without the formation of cyclic dimers and other undesirable by-products. In the method of the present invention, styrene, .alpha.-methylstyrene, .beta.-methylstyrene and/or vinyltoluene is dimerized and/or codimerized to produce unsaturated dimer and/or codimer in the first step reaction and said unsaturated dimer and/or codimer is caused to react with an aromatic hydrocarbon or hydrocarbons in the second step reaction, and both the first and second step reactions are carried out in the presence of a catalyst which is represented by the general formula: RCF.sub.2 SO.sub.3 H, in which the symbol R is Cl, F or C.sub.n F.sub.p CL.sub.2n+1-p, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 3 and p is also an integer from 1 to 2n+1.

Abstract: Toluene dehydrocoupled products are produced by heating toluene in the vapor phase with an inorganic metal/oxygen composition which functions as an oxygen carrier and has the empirical formula:M.sub.a.sup.1 M.sub.b.sup.2 O.sub.xwhere M.sup.1 is bismuth and M.sup.2 is at least one element selected from indium, silver, Group 2a of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and mixtures thereof, and wherein a is 1, b is 0.01 to 100, and x is a number taken to satisfy the average valences of M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition. Alternatively, the same inorganic metal/oxygen composition can be employed as a catalyst or as a combination catalyst/oxygen carrier for the dehydrocoupling reaction when oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas is heated with the toluene.

Abstract: Toluene dehydrocoupled products are produced by heating toluene in the vapor phase with an inorganic metal/oxygen composition which functions as an oxygen carrier and has the empirical formula:M.sub.a.sup.1 M.sub.b.sup.2 O.sub.xwhere M.sup.1 is thallium and M.sup.2 is at least one element selected from arsenic, antimony, thorium, uranium, the lanthanides or rare earths, Groups 3b, 4b, 5b, and 7b of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and mixtures thereof, and wherein a is 1, b is 0.01 to 10, and x is a number taken to satisfy the average valences of M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 in the oxidation states in which they exist in the composition. Alternatively, the same inorganic metal/oxygen composition can be employed as a catalyst or as a combination catalyst/oxygen carrier for the dehydrocoupling reaction when oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas is heated with the toluene.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for making polystyrene with M.sub.w between about 1,000 and about 50,000 and M.sub.w /M.sub.n ratio of less than about 8 by cationically polymerizing styrene monomer under substantially isothermal conditions where the conversion of styrene monomer is carried out in 2 or more stages by contacting with a cation generator. The polystyrene product finds utility as plasticizer for high molecular weight polystyrenes, as a binder resin in various coating applications, and as a precursor for further functionalized polystyrene derivatives. For example, a polystyrene of about 13,000 M.sub.w and M.sub.w /M.sub.n of about 4.9 is prepared by contacting styrene monomer with BF.sub.3 in 4 stages between a temperature of about 60.degree. C. and about 80.degree. C.