Abstract: A wearable device is provided. The wearable device includes at least one motion sensor operable to detect one or more motion signals, a processor coupled to the at least one motion sensor, one or more biological sensors coupled to the processor and operable to detect one or more biological indicators of a user, and a memory configured to store instructions executable by the processor. The instructions, when executed, are operable to: obtain at least one of the one or more biological indicators of the user; correlate the at least one biological indicators of the user with the detected one or more motion signals; and determine that a drink event is detected based on the correlation between the detected one or more motion signals and the at least one biological indicators.

Abstract: A system for electrical impedance tomography comprises: a plurality of electrodes; a plurality of impedance measurement units, each being associated with two or more electrodes, and wherein each impedance measurement unit comprises a current generator for generating a stimulation current between the electrodes and an amplifier for amplifying a measurement voltage between the electrodes; wherein the system is configured to perform a plurality of impedance measurements, wherein, for each impedance measurement, one impedance measurement unit is set in a stimulation mode for providing a stimulation current into the object, and wherein the impedance measurement unit being set in the stimulation mode is switched among the plurality of impedance measurement units, and wherein each impedance measurement unit is configured to be set in a calibration mode during at least one of the plurality of impedance measurements.

Abstract: A leadwire for physiological patient monitoring is provided that transfers potentials received at a chest electrode to a data acquisition device. The leadwire includes an electrode end connectable to the chest electrode and a first conductive layer extending from the electrode end. The leadwire also has a device end connectable to a data acquisition device and a second conductive layer extending from the device end. The first conductive layer is galvanically isolated from the second conductive layer such that the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer form a capacitor.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising: a controller configured to: receive one or more sensed signals from one or more wearable sensors, wherein a wearable sensor is for sensing a user's body and outputting a sensed signal dependent upon one or more biological processes of the user; process the one or more sensed signals and detect one or more bio signals that are determined by the one or more biological processes of the user; and process the one or more sensed signals to detect a user input signal indicative of: the user touching the user's body, and/or the user touching at least one of the wearable sensors, and/or relative movement of at least one of the wearable sensors relative to the user's body, and process the user input signal to identify a user input command.

Abstract: Described are systems and methods that use one or more two-dimensional (“2D”) body images of a body to determine body fat measurements of that body. For example, a standard 2D camera of a portable device, such as a cell phone, tablet, laptop, etc., may be used to generate one or more 2D body images of a user. Those 2D body images, or image, may be processed using the disclosed implementations to determine a body fat measurement of the body represented in the image.

Abstract: A training platform, a method and a computer-readable medium for evaluating users in capturing images of an internal anatomical region for the analysis of organs. Automated machine learning models, trained on a dataset of labelled training images associated with different imaging device positions, are used. The one or more automated machine learning models are used to process an image resulting from a user positioning an imaging device at various imaging device positions relative to a training manikin, a human or an animal, to determine whether the generated image corresponds to a predefined view required for the analysis of the organ features shown therein. An output indicative of whether the generated image corresponds to the predefined view expected for organ analysis and measurements is provided.

Abstract: According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided method for measuring wound healing, comprising, measuring a wound impedance by a first tetrapolar arrangement of electrodes arranged on both sides of a wound, measuring a reference impedance by a second tetrapolar arrangement of electrodes arranged on one side of the wound, determining, by a controller, wound healing on the basis of the wound impedance and the reference impedance measured over a frequency range.

Abstract: A method, system, apparatus, and/or device to select a depth within a body part to measure an impedance. The method, system, apparatus, and/or device may include: a band configured to extend at least partially around a body part of a user; a user interface coupled to the band; a miniaturized impedance sensor embedded in the band and positioned in the band to be pressed against the body part when the user wears the band, the miniaturized impedance sensor including an array of miniaturized electrodes, where the array of miniaturized electrodes is configured to measure an impedance at a depth within the body part and the depth corresponds to a subdermal feature within the body part; a processing device coupled to the band, where the processing device is configured to select the depth within the body part to measure an impedance; and an electrical circuit embedded in the band.

Abstract: An impedance measurement circuit and an operating method thereof are provided. The impedance measurement circuit includes a current source, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), an operation circuit, and a first delay circuit. The current source, electrically connected to a power rail, is able to sink a current from the power rail according to the delayed clock signal. The VCO is configured to generate an oscillation signal according to a power voltage on the power rail. The operation circuit is electrically connected to the VCO and is configured to receive a sampling clock signal and the oscillation signal, sense the power voltage to generate a sampled signal, and accumulate the sampled signal to generate a measurement result. The first delay circuit, electrically connected to the current source and the operation circuit, is able to receive the sampling clock signal and transmit the delayed clock signal to the current source.

Abstract: An antioxidant sensor includes a first light source configured to emit light having a first wavelength onto an object; a second light source configured to emit light having a second wavelength onto the object; a third light source configured to emit light having a third wavelength onto the object, the first wavelength, the second wavelength, and the third wavelength being different from each other; a light receiver configured to receive light reflected or scattered from the object; and a processor configured to obtain a hemoglobin index by driving the first light source and the second light source, and to obtain an antioxidant signal of the object by driving the third light source based on the obtained hemoglobin index satisfying a condition.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a controller. The controller includes an input/output (I/O) module and a rule module. The I/O module is configured to present a question for a patient when communicatively coupled to a user interface and receive patient information in response to the question via the user interface. The rule module is configured to apply a rule to the patient information and generate a suggested insulin pump setting from application of the rule. Other devices, systems, and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: A computer system is disclosed comprising a processor arrangement communicatively coupled to a data storage arrangement storing a digital model of a section of a lumen system of a patient; and a communication module communicatively coupled to said processor arrangement and arranged to receive sensor data pertaining to an internal parameter of said lumen system from a sensor within said section of the lumen system. The processor arrangement is arranged to receive said sensor data from the communication module; retrieve said digital model from the data storage arrangement; simulate an actual physical condition of said lumen system by developing said digital model based on the received sensor data; and generate an output relating to said simulated actual physical condition for updating an electronic device. Also disclosed is a method of monitoring a patient with such a computer system, a computer program product for implementing such a method and a patient monitoring system.

Abstract: A method of screening for a cancer in a patient, an integrated method of screening for a cancer in a patient, a computer program product for carrying out the methods, as well as a medical imaging apparatus for carrying out the methods are disclosed. Based upon the above, it is possible that the patient will obtain a more reliable result from a first medical imaging treatment.

Abstract: A system and method for modeling patient-specific spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is disclosed. The system and method acquire impedance and evoked compound action potential (ECAP) signals from a lead positioned proximate to a spinal cord (SC). The lead includes at least one electrode. The system and method determine a patient-specific anatomical model based on the impedance and ECAP signals, and transform a dorsal column (DC) map template based on a DC boundary of the patient-specific anatomical model. Further, the system and method map the transformed DC map template to the patient-specific anatomical model. The system and method may also include the algorithms to solve extracellular and intracellular domain electrical fields and propagation along neurons. The system and method may also include the user interfaces to collect patient responses and compare with the patient-specific anatomical model as well as using the patient-specific anatomical model for guiding SCS programming.

Abstract: Methods and systems for stimulating and monitoring electrogenic cells are described. Some systems for stimulating electrogenic cells are based on the injection of electric currents into the cells via electrodes connected to the cells. Such stimulators may comprise an impedance element having an input terminal and an output terminal coupled to an electrode, and a voltage follower coupled between the input terminal and the output terminal of the impedance element, the voltage follower being configured to maintain a substantially constant voltage between the input terminal and the output terminal of the impedance element. The impedance element may comprise one or more switched capacitors at least in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the voltage follower may be implemented using a source follower.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for eliminating noise in non-invasive biological interrogation techniques may be described herein. A method may include taking a first set of measurements over a time period. The first set of measurements may be indicated by an electronic signal. The first set of measurements may correspond to a physiological characteristic of a subject. A change in the physiological characteristic of the subject may correspond to a change in a blood constituent of the subject. The method may include: taking a second set of measurements over the time period; correlating the first and second sets of measurements, wherein the correlating removes noise from the electronic signal; sectioning out the electronic signal; calculating an amplitude difference between two or more sections of the electronic signal; and determining a change in the amount of the blood constituent based on the difference.

Abstract: A method for quantitatively assessing muscle contraction and corresponding kits are described. The method can include assessing muscle contraction of a facial muscle by applying an external electrical stimulus to facial skin sufficient to contract a facial muscle, and measuring the contractile activity of the contracted facial muscle. The method can be used to determine the ability of a treatment material to reduce contraction of the facial muscle.

Abstract: A health care system acquires data determines whether a patient is at risk of hypervolemia or hypovolemia. The method comprises (a) acquiring from a device memory a patient's absolute intrathoracic impedance data over a pre-specified time period, (b) determining a running average of the intrathoracic impedance data over the pre-specified time period, and (c) determining by the system whether the running average of the intrathoracic impedance data over the pre-specified time period exceeds one of a first and second range, the first range being a higher value boundary of intrathoracic electrical impedance and the second range being a lower value boundary of intrathoracic electrical impedance.

Abstract: The disclosure relates generally to devices, systems and methods for measuring, transmitting, recording and displaying information relating to physical exercise and, more particularly, to a monitoring system for monitoring exercise machines comprising a lifting mechanism for selectively engaging one or more of the weights. A first aspect of the disclosure relates to an exercise machine monitoring system for monitoring exercise machines, where the exercise machines, comprise a plurality of stacked weights, the monitoring system comprises, for each of the exercise machines a repetition detector and an exercise machine identifier. The monitoring system further comprises an observer and a user device.

Abstract: A clamp electrode apparatus comprises first and second clamps which are mechanically connected to form a single integrated device and arranged side by side such that a first edge of the first clamp faces a second edge of the second clamp. A channel is defined between the first and second edges for aligning a visible mark feature of a limb, such as a malleolus or ulnar head, within the opening or channel when the first and second clamps clamp the limb. When the limb is clamped with the clamp electrode apparatus multiple times, the visible mark feature can be aligned with reference to the channel. Thus, electrodes attached to the clamps contact generally the same locations even if the clamp electrode apparatus is removed after each measurement and is not kept on the limb throughout the multiple measurements.

Abstract: A dermatoglyph detector includes a detection circuit and an electronic processor unit. The detection circuit includes an electrically conductive thin film in which there are formed both electrodes that are arranged to come into contact with the skin of a portion of a human body and also conductive tracks connecting the electrodes to the processor unit. The processor unit is arranged to determine electrical characteristics of the body portion extending between each pair of electrodes in contact with the skin, and to execute a computer program for acting on the basis of the determined electrical characteristics to distinguish between an authentic body portion and a fake body portion. The detection circuit includes at least two track segments of different shapes between two calibration terminals so as to present an impedance ratio that is not equal to unity.

Abstract: A wearable medical screening device using electrical impedance tomogram and associated operation method. The wearable medical screening device includes electrodes, signal generator, and signal processor. The electrodes are arranged to be arranged on a body part of a wearer. The signal generator is arranged to provide a signal to at least one of the electrodes for transmission of a respective excitation signal to the body part of the wearer. The signal processor is arranged to process respective response signal received by at least one of the remaining electrodes as a result of the respective excitation signal, for determination of an electrical impedance tomogram for real-time preliminary medical screening of a disease associated with body part on which the wearable medical screening device is worn.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to new methods for calibrating or adjusting a bioimpedance measuring device. Furthermore, the present disclosure relates to a medical set or system, a medical measuring standard, a method for testing a bioimpedance measuring device, and a bioimpedance measuring device.

Abstract: An apparatus for monitoring for accumulation of lung fluid comprises a feeding tube having first electrode(s) positioned thereon for electrical contact with tissue of an esophagus of a target patient including a lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and/or tissue in proximity to the LES, second electrode(s) sized and shaped for contacting skin of the target patient, and a non-transitory memory having stored thereon code instructions for applying alternating current(s) to pair(s) of first and second electrodes, measuring a voltage over the pair(s), and computing an estimate of a change of lung fluid relative to a baseline in lung(s) of the target patient according to the applied alternating current and measured voltage, wherein the applying, the measuring, and the computing the estimate of the change in lung fluid are iteratively executed for monitoring the target patient for accumulation of lung fluid while the feeding tube is in use.

Abstract: An electronic device and method for measuring user body information are provided. The method for measuring user body information includes detecting a contact of a user's body portion on at least two spots of a touch screen of the electronic device, upon detecting the contact of the user's body portion on the at least two spots of the touch screen, applying power to a first coil in the electronic device, and measuring the user body information using at least one of a voltage and a second current measured after a first current is induced across the user's body by a first magnetic field generated from the first coil as the power is applied.

Abstract: A system and method for assessing contact between a medical device and tissue may comprise an electronic control unit (ECU) configured to be coupled to a medical device, the medical device comprising a first electrode and a second electrode. The ECU may be further configured to select the first electrode as an electrical source and the second electrode as an electrical sink, to cause an electrical signal to be driven between the source and sink, to detect respective electric potentials on the first electrode and the second electrode while the electrical signal is driven, and to determine an impedance respective of one of the first electrode and the second electrode according to both of the respective electric potentials.

Abstract: A system and method for determining the weight gain trend of a user. The weekly weight oscillation is determined, and a future weight trend can be predicted. At least three weeks of weight oscillation trends are typically used to predict future weight trends.

Abstract: A wearable device is provided. The wearable device includes at least one motion sensor operable to detect one or more motion signals, a processor coupled to the at least one motion sensor, one or more biological sensors coupled to the processor and operable to detect one or more biological indicators of a user, and a memory configured to store instructions executable by the processor. The instructions, when executed, are operable to: obtain at least one of the one or more biological indicators of the user; correlate the at least one biological indicators of the user with the detected one or more motion signals; and determine that a drink event is detected based on the correlation between the detected one or more motion signals and the at least one biological indicators.

Abstract: The wrist-type body component measuring apparatus includes: a band configured to be worn on a wrist of a user; a first input electrode and a first output electrode disposed on an inside surface of the band and configured to be in contact with the wrist of the user; a second input electrode and a second output electrode disposed on an outside surface of the band; a measuring unit configured to apply a current to the first and second input electrodes and detect a voltage from the first and second output electrodes to measure a body impedance of the user; and an electrode converter configured to convert a disposition of the first and second input electrodes and the first and second output electrodes based on a determination of whether the band is worn on a left wrist or a right wrist of the user.

Abstract: A compact integrated patch may be used to collect physiological data. The patch may be wireless. The patch may be utilized in everyday life as well as in clinical environments. Data acquired by the patch and/or external devices may be interpreted and/or be utilized by healthcare professionals and/or computer algorithms (e.g., third party applications). Data acquired by the patch may be interpreted and be presented for viewing to healthcare professionals and/or ordinary users.

Abstract: A pressure compensating non-invasive blood-component measuring device has electrically insulated parallel electrodes mounted on a dielectric membrane (106). A main circuit board (201) provides electrical connections to the electrodes and has an orifice (402) to allow flexing. A housing supports the main circuit board, with a second orifice to facilitate the application of a finger onto the insulated electrodes. A bottom circuit board (401) supports a force sensor (408) and fixing elements (313, 314) secure the bottom circuit board to the top circuit board, such that the bottom circuit board does not contact the housing directly. An intermediate board (316) is guided but not restrained by the fixing elements, and is arranged to apply force onto said force sensor.

Abstract: An apparatus for obtaining bio information includes: a first electrode portion including a current electrode and a voltage electrode arranged to contact a first body portion of a subject; a second electrode portion including a current electrode and a voltage electrode arranged to contact a second body portion of the subject; and a measuring unit configured to measure a bio impedance of the subject by applying a current to the current electrodes of the first and second electrode portions and detecting a voltage at the voltage electrodes of the first and second electrode portions. In order to decrease errors of a measured bio impedance, contact resistances of the first and second body portions of the subject contacting the current electrode and the first and second body portions of the subject contacting the voltage electrode are different from each other, for at least one of the first and second electrode portions.

Abstract: A method of determining an indication of the hydration status relating to a subject. The method includes determining a measured impedance value for at least one body segment, and then; for each body segment, using the measured impedance values to determine at least one indicator at least partially indicative of a level of extracellular fluid. Indicators can then be used to determine an indication of the hydration status.

Abstract: Embedded sensors and onboard or off-board processing in an aligner case can detect aligner material and/or quality. Material detection can be used for counterfeit detection, or to trigger material specific events. Quality detection can include detection of common aligner failures or defects. A case for a dental appliance may include a tray for supporting the dental appliance, a cover coupled to the tray, and at least one sensor to detect a deformation of the dental appliance. A case for a dental appliance may include a tray for housing the dental appliance, a cover coupled to the tray, and at least one sensor configured to detect a change in material of the dental appliance.

Abstract: A bio-signal measuring apparatus includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a third electrode, a fourth electrode, and a first circuit network and a second circuit network, each of the first circuit network and the second circuit network includes one or more resistances. The bio-signal measuring apparatus further includes an impedance measurer configured to measure a first impedance of the first circuit network in a first correction mode, measure a second impedance of the second circuit network in a second correction mode, measure a third impedance of an object in a first measurement mode, using the first electrode, the second electrode, the third electrode, and the fourth electrode, and measure a fourth impedance of the object in a second measurement mode, using the first electrode, the second electrode, the third electrode, and the fourth electrode.

Abstract: A device for authenticating a user is described. This device comprises transceiver circuitry configured to receive motion information from a plurality of wearable devices located on a user's body indicative of the motion of the user's body at the location of the respective wearable device at a particular time; and 5 controller circuitry configured to: compare the received motion information and the location of the respective wearable device and authenticate the user in the event of a positive comparison between the received motion information and the location of the respective wearable device with stored motion information and the location of the respective wearable device.

Abstract: There is provided a system (100) and method for determining a water or lipid level of skin. The system (100) comprises at least two electrodes (108) suitable for contacting skin, and a signal generator (106) configured to generate an electrical signal at a frequency across the at least two electrodes (108). The system (100) is configured to measure a conductivity between the at least two electrodes (108). The system (100) is further configured to determine a water or lipid level of skin based on the measured conductivity and the frequency of the electrical signal.

Abstract: A method, system, apparatus, and/or device to determine a condition of a user using multiple sensors. The method, system, apparatus, and/or device may include: a band configured to extend at least partially around a body part of a user having a subdermal feature within body part; a light configured in the band to emit light into the body part; a miniaturized spectrometer positioned in the band to press against the body part to receive the light, where the miniaturized spectrometer comprises: an optical filter configured to isolate a relevant constituent wavelength of the light; a collimator configured to collimate the light; and an optical sensor configured to detect an intensity of the relevant constituent wavelength; and an impedance sensor integrated into the band and configured to be positioned against a same side of the body part as the miniaturized spectrometer.

Abstract: The disclosure describes a wearable, low-cost and low-power Electrical Impedance Tomography system for gesture recognition. The system measures cross-sectional bio-impedance using electrodes on wearers' skin. Using all-pairs measurements, the interior impedance distribution is recovered, which is then fed to a hand gesture classifier. This system also solves the problem of poor accuracy of gesture recognition often observed with other gesture recognition approaches.

Abstract: There is provided a system for monitoring transpulmonary pressure of a mechanically ventilated individual, comprising: a feeding tube, at least one esophageal body, a pressure sensor, and a memory having stored thereon code for: computing an estimate of esophageal wall pressure according to pressure in the esophageal body when inflated and contacting the inner wall of the esophagus, computing the transpulmonary pressure of the mechanically ventilated target individual according to the esophageal wall pressure, periodically inflating and deflating the esophageal body for periodic monitoring of the transpulmonary pressure of the mechanically ventilated target patient while the feeding tube is in use, and computing instructions for adjustment of parameter(s) of a mechanical ventilator that automatically ventilates the target individual according to the computed transpulmonary pressure, wherein the instructions for adjustment of parameter(s) of the mechanical ventilator are computed while the feeding tube is in p

Abstract: Embodiments described relate to techniques for identifying and characterizing biological structures using machine learning techniques. These techniques may be employed to enable a device to identify the particular type of tissue and/or cells (e.g., platelets, smooth muscle cells, or endothelial cells) in, for example, a biological structure, which may be a tissue or a lesion of a duct (e.g., vasculature) in an animal (e.g., a human or non-human animal), among other structures. The machine learning techniques may use raw impedance spectroscopy measurement data in addition to values derived from that raw data. In addition, the machine learning techniques may be used to select frequencies at which to measure impedance and select features to extract from the measured impedance at the selected frequencies to arrive at a small set of frequencies that allow for reliable differentiation.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer program, the method comprising: receiving a first biopotential signal obtained by a first capacitive sensor; receiving a second biopotential signal obtained by a second capacitive sensor, the first capacitive sensor and the second capacitive sensor being positioned at different locations on a subject; synchronising biopotential signals obtained by the first capacitive sensor and the second capacitive sensor by applying a time adjustment to biopotential signals obtained by at least one of the first capacitive sensor or the second capacitive sensor; wherein features in at least one of the first biopotential signal and the second biopotential signal are used to synchronise the biopotential signals obtained by the first capacitive sensor and the second capacitive sensor.

Abstract: Systems and methods relating to bio-impedance analysis. The system eliminates the need for hardware phase measurements by using the K-K transform to extract the phase from the magnitude detected. The system has a magnitude detection sub-system that includes a signal generation block, a DC cancellation block, and an amplitude control block. An A/D converter converts the detected magnitude into a digital signal and signal processing is performed to extract the phase of the signal from the magnitude detected.

Abstract: A leadwire for physiological patient monitoring is provided that transfers potentials received at a chest electrode to a data acquisition device. The leadwire includes an electrode end connectable to the chest electrode and a first conductive layer extending from the electrode end. The leadwire also has a device end connectable to a data acquisition device and a second conductive layer extending from the device end. The first conductive layer is galvanically isolated from the second conductive layer such that the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer form a capacitor.

Abstract: A test method for a system on chip, the test method including: receiving a system on chip including a plurality of blocks; booting up the system on chip; storing input values that are input to each of the plurality of blocks, while booting up the system on chip; and performing a test on a first block among the plurality of blocks, wherein performing the test on the first block includes: disabling components of each of the plurality of blocks except the first block, and inputting a first input value to the first block to initialize the first block, wherein the first input value is one of the stored input values that was input to the first block while booting-up the system on chip.

Abstract: An impedance measurement circuit and an operating method thereof are provided. The impedance measurement circuit includes a current source, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), an operation circuit, and a first delay circuit. The current source, electrically connected to a power rail, is able to sink a current from the power rail according to the delayed clock signal. The VCO is configured to generate an oscillation signal according to a power voltage on the power rail. The operation circuit is electrically connected to the VCO and is configured to receive a sampling clock signal and the oscillation signal, sense the power voltage to generate a sampled signal, and accumulate the sampled signal to generate a measurement result. The first delay circuit, electrically connected to the current source and the operation circuit, is able to receive the sampling clock signal and transmit the delayed clock signal to the current source.

Abstract: The inventive concept relates to a body composition analysis system. A body composition analysis system according to an embodiment of the inventive concept includes a sinusoidal signal generator, a synchronous detector, and a bioimpedance analyzer. The sinusoidal signal generator converts a digital sinusoidal signal having a target frequency into an analog sinusoidal signal. The synchronous detector extracts a target frequency component of a bioelectrical signal generated in response to an analog sinusoidal signal based on the digital sinusoidal signal. The bioimpedance analyzer calculates the bioimpedance based on the target frequency component of the bioelectrical signal. According to the inventive concept, it is possible to improve the selectivity for extracting the target frequency component of the bioelectrical signal and to reduce the area and variations of characteristics for the implementation of the integrated circuit.

Abstract: The present application provides a method and device for determining inner and outer sides of limbs, and relates to the field of wearable devices. The method comprises: acquiring first somatosensory information of a first side of a limb of a user, the first side being an inner side or an outer side of the limb; and determining whether the first side is the inner side of the limb according to the first somatosensory information and reference information. The method and device facilitate a device that the user wears to perform automatic setting according to an identification result, thereby enhancing user experience.

Abstract: A muscle mass estimation method including acquiring a height of a living organism, acquiring an electrical resistance value measured for the living organism, and computing a muscle mass of the living organism using a calculation formula including a first variable including the height of the living organism and the electrical resistance value, and a second variable including the electrical resistance value.

Abstract: A pain measurement and diagnostic system (PMD) for bioanalytical analysis of pain matrix activity and the autonomic nervous system to diagnose and validate patient treatments, health status and outcomes to diagnose and validate patient treatments and outcomes. The PMD is implemented using medical devices for measuring and reporting objective measurements of pain through patient monitoring and analyzing related biological, psychological, social, environmental, and demographic factors that may contribute to and effect physiological outcomes for patients and through the analysis, improve diagnosis of pain, the evaluation of related disease states, and treatment options.