Abstract: A method of treating a cataractous lens of a patient's eye includes generating a light beam, deflecting the light beam using a scanner to form a treatment pattern, delivering the treatment pattern to the lens of the patient's eye to create a plurality of cuts in the form two or more different incisions patterns within the lens to segment the lens tissue into a plurality of patterned pieces, and mechanically breaking the lens into a plurality of pieces along the cuts. A first incision pattern includes two or more crossing cut incision planes. A second incision pattern includes a plurality of laser incision each extending along a first length between a posterior and an anterior surface of the lens capsule.

Abstract: A closure system for delivering a sealant to an arteriotomy. A distal section of the closure system can include overlapping inner and outer sleeves that can expand with expansion of the sealant. A proximal section of the closure system can include a handle portion and a sheath adapter extending from the handle portion. The handle portion can comprise one or more actuators that when depressed or engaged can assist in deployment of the sealant in the arteriotomy and can further include tamping of the sealant and/or retraction of an expandable member. The sheath adapter can removably engage a side port or an irrigation line of a standard procedural sheath. When the sheath adapter is secured to the procedural sheath, movement of the closure system can also move the procedural sheath.

Abstract: Systems, devices and methods for controlled intramedullary delivery of light (frequencies from about 380 nm to about 500 nm) to treat tissue or bones disorders, including osteomyelitis, by a flexible fiber are provided, where the light is delivered in a circumferential fashion around the fiber, and where the energy delivered from the fiber is of a similar average intensity at the front end and back end of the fiber, and in between. The methods and systems deliver intramedullary light to the canal over long lengths via a minimally invasive pathway to a bone. The methods and systems deliver and maintain a light delivery system within the canal of the bone to provide single or multiple doses of light to kill, eliminate, remove or reduce bacteria, viruses, fungus and pathogens, without removal of the light fiber system, thereby providing single or multiple treatments.

Abstract: A method of administering interstitial photodynamic therapy to a target region of a patient may include receiving information associated with the target region, an initial photosensitizer concentration, a plurality of initial photosensitizer photokinetic rate parameters, and a threshold treatment dose for a photosensitizer, the threshold treatment dose being a threshold photodynamic therapy-dose or a threshold reactive oxygen species dose. A location in the target region for inserting at least one interstitial treatment fiber to deliver the treatment light, and initial values for treatment light transmission is determined. Computational spatial elements are determined for the target region and for the location of emitting surfaces of the at least one interstitial treatment fiber, and a light fluence rate for delivering treatment light to each of the computational spatial elements.

Abstract: Signal processing techniques that can include an embedded software low-noise response pulse detection, which can help provide an enhanced signal-to-noise characteristic, such as can help permit highly specific fast IR spectroscopic tissue analysis. Using a difference between (1) response signal values during a first time period duration of a response pulse from a tissue sample illuminated by illumination pulse, and (2) response signal values for a similar first time period duration between response pulses, for a low duty cycle (e.g., less than 50%, 10% or even at about 5% duty cycle) illumination pulse, accumulation of noise in the response signal between electromagnetic illumination pulses can be limited. In particular, the described signal pre-processing techniques can help extract meaningful information for performing spectroscopic analysis and characterization of the tissue sample despite amplitude and temporal variations that can be encountered when using the system.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to ultraweak photon emission imaging systems and methods. In some embodiments, a method comprises acquiring an ultraweak photon emission image of a target area of a patient for detection of a pathological condition; wherein the target area comprises an area of interest and a portion surrounding the area of interest, wherein acquiring the image comprises: enhancing formation of reactive oxygen species and/or reactive nitrogen species in the target area, wherein enhancing formation of the reactive oxygen species and/or the reactive nitrogen species comprises applying low level light illumination to the target area from 1 second to 60 minutes so as to achieve a total power output from 1 mW to 10,000 W using an average power density from 0.1 W/cm2 to 1 W/cm2; and imaging the target area, wherein imaging the target area comprises a total exposure time from 1 second to 60 minutes.

Abstract: A device is presented for use in treatment of tissues inside a body cavity. The device comprises a probe member having at least a portion thereof carrying a plurality of light sources, at least said portion of the probe member having dimensions and shape suitable for insertion into a certain body cavity and for arranging within the surface thereof a three-dimensional array of said light sources, the light sources being configured and operable to irradiate optical energy outwardly from said probe member.

Abstract: Illumination devices for impinging light on tissue, for example within a body cavity of a patient, to induce various biological effects are disclosed. Biological effects may include at least one of inactivating and/or inhibiting growth of one or more pathogens, upregulating a local immune response, increasing endogenous stores of nitric oxide, releasing nitric oxide from endogenous stores, and inducing an anti-inflammatory effect. Wavelengths of light are selected based on intended biological effects for one or more of targeted tissue types and targeted pathogens. Light treatments may provide multiple pathogenic biological effects, either with light of a single wavelength or with light having multiple wavelengths. Devices for light treatments are disclosed that provide light doses for inducing biological effects on various targeted pathogens and tissues with increased efficacy and reduced cytotoxicity.

Abstract: An implantable phototherapy device includes a power receiver element configured to receive power from an external power transmitter, a light delivery element powered by the power receiver, and configured to deliver phototherapy to a target treatment area, and a tether element is coupled to the light delivery element and the power receiver element. The tether element is configured to deliver power between the power receiver element and the light delivery element.

Abstract: Configurations are described for utilizing light-activated proteins within cell membranes and subcellular regions to assist with medical treatment paradigms, such as hypertension treatment via anatomically specific and temporally precise modulation of renal plexus activity. The invention provides for proteins, nucleic acids, vectors and methods for genetically targeted expression of light-sensitive proteins to specific cells or defined cell populations. In particular the invention provides systems, devices, and methods for millisecond-timescale temporal control of certain cell activities using moderate light intensities, such as the generation or inhibition of electrical spikes in nerve cells and other excitable cells.

Abstract: A dental device for treating dental infection includes a dental cast comprising at least one groove to receive teeth and/or gums of a dental arch of the patient; and at least one light diffusing fiber arranged on the dental cast around the at least one groove. The dental device is used in a photodynamic therapeutic system, in which a light source instrument emits light onto a photosensitizer applied in mouth of the patient. The dental device is optically coupled to the light source instrument. The light for treating dental infection of the patient is transmitted by the at least one light diffusing fiber of the dental device and activates the photosensitizer to produce free radicals or oxidants to destroy the bacteria and microbes causing dental disease.

Abstract: Configurations are described for utilizing light-activated proteins within cell membranes and subcellular regions to assist with medical treatment paradigms, such as hypertension treatment via anatomically specific and temporally precise modulation of renal plexus activity. The invention provides for proteins, nucleic acids, vectors and methods for genetically targeted expression of light-sensitive proteins to specific cells or defined cell populations. In particular the invention provides systems, devices, and methods for millisecond-timescale temporal control of certain cell activities using moderate light intensities, such as the generation or inhibition of electrical spikes in nerve cells and other excitable cells.

Abstract: A method for performing a photopheresis procedure is provided comprising collecting MNCs in a suspension comprising RBCs and plasma and lysing the red blood cells in the solution, preferably by combining the suspension with a solution to cause lysis. In one example, the solution for causing lysis of the red blood cells comprises ammonium chloride, and the suspension including the ammonium chloride is incubated to cause lysing. After lysing, the suspension may be washed to remove plasma and hemoglobin freed by the lysis of the red blood cells, and an ultraviolet light activated substance is added to the suspension. The suspension is then irradiated with ultraviolet light.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to recombinant proteins, vectors, and methods of treating neurological conditions by exposing neurons to an opsin and luciferase in the presence of a luciferin. In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to treating or preventing epilepsy or seizures comprising administering an effective amount of a vector that encodes an opsin and luciferase in combination with a luciferin to a subject in need thereof.

Abstract: The portable electronic device includes radiation elements (104A, 104B) for directing optical radiation energy non-invasively at intracranial nerve tissue of a user through an external auditory canal of the user of the portable electronic device to stimulate the user's intracranial nerve tissue. Stimulation may have a metabolic and/or nervous response, which appears as a change in alertness, diurnal rhythm and in concentrations of several hormones and brain transmitters.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a probe includes at least one shank, optical components disposed within the shank for transmitting light into a sample and collecting light from the sample, and electrical components disposed within the shank for recording an electrical signal from the sample. In certain embodiments, a method includes collecting light from the sample using a first shank of the probe, recording an electrical signal from the sample using a second shank of the probe, and analyzing the collected light and the electrical signal.

Abstract: A system is provided for reducing lipid content of adipocytes in a body. The system includes an optical device configured to illuminate a region of the body at a selective peak wavelength and at a selective power density for a selective time period. The system also includes a controller connected to the optical device to determine the selective wavelength, the selective power density and the selective time period to stimulate lipolysis in the adipocytes. A system is also provided for reducing pain in the body. A method is also provided for reducing lipid content of adipocytes in the body.

Abstract: A method for accelerating the release of neurotransmitters includes a step of radiating light from within a cerebral blood vessel to accelerate the release of the neurotransmitters. An optomedical device includes a main body configured to be introduced into a cerebral blood vessel; a light emitting unit arranged on the main body, the light emitting unit configured to radiate light to accelerate the release of neurotransmitters; and a control unit configured to control a light emitting action of the light emitting unit.

Abstract: A minimally invasive method for treating varices in especially sensitive areas, including pelvic varices in females, varicoceles, and also oesophageal varices is presented. The method comprises the steps of making a micro incision into the blood vessels of a patient, endoscopically inserting a catheter device into the blood vessel of a patient and advancing the distal end of the catheter to reach the varix or varices. For treatment of male varicocele, insertion is preferably made directly at the testicle. Alternatively, insertion can be made in the femoral vein and advanced using a catheter. Preferably, x-ray, angiography, or other imaging techniques are used to visualize and position the catheter. An optical fiber is then inserted into the catheter and the distal end is advanced to a predetermined point near the varix or varices. Optical fiber distal end is preferably a slim, radial 360 degree emitting fiber end.

Abstract: Devices and methods for therapeutic photodynamic modulation of neural function in a human. One embodiment of a method in accordance with the technology includes administering a photosensitizer to a human, wherein the photosensitizer preferentially accumulates at nerves proximate a blood vessel compared to non-neural tissue of the blood vessel. The method can further include irradiating the photosensitizer using a radiation emitter positioned within the human, wherein the radiation has a wavelength that causes the photosensitizer to react and alter at least a portion of the nerves thereby providing a therapeutic reduction in sympathetic neural activity. Several embodiments of the technology are useful for disrupting renal nerves, such as renal denervation, for treating hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and other indications.

Abstract: A light generating circuit is implanted in a subject's body and aimed at a target region such as a tumor. A photosensitizer is introduced into the target region, and an AC electric field is induced in the region. The field causes the light generating circuit to generate light, which activates the photosensitizer; and at certain field strengths and frequencies, the field itself has a beneficial effect. The beneficial effects of the field and the activated photosensitizer are thereby obtained simultaneously.

Abstract: A light generating circuit is implanted in a subject's body and aimed at a target region such as a tumor. A photosensitizer is introduced into the target region, and an AC electric field is induced in the region. The field causes the light generating circuit to generate light, which activates the photosensitizer; and at certain field strengths and frequencies, the field itself has a beneficial effect. The beneficial effects of the field and the activated photosensitizer are thereby obtained simultaneously.

Abstract: The present invention, in one aspect, relates to a system for stimulating neural tissue of a living subject. The system comprises an energy source capable of generating optical energy, a connector having a first end and a second end capable of transmitting optical energy, and a probe operably coupled to the second end of the connector and having an end portion for delivering optical energy to a target neural tissue. In one embodiment, the energy source comprises a tunable laser.

Abstract: A therapeutic laser with a source of pulsed electromagnetic radiation, a control device for controlling the intensity and/or the duration of the therapeutic laser applied to the tissue, and a detection device for detecting optoacoustic signals triggered by irradiating the living tissue with the pulsed electromagnetic radiation. The therapeutic laser is characterized by an evaluation device that acts on the control device and is used for calculating a degree of quality B(t) from the optoacoustic signals detected by the detection device for individual laser pulses applied to a predetermined laser spot and determining a fit function f(t) at a predetermined point in time ?t1, the fit function f(t) approximating the mean curve of B(t) for 0?t??t1. The intensity and/or the irradiation time of the therapeutic laser is defined by the parameters for the predetermined laser spot, the parameters being determined for the fit function f(t).

Abstract: Method and apparatus for infrared-light nerve stimulation-plus-therapeutic-heat (INS-plus-TH) that includes providing a plurality of light sources; providing a plurality of thermally conductive extensions configured to transfer heat generated by the plurality of light sources away from the plurality of light sources; emitting a plurality of infrared-light nerve-stimulation signals toward neural tissue of an animal from the plurality of light sources, wherein the emitted infrared-light nerve-stimulation signals are configured to generate action potentials in the neural tissue, and wherein the emitting of the plurality of infrared-light nerve-stimulation signals includes generating heat; controlling the emitting of the plurality of infrared-light nerve-stimulation signals to generate action potentials in the neural tissue; and transferring the heat generated by the plurality of light sources during the emitting of the plurality of infrared-light nerve-stimulation signals away from the plurality of light sources

Abstract: A method and system for controlling and adjusting light in interstitial photodynamic light therapy (IPDT) in a subject is disclosed. More particularly, a method for controlling the light in interstitial tumor photodynamic light therapy is described using a calculation method for determination of status of tissue during the PDT treatment. The status is used in a feedback loop to control the continued PDT treatment. Methods are disclosed that constitute pre-treatment and realtime dosimetry modules for IPDT on the whole prostate glandular tissue. The method includes reconstruction of the target geometry, optimization of source fiber positions within this geometry, monitoring of the light attenuation during the treatment procedure and updating individual fiber irradiation times to take into account any variation in tissue light transmission.

Abstract: Provided are methods and devices for interfacing with brain tissue, specifically for monitoring and/or actuation of spatio-temporal electrical waveforms. The device is conformable having a high electrode density and high spatial and temporal resolution. A conformable substrate supports a conformable electronic circuit and a barrier layer. Electrodes are positioned to provide electrical contact with a brain tissue. A controller monitors or actuates the electrodes, thereby interfacing with the brain tissue. In an aspect, methods are provided to monitor or actuate spatio-temporal electrical waveform over large brain surface areas by any of the devices disclosed herein.

Abstract: A method of treating a lens of a patient's eye includes generating a light beam, deflecting the light beam using a scanner to form a treatment pattern of the light beam, delivering the treatment pattern to the lens of a patient's eye to create a plurality of cuts in the lens in the form of the treatment pattern to break the lens up into a plurality of pieces, and removing the lens pieces from the patient's eye. The lens pieces can then be mechanically removed. The light beam can be used to create larger segmenting cuts into the lens, as well as smaller softening cuts that soften the lens for easier removal.

Abstract: There are provided an apparatus and a method for blocking abnormal conduction in the cardiac muscle using a photodynamic therapy or for treating arrhythmia. There is provided a catheter ablation apparatus for the treatment of arrhythmia using a photodynamic therapy, comprising a catheter leading a photoradiation unit to an abnormal electrical conduction site or a hyperexcitability occurring site in the cardiac muscle of a test subject in which a photosensitizer is present by administering the photosensitizer beforehand and which causes arrhythmia, means for generating a light ray with which the abnormal electrical conduction site or the hyperexcitability occurring site is irradiated, and means for transmitting the light ray to the abnormal electrical conduction site or the hyperexcitability occurring site, wherein the photosensitizer used is a water-soluble chlorine-based photosensitizer and the light ray used is a light ray having an excitation wavelength equal to that of the photosensitizer.

Abstract: Methods of delivering optical stimulation to a target tissue from an optical stimulation device are provided. One method comprises sensing a temperature at the optical stimulation device or proximate to the optical stimulation device, and adjusting the delivery of light to the target tissue based on the sensed temperature. Another method comprises delivering the light to the target tissue with an optical light guide and sensing bioelectric signals with a sense electrode, wherein the optical light guide and the sense electrode each comprise a material that produces substantially no induced current in an electromagnetic field. Another method comprises delivering light from a light source of an optical stimulation device to a window of the optical stimulation device, delivering the light from the window to an optical light guide optically connected to the window, and delivering the light to a target tissue via the optical light guide.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are directed to a laser ablation system. In one embodiment, the laser ablation system comprises a shaft, a balloon, a laser fiber and a viewing fiber. The shaft has a proximal end and a distal end. The balloon is attached to the distal end of the shaft, a portion of which is within the balloon. The laser fiber has a distal end comprising a light dispenser that is configured to deliver laser light through the balloon. The viewing fiber is configured to image an interior balloon. In accordance with another embodiment, the laser ablation system comprises a shaft, a balloon and a laser fiber. The shaft has a proximal end and a distal end. The balloon is attached to the distal end of the shaft, which is within the balloon. The balloon includes an inflated state, in which the balloon is shaped to conform to a cavity of a patient. The laser fiber has a distal end comprising light dispenser that is configured to deliver laser light through the balloon.

Abstract: A neurostimulation patch is affixed to a patient's skin (e.g., via a medical skin adhesive) and provides stimulation energy for an implanted lead. The patch may be used for SCS trials or other applications where is it desirable to avoid implanting a stimulation device within a patient. Circuitry in the patch generates stimulation signals and couples these signals to the implanted lead. The signals may be coupled to the lead via a direct physical connection or via a wireless connection. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation patch is configured in a manner that enables the patch to be placed immediately above the puncture site where an associated percutaneous lead passes through a patient's skin, thereby protecting the puncture site and facilitating secure routing of the lead.

Abstract: A neural prosthetic device can selectively deliver light to different cortical layers, at different depths, in the brain. The device includes LEDs and corresponding waveguides that can extend into the brain. At least two of the waveguides have different lengths. The neural prosthetic device or other devices can be manufactured by changing the hydrophilicity or lyophilicity of a portion of a substrate layer, then depositing uncured polymer on the treated portion of the substrate layer. The uncured polymer flows under the influence of surface tension to form a volume. The volume is shaped as a dome that extends laterally to a boundary between the treated and untreated portions. The polymer is cured in discrete regions through the substrate layer. The discrete regions extend longitudinally from the substrate layer to a curved surface of the dome. The uncured portion of the polymer is removed. The cured regions form the waveguides.

Abstract: A system for irradiation of a vascular space and its contents is presented. An adapter device having a vascular access end and an optical interface end can include a waveguide affixed within a waveguide lumen and extending outwardly through the vascular access end. The optical interface end includes a tapered terminus configured to engage with a cavity of an optical connector adapter, creating an optical interface between the waveguide of the adapter device and a waveguide of a light or radiation source. The adapter device enables the simultaneous administration of radiation and exogenous fluids to a patient while maintaining the optical interface isolated from any fluids.

Abstract: Methods and devices related to the treatment of diseases using phototherapy are described. Some embodiments provide an organic light-emitting diode device, such as a light-emitting device for phototherapy, comprising Ring system 1, Ring system 2, Ring system 3, or Ring system 4. Methods of treating disease with phototherapy are also described.

Abstract: In exemplary implementations of this invention, high-throughput screening of a mammalian brain is performed to locate neural circuit targets of interest. A variety of search patterns may be used for this neural screening, including (a) iterative subdivision, (b) serial search, and (c) combinatorial. To perform this neural screening, an array of optical fibers (or an array of waveguides) is inserted into the brain. Alternately, the array is positioned adjacent to the brain. Each fiber or waveguide in the array is coupled to a light source (LED or laser). The brain has been previously sensitized to light, using genetically encoded optical neural control reagents, which are delivered either using viruses or via transgenic means. In the screening, the array is used to optically perturb the brain. For example, the neurons of the brain may be activated by one color of light, and/or silenced by another color of light.

Abstract: The present invention is a portable non-invasive apparatus, system, and method for performing light therapy or photobiomodulation upon the brain tissues through the nostrils of a living mammalian subject for the medical purpose of stimulating the brain in-vivo. In marked difference to conventionally known therapeutic procedures, the present invention utilizes the intranasal pathway as the point of anatomic access; and follows established principles for the conceptual approach that irradiation of the brain tissue with low level light energy of certain fixed parameters would achieve major therapeutic effects in-vivo. In this manner, the present invention utilizes light energy of specified wavelengths, coherency, and pulsed mode to achieve therapeutic outcomes.

Abstract: This invention relates to an implantable device that delivers an effective amounts of red light to the substantia nigra as a treatment for Parkinson's Disease (PD).

Abstract: A light emitting device to awaken or alert an animal by stimulating the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in the brain to suppress melatonin secretion and change gene expression in the brain. The device can be programmed for an initiation time, color of light, brightness, frequency of pulsating light, and level of gradual intensity. It has the advantage of being silent, does not to disturb other people sleeping in the same room and user is more cognitively alert.

Abstract: An optical stimulation probe has a probe body inserted into a subject, an electrode formed on the probe body and collecting a response signal from the subject, a light irradiator attached to the probe body and irradiating an optical signal and a reflecting surface formed on the probe body on the path of the optical signal. The reflecting surface changes the course of the optical signal irradiated from the light irradiator to the direction where the electrode faces by reflecting the optical signal. The electrode may be formed on a side portion of the probe body such that it faces a direction perpendicular to a length direction of the probe body, and the optical signal reflected by the reflecting surface may travel along a direction perpendicular to the length direction of the probe body, such that the direction where the electrode faces and the direction along which the reflected optical signal travels are parallel to each other.

Abstract: A device to stimulate a scalp comprising an array of stimulating elements adapted to pierce the skin of the scalp no deeper than a thickness of a dermis, wherein the stimulating elements are arranged along a circumference of at least one wheel and the wheel is adapted to roll over the scalp.

Abstract: In exemplary implementations of this invention, an implant device is wholly or partially implanted in a mammal. The implant device includes an antenna, circuitry, a supercapacitor, one or more light sources, and an array of optical fibers or light guides. The antenna and circuitry receive energy by wireless transmission from an external transmit coil. The supercapacitor stores at least a portion of the energy and provides power to one or more light sources. The array of optical fibers or light guides deliver light from the light sources to living tissue of a mammal. The tissue includes light-sensitive, heterologously expressed proteins. The light affects the light-sensitive proteins, triggering a change in all or part of the tissue, such as a change in voltage, pH or a change in function.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for treating psychiatric disorders, mood disorders and circadian rhythm disorders with a multi-stage light protocol are disclosed. The presently disclosed multi-stage light protocol provides a synergistic treatment including up to 4 types of therapies: bright light therapy, extended sleep deprivation therapy, dawn simulation therapy and short to medium wavelength light therapy. According to some embodiments, the first stage of the protocol includes a first time window of 20 minutes during which, for a majority of the time, the light intensity is between 50 lux and 2000 lux. According to some embodiments, the second stage of the protocol includes a second time window of at least 90 minutes during which, for every 10 minute period within the second time window, for a majority of the time, the light intensity is exceeds 100 lux.

Abstract: Red light implants for delivering red light to spinal implants to enhance osteointegration.

Abstract: An output assembly is sized for placement in the middle and inner ear, such that removal of bone can be decreased. The output assembly may comprise at least one photo detector, a demultiplexer and an optical array sized to pass through an incision in the eardrum. An input transducer assembly is configured to transmit a multiplexed optical signal to the output assembly. The input assembly can be configured to transmit the multiplexed optical signal through the eardrum, such that tissue removal can be decreased and the device can be placed without removal of bone, for example. The multiplexed optical signal may comprise a pulse width modulated signal so as to decrease the effect of non-linearities of the light source and light detector and provide quality sound to the user.

Abstract: A neural probe (10) is provided for in vivo communication with biological tissue, including stimulating neurons and/or recording neural electrical activity. The probe (10) may be constructed so that the immune response by the biological tissue in which the device is implanted is reduced over known implantable probes. The probe (10) can be constructed with a tip (16) that has a branched configuration, with electrodes (24) located along each of the branches (20). A biodegradable coating (18) is disposed over at least the tip (16) of the probe (10) to provide the probe (10) with sufficient integrity for insertion into the biological tissue and to degrade after insertion. The biodegradable coating (18) can have an anti-inflammatory drug or other bioagent distributed therein for localized release of the bioagent to further reduce the immune response.

Abstract: A probe detachably connected to an optical measurement apparatus includes: a fiber that emits light by the optical measurement apparatus, and outputs reflected light and/or scattered light from an object to be measured; a covering member that covers a side face of the fiber; a cap that covers a distal end of the probe; a standard object that is provided on a surface of the cap facing the distal end of the fiber and that is used in calibration measurement by light emitted from the distal end of the fiber; an adhesive member that adheres the cap to the distal end of the probe and is made of an adhesive material; a heat-generating portion that generates heat to be applied to the adhesive member; and a thermal conduction portion that conducts heat that decreases the adhesive strength of the adhesive material with respect to the covering member.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods involving the use of magnetic resonance imaging and optogenetic neural stimulation. Aspects of the disclosure include modifying a target neural cell population in a first region of a brain to express light-responsive molecules. Using a light pulse, the light-responsive molecules in the target neural cell population are stimulated. Multiple regions of the brain are scanned via magnetic resonance imaging. The scans allow for observation of a neural reaction in response to the stimulation in at least one of the multiple regions of the brain.

Abstract: Disclosed are an optical stimulation probe structure having a probe body inserted into a subject, a fixing body that fixes the probe body and a light radiator that transmits an optical signal to the probe body, wherein the probe body is made of an optical transmission material capable of transmitting an optical signal, such that the optical signal transmitted from the light radiator is transmitted through the probe body to the subject, and a method for manufacturing the same.

Abstract: Red light-emitting implants for treating a spine.