Abstract: A heat pump including at least two refrigerant injection flow paths into a scroll compressor and a main circuit. The main circuit includes a scroll compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve, a phase separator, and an evaporator for evaporating refrigerant. The scroll compressor is provided with a first refrigerant injection port between an inlet of the scroll compressor and an outlet of the scroll compressor, and a second refrigerant injection port between the inlet and the first refrigerant injection port. A first refrigerant injection flow path is bypassed from the phase separator. An internal heat exchanger is installed between the phase separator and the evaporator. A second refrigerant injection flow path is bypassed between the phase separator and the internal heat exchanger. The second refrigerant injection flow path is passed through the internal heat exchanger.

Abstract: To provide a heat pump water heater outdoor unit and heat pump water heater capable of preventing reduction in heating/hot water supply ability even at a low ambient temperature.

Abstract: An incubator includes: an enclosure including a culture chamber; a heater configured to heat the culture chamber; a refrigerator including an evaporator and a condenser, and configured to cool the culture chamber; a temperature sensor configured to measure the culture chamber temperature; a refrigerator control unit configured to cause the refrigerator to operate, when a measured temperature measured by the temperature sensor reaches a refrigerator-operation temperature, higher than the set temperature by a first temperature, and cause the refrigerator to stop operating, when the measured temperature reaches a refrigerator-operation stopping temperature, lower than the set temperature by a second temperature; a heater control unit configured to control the heater in such a manner that the measured temperature reaches the refrigerator-operation temperature, when operation of the refrigerator is stopped; and a drain mechanism configured to discharge dew condensation water generated through heat absorption by th

Abstract: An air conditioner includes a first compressor and a first indoor heat exchanger, and the air conditioner forming a first refrigeration cycle. A cooler includes a second compressor and a second indoor heat exchanger, and the cooler forming a second refrigeration cycle The cooler includes a sensing part to detect a pressure and/or temperature of a refrigerant circulating in the second refrigeration cycle; and a branch part includes a plurality of branches for dividing the refrigerant to be introduced into the second heat exchange part.

Abstract: A method and a correspondingly designed motor vehicle are provided for pre-climatizing the motor vehicle when shut-off by way of a heating and/or cooling unit, which draws its energy for heating and/or cooling from an electric storage unit. When the heating and/or cooling unit is activated by a vehicle external operator control element, the heating and/or cooling unit is initially activated in a first output stage. Then, the heating and/or cooling unit is switched from the first output stage to a second output stage as a function of predetermined conditions.

Abstract: A refrigeration system for a container for refrigerating chilled cargo includes a compressor, a condenser, and an evaporator connected in series. The system further includes a heater and sensors configured to sense the temperature of the supply air and the temperature of the return air. A controller is programmed to determine one of a requirement for heating and a requirement for cooling based on the temperature of the return air and the temperature of the supply air. The controller is programmed to activate the evaporator fan when a requirement for heating is determined and to increase the speed of the evaporator fan when increased heating is determined. The controller is also programmed to activate the compressor and the evaporator fan when a requirement for cooling is determined and to increase the power supplied to the compressor and maintain the evaporator fan at a first speed when increased cooling is determined.

Abstract: A heat pump having a supplemental resistive heat element that varies its heat output based on the air temperature downstream from it, rather than from the air temperature at the room thermostat or from the air temperature after the heat exchanger but before the variable supplemental resistive heating element.

Abstract: A heating and air conditioning device 20 for an automotive vehicle, including a refrigerant circuit 4 in which a refrigerant circulates between three distinctive units 6, 10, 14 exchanging with respective secondary liquid loops 8, 12, 16. An evaporating unit 6 is dedicated to the evaporation of the refrigerant when operating in a cooling mode. A cooling unit 10 is dedicated to the cooling or condensation of the refrigerant when operating in the cooling mode as well as operating in the heating mode. A reversible unit 14 is dedicated to the evaporation of the refrigerant when operating in the heating mode and dedicated to the cooling or condensation of the refrigerant when operating in the cooling mode.

Abstract: While a compressor is stopped, a change rate of a refrigerant temperature per predetermined time is calculated on the basis of a value detected by a refrigerant temperature sensor, and a heating amount from a compressor heating unit to the compressor is made proportional to the change rate of the refrigerant temperature.

Abstract: An air conditioner and a method of operating an air conditioner are provided. The air conditioner may include at least one indoor device, each having an indoor heat exchanger installed therein; at least one outdoor device connected to the at least one indoor device by a refrigerant flow path, and each having a water-refrigerant heat exchanger that provides heat exchange between a refrigerant and heat source water and an outdoor device controller installed therein; a heat source water flow path connected to each water-refrigerant heat exchanger; a pump installed on the heat source water flow path; a variable flow valve installed on the heat source water flow path; a central controller that controls the at least one outdoor device; and a variable flow valve control board that regulates an opening degree of the variable flow valve and a flow rate of heat source water.

Abstract: A the battery warm-up apparatus includes an electric motor, a battery, an electric generator for charging the battery, an engine for driving the electric generator, a refrigeration circuit arranged to pass through inside the engine in a manner that a temperature medium flows through an inside thereof, a heat exchanger, a battery-heating channel branched from the refrigeration circuit, arranged to pass through the battery and connected to the refrigeration circuit again, a first switching valve arranged at a first portion of the refrigeration circuit, the battery-heating channel being branched from the refrigeration circuit at the first portion, the first switching valve connecting and disconnecting the battery-heating channel relative to the refrigeration circuit, a battery temperature sensor, and a controller for operating the first switching valve on the basis of temperature of the battery and for allowing the temperature medium to flow through the battery-heating channel.

Abstract: A hybrid space and water heating heat pump system includes a heat pump including an outdoor assembly and an indoor assembly; a hot water module including a first heat exchanger, a controller, and a water pump connected to a water line, the first heat exchanger being configured for heating water; and a water heater in fluid communication with the hot water module, the water heater configured for receiving heated water from the first heat exchanger; wherein the controller is configured to select between one of conditioning an interior space or heating of the water in the first heat exchanger; and wherein the heat pump is configured for circulating a refrigerant through a first refrigerant circuit in response to the conditioning of the interior space and circulating the refrigerant through a second refrigerant circuit in response to the heating of the water in the first heat exchanger.

Abstract: There is provided a temperature switching compartment 3 which can switch the internal temperature thereof between a low temperature side at which a storage material is kept in cold storage and a high temperature side maintained at 50° C., to 80° C. at which cooked food is kept warm, by cooling with a cooler 17 and heating with a heater 15.

Abstract: An air-conditioner for a vehicle includes a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, a determination unit and a controller. The refrigeration cycle includes a compressor, an inside condenser, an outside heat exchanger, and an inside evaporator. The refrigeration cycle is capable of operating an outside-air heat-absorption heating operation in which refrigerant absorbs heat at the outside heat exchanger and radiates heat at the inside condenser, and an inside-air heat-absorption heating operation in which refrigerant absorbs heat at the inside evaporator and radiates heat at the inside condenser. The determination unit determines whether or not the outside heat exchanger freezes. The controller changes over the outside-air heat-absorption heating operation to the inside-air heat-absorption heating operation when the determination unit determines that the outside heat exchanger freezes.

Abstract: A cooling unit constructed in accordance with one example of the present disclosure includes an outer shell that defines an interior volume. A cooling system cools the interior volume. A temperature sensor senses a temperature within the interior volume. A heating element is disposed within the interior volume. A controller communicates with the temperature sensor and the heating element and activates the heating element based on the temperature satisfying a threshold.

Abstract: An operating method in a heat pump hot water supply system of an indirect heating method by which an average COP during a water heating period can be improved and a risk of running out of hot water can be prevented from increasing. For a heat pump hot water supply system of the indirect heating method, a change in heat transfer efficiency of a second heat exchanger is estimated by using either or both of a tank water temperature and a temperature of a second refrigerant flowing through a water circuit. When the heat transfer efficiency is determined to be high, an operation switching unit raises an output of a heat source device. When the heat transfer efficiency is determined to be low, the operation switching unit lowers the output of the heat source device.

Abstract: An energy efficient heat pump system capable of operating in extreme low and high temperature environments. The heat pump system includes an evaporator, a heater operatively associated with the evaporator, compressor and condenser. In an exemplary embodiment, the heat pump system may further include a plasma pulse-spark system to facilitate removal of scale deposits. The heater heats an environmental medium prior to the environmental medium exchanging energy with a refrigerant located in an evaporator coil of the evaporator in order to maintain a predetermined minimum temperature differential between the environmental medium when it contacts the evaporator coil and the refrigerant when located in the evaporator coil. The system allows efficient operation at low temperatures.

Abstract: A cooling box to perform temperature control so that an internal temperature of the cooling box storing an item to be refrigerated becomes equal to a set temperature includes: a control device including an ambient-temperature sensor to detect an ambient temperature of the box, and adjust a supply amount of warm air into the box after stopping supply of cold air thereinto based on the ambient temperature; and a thermally-insulating-door sensor to detect whether an opening connected with the interior of the cooling box is in either an open or closed state, when the sensor detects a change of the opening from an open to closed state, the control device executing control so that the warm-air-supply-amount reaches a first value until a predetermined period has elapsed, and executing control so that the warm-air-supply-amount reaches a second value smaller than the first value after the predetermined period has elapsed.

Abstract: An vehicular air-conditioner includes a refrigeration cycle including a compressor, an outside condenser, an interior condenser, an evaporator, an expansion valve, a bypass-path bypassing the outside condenser, a cooling path that circulates refrigerant through the outside condenser, a heating path that circulates refrigerant through the bypass-path, and a changeover valve that changes a refrigerant circulation path to one of the cooling and heating paths, a high-pressure detector that detects a high-pressure-side pressure of the refrigeration cycle, and a controller. The controller controls, upon a changeover command to a heating mode during a cooling mode, the changeover valve to change the refrigerant circulation path from the cooling path to the heating path after the high-pressure-side pressure detected by the high-pressure detector becomes equal-to/lower-than a target pressure.

Abstract: Out of switching mechanisms (30A, 30B), the switching mechanism (30A) connected to an indoor heat exchanger (41) performing a heating operation is configured so that the opening of a supercooling control valve (53) is adjusted according to the air conditioning load of another indoor heat exchanger (41) performing a cooling operation downstream of a liquid connection pipe (13) connected to the former indoor heat exchanger (41).

Abstract: To provide a refrigeration cycle apparatus that achieves load balancing (for example, the balance between the cooling load and the heating load, and the balance between the cooling load and the heating and hot water loads) to increase system COP and an information transfer method used in the refrigeration cycle apparatus. A refrigeration cycle apparatus operates a plurality of indoor units so that the thermal cooling load and the thermal heating load to be executed by the plurality of indoor unit are balanced.

Abstract: A system for controlling an absorption chiller includes feedback control loops determining adjustments to system cooling and heating capacities and a controller for simultaneously adjusting positions of an energy input valve, a hot water valve, and a chilled water valve. The controller adjusts valves based on desired adjustments to system cooling and heating capacities and performance maps characterizing relationships between cooling capacity and heating capacities and valve positions. A method for controlling an absorption chiller includes the step of obtaining a performance map characterizing heat energy input to cooling and heating loops as functions of valve positions. To obtain the map, the hot water valve is held in a substantially constant position while the chilled water valve is modulated. Similarly, the hot water valve is modulated while the chilled water valve is held in a substantially constant position.

Abstract: A subcool condenser having a condensation heat exchange portion, a receive portion and a supercool heat exchange portion is used as an outdoor heat exchanger that functions as a radiator in a cooling operation mode so that COP in the cooling operation mode is increased. In contrast, in a heating operation mode, a refrigerant bypass device that causes the refrigerant to flow so as to bypass the supercool heat exchange portion is provided so that pressure loss generated in the refrigerant flowing through the outdoor heat exchanger is decreased. Thereby, driving force of a compressor can be decreased and COP in the heating operation mode can be improved.

Abstract: To obtain an air-conditioning apparatus that appropriately determines the state of stagnating refrigerant in a compressor, and suppresses power consumption while the air-conditioning apparatus is not in operation. When a compressor temperature change rate is determined to be higher than a refrigerant temperature change rate, a controller identifies that liquid refrigerant in a lubricant oil in a compressor has been totally gasified, stops energizing a motor unit, and ends a heating operation of the compressor.

Abstract: A hot water storage type hot water supply system includes a storage battery unit, a heat pump cycle, a water storage tank, a water circulation path, first and second paths, first and second temperature sensors, and a controller. The heat pump cycle circulates a first refrigerant. The first and second paths circulate a second refrigerant. The first and second sensors sense temperatures of the storage battery unit and water stored in the tank, respectively. The controller controls the second refrigerant to flow in the first or the second path when the temperature of the storage battery unit sensed by the first sensor is higher or lower than a first or a second predetermined temperature, respectively. The controller controls to close the first and second paths when the temperature of the storage battery unit sensed by the first sensor is not lower than the second predetermined temperature and not higher than the first predetermined temperature.

Abstract: Problem to be Solved: A discharged warm/cold heat of a refrigerant circuit is effectively utilized in order to attain high energy efficiency. Particularly, an appropriate operation control is executed when a hot-water supplying operation and an air cooling operation are simultaneously performed, whereby high energy efficiency is attained.

Abstract: Sensing, actuation of apparatus, and a control algorithm for use in automatically controlling an air-conditioning system by sensing multiple conditions and responding by actuating the mechanical components of the air-conditioning system to optimize the temperature of the coolant fluid, provide improved zone temperature control, provide status of system components, and provide an alert if there is overheating of a supply side system mechanical component.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are provided for cooling an electronic component. The apparatus includes a refrigerant evaporator in thermal communication with a component(s) to be cooled, and a refrigerant loop coupled in fluid communication with the evaporator for facilitating flow of refrigerant through the evaporator. The apparatus further includes a compressor in fluid communication with a refrigerant loop, an air-cooled heat sink coupled to the refrigerant evaporator, for providing backup cooling to the electronic component in a backup, air cooling mode, and a controllable refrigerant heater coupled to the heat sink. The refrigerant heater is in thermal communication across the heat sink with refrigerant passing through the refrigerant evaporator, and is controlled in a primary, refrigeration cooling mode to apply an auxiliary heat load to refrigerant passing through the refrigerant evaporator to ensure that refrigerant in the refrigerant loop entering the compressor is in a superheated thermodynamic state.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are provided for cooling an electronic component. The apparatus includes a refrigerant evaporator in thermal communication with the component(s) to be cooled, and a refrigerant loop coupled in fluid communication with the evaporator for facilitating flow of refrigerant through the evaporator. The apparatus further includes a compressor in fluid communication with the refrigerant loop, a refrigerant bypass pipe coupled to the refrigerant loop in parallel fluid communication with the evaporator, and a control valve for controlling refrigerant flow through the evaporator. The control valve is controlled to maintain temperature of the component(s) within a specified temperature range. The apparatus further includes a controllable refrigerant heater associated with the refrigerant bypass pipe for providing an adjustable heat load on refrigerant in the bypass pipe to ensure that refrigerant entering the compressor is in a superheated thermodynamic state.

Abstract: A heat pump type water heating apparatus is provided that includes a refrigeration cycle circuit having a first refrigerant and water heat exchanger to perform a heat exchange between a first refrigerant and water, and a first refrigerant and second refrigerant heat exchanger to perform a heat exchange between the first refrigerant and a second refrigerant. The heat pump type water heating apparatus may also include a cascade circuit having the first refrigerant and second refrigerant heat exchanger to operate jointly with the refrigeration cycle circuit, the cascade circuit also having a second refrigerant and water heat exchanger to perform a heat exchange between the second refrigerant and water, and a water heating channel connected to the first refrigerant and water heat exchanger and the second refrigerant and water heat exchanger so water passes through the first refrigerant and water heat exchanger and then through the second refrigerant and water heat exchanger.

Abstract: A vapor compression air conditioning system includes a motor operated expansion valve and control unit including sensors for determining the amount of superheat of the working fluid at or adjacent to the compressor inlet. Expansion valve position is adjusted to maintain a predetermined amount of superheat. The sensors may sense working fluid evaporator temperature and temperature downstream of the evaporator. Dual motor operated expansion valves may be disposed in the working fluid conduit between the heat exchangers in a reversible system. In operation, the expansion valve position may be set as a function of ambient temperature, a previous position, and predetermined superheat requirements to minimize liquid ingestion by the compressor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of controlling air temperature within a refrigerated storage space based on a temperature-error integral of supply air discharged into the storage space. Another aspect of the invention relates to a refrigerated storage space comprising a corresponding temperature control system.

Abstract: An air conditioning system including an outdoor heat-exchanging unit, at least one indoor heat-exchanging unit, a gaseous refrigerant line connected between the outdoor heat-exchanging unit and the indoor heat-exchanging unit, to allow a refrigerant in a gaseous state to flow between the outdoor heat-exchanging unit and the indoor heat-exchanging unit, and a pressure compensation device for increasing a pressure of the gaseous refrigerant flowing through the gaseous refrigerant line. The pressure compensation device is located along the gaseous refrigerant line at a position closer to the indoor heat-exchanging unit than to the outdoor heat-exchanging unit. A pressure compensation device for use in an air conditioning system is also provided.

Abstract: An air conditioning method is provided. The method comprises when a refrigerant circuit is in operation and a temperature of an evaporator of the refrigerant circuit is lower than a temperature of a heat exchanger of a heating circuit, transferring heat from the heat exchanger to air passing through the heat exchanger, and when the refrigerant circuit is not in operation and the temperature of the evaporator is higher than the temperature of the heat exchanger, transferring heat from the air passing through the heat exchanger to the heat exchanger. In this way, the heat exchanger functions to augment the cooling capabilities of the evaporator.

Abstract: An isolated cold plate refrigeration system provides a cargo compartment isolated from a cold plate compartment. A user defines the target temperature of the cargo compartment. When the temperature of the cargo compartment rises above the target temperature and cool air is required to reduce the temperature of the cargo compartment, a cold plate fan is activated to move air from the cold plate compartment to the cargo compartment and from the cargo compartment to the cold plate compartment.

Abstract: A heat pump including a boiler is disclosed. The heat pump may include the boiler which may be selectively operated based on a temperature of external air or an electric power rate per unit heat quantity.

Abstract: To reduce energy consumption, a desiccant air-conditioning system is provided with: an air supply channel 1 that supplies outside air A1 that flows from the outside, to an object to be air-conditioned; an exhaust channel 2 that exhausts return air A2 that flows from the object to be air-conditioned, to the outside; a desiccant portion 10 that adsorbs moisture from the outside air A1 passing through the air supply channel 1, and that desorbs the adsorbed moisture to the return air A2 passing through the exhaust channel 2; a first cooling portion 31 which is installed between the desiccant portion 10 and the object to be air-conditioned in the air supply channel, and which cools the outside air A1; a second cooling portion 44 which is installed between the desiccant portion 10 and the first cooling portion 31 in the air supply channel, and which absorbs the heat from the outside air A1 to cool it; a heating portion 45 which is installed between the desiccant portion 10 and the object to be air-conditioned in th

Abstract: An appliance for conditioning air of an associated room and an associated method for controlling an air conditioner are disclosed, the controller selectively adjusting operation of the air conditioning appliance based on historical operating data. The controller adjusts a set-point of the appliance for a preselected period of time in response to the historical operating data of the appliance when the appliance operates in an energy savings mode. In one arrangement, the controller is configured to receive and process data regarding whether the appliance has been operating over a predetermined time period before a utility demand state signal is received. The controller is configured to receive and process data relating to similar time periods of operation, and more particularly may include receiving data from the last two consecutive days where similar time periods of those days are analyzed. The controller may be configured to receive and process data relating to the rate of change in the temperature.

Abstract: A heat pump capable of performing heating and cooling simultaneously is provided. The heat pump includes a compressor, indoor devices that heat or cool an indoor space, outdoor heat exchangers, and switching devices. The outdoor heat exchangers are configured to individually operate as a condenser or an evaporator depending on a ratio of heating to cooling of the indoor devices. When an operation mode is changed, continuous heating and cooling is performed without stopping the system.

Abstract: An air conditioner includes a refrigerant circuit, an electromagnetic induction heating unit, and a control unit. The refrigerant circuit has a compressing mechanism with an adjustable operating capacity, a heat source side heat exchanger, an expansion mechanism, and a utilization side heat exchanger. The electromagnetic induction heating unit heats a refrigerant piping and/or a member that is in thermal contact with a refrigerant that flows through the refrigerant piping. The control unit sets the electromagnetic induction heating unit to a forced inhibit state if any one of a condition in which the electromagnetic induction heating unit has been manually set to operation inhibited; a condition in which an air conditioning load is small; and a condition in which an amount of circulating refrigerant is small is satisfied.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a refrigerator which can maintain a stored object in a desired state by controlling the temperature of an upper region and a lower region in the same storing space. The refrigerator includes a non-freezing apparatus having a storage room with a storing space composed of an upper space and a lower space, the air or heat exchange being limited between the upper space and the lower space, and a temperature control unit controlling the temperature of the upper space and the lower space. The non-freezing apparatus is installed in a storing space in which the cooling is performed and controls the temperature control unit to perform at least one of a process of rapid cooling at a temperature over the phase transition temperature, a process of entering a supercooling temperature region, and a process of maintaining the supercooling temperature region.

Abstract: An environment control unit including an environment control system, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator, and a controller. The refrigeration system and the ROS generator positioned within a housing of the environment control unit and providing conditioned air to the interior of a cargo space to clean and condition air and surfaces within the cargo space.

Abstract: A heat pump system (10) includes a compressor (20), a reversing valve (30), an outdoor heat exchanger (40) and an indoor heat exchanger (50) coupled via refrigerant lines (35, 45, 55) in a conventional refrigeration circuit, a refrigerant to liquid heat exchanger (60), a refrigerant to liquid heat exchanger bypass valve (130), an outdoor heat exchanger bypass valve (230), and an indoor heat exchanger bypass valve (330). A controller (100) is provided to selectively control the respective positioning of the valves (30, 130, 230 and 330) between their respective open and closed positions so as to selectively configure the refrigerant circuit for operation in one of an air cooling only mode, an air cooling with liquid heating mode, an air heating only mode, an air heating with liquid heating mode, and a liquid heating only mode.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes a refrigerator body defining at least one storage space, and a door connected to the refrigerator body for closing at least a part of the storage space. A dispenser is provided in the door and includes a dispenser casing which is supplied with heat by a first heater. A control unit automatically controls the on and off operation of the first heater. Arranged near the first heater is a second heater to optionally supply extra heat to the dispenser casing in a manually initiated auxiliary heating mode.

Abstract: An air conditioner includes: an air passage 23 that is formed in a cabinet 20 so as to connect a suction port 21 and a blowoff port 22 to each other, which are open on a surface of the cabinet 20; a blower fan 25 that is disposed inside the air passage 23 so as to extend in one direction; a heat exchanger 27 that is disposed so as to be opposed to the suction port 21 and cools air flowing in through the suction port 21; a heater 28a that is disposed between the blower fan 25 and the heat exchanger 27 in order to heat air flowing in through the suction port 21 and is shorter in a longitudinal direction than the blower fan 25; a control element 52 that controls the heater 28a and is disposed outside the air passage 23 adjacently to the air passage 23; and a heat sink 70 that is in close contact with the control element 52 and is disposed between the blower fan 25 and the heat exchanger 27, on an outside of the heater 28a in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A heat pump system which executes cooling and heating operations of an A2A indoor unit and cooling and heating operations and a hot water operation of an A2W indoor unit in a time division multiplexing (TDM) method, and a control method thereof. Further, the heat pump system solves shortage of a refrigerant during a heating operation of the A2A indoor unit or the A2W indoor unit when the TDM method is used. Therefore, the heat pump system includes a control unit to alternately operate the A2A indoor unit or the A2W indoor unit, upon judging that a simultaneous operating condition of the A2A indoor unit or the A2W indoor unit is satisfied. The heat pump system further includes a refrigerant distribution unit to circulate a refrigerant selectively to the A2A indoor unit or the A2W indoor unit.

Abstract: A refrigerant system for cooling a comfort zone is selectively operable in a cooling-only mode and a reheat mode. The system operates in the cooling mode to meet sensible and latent cooling demands of a room or area in a building when the room temperature is appreciably above a target temperature. The reheat mode is for addressing the latent cooling or dehumidifying demand when the room temperature is near or below the target temperature. In some embodiments, a generally inactive condenser stores excess refrigerant during the reheat mode, thereby avoiding the need for a separate liquid refrigerant receiver. To maintain a desired level of subcooling in the reheat coil, refrigerant can be transferred accordingly between the inactive condenser and the reheat coil. In some embodiments, the system's evaporator and reheat coil can be connected in a series or parallel flow relationship.

Abstract: A heating-medium flow rate is obtained with sufficient accuracy even if an inexpensive flow rate sensor is used.

Abstract: A vehicular air-conditioning system has a heat pump circulation passage for circulating a coolant with a compressor. To the heat pump circulation passage, there are connected a condenser for performing a heat exchange between a coolant and ambient air, an expansion valve, a first evaporator, a heater, and a second evaporator. The heat pump circulation passage includes a coolant retrieval passage extending from a divider between the condenser and the gas-liquid separator and connected to the compressor. A second backflow check valve for preventing the coolant from flowing from the compressor to the divider and a solenoid-operated valve are connected to the coolant retrieval passage.

Abstract: There is provided a temperature switching compartment 3 which can switch the internal temperature thereof between a low temperature side at which a storage material is kept in cold storage and a high temperature side maintained at 50° C., to 80° C. at which cooked food is kept warm, by cooling with a cooler 17 and heating with a heater 15.