Abstract: A conversion unit for an air conditioning system to cause it to act like the cooling unit of a refrigeration system comprises a frost detector, an A/C temperature control defeating mechanism and a control unit which operate together to force the range of operation of the air conditioning unit into the range of operation of a refrigeration unit. The conversion unit is particularly useful for providing low cost cooling systems for farmers in third world countries for keeping their produce fresh and safe, not to mention its use by all farmers around the world and by florists or others in need or desire of an economical refrigeration alternative. The present invention is also usable to provide inexpensive cooling to RV's and to refrigerated vehicles.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a refrigerator which can individually cool a freezing chamber and a refrigerating chamber by dividing a heat exchange region of an evaporator into a freezing chamber side region and a refrigerating chamber side region, forming individual circulation passages for supplying cool air from each region to the freezing chamber and the refrigerating chamber, and forming a freezing chamber fan and a refrigerating chamber fan on each circulation passage, and method for controlling operation of the same which can efficiently perform a cooling operation and reduce power consumption by effectively controlling the operations of each component.

Abstract: A defrosting method of a drum-type washing machine is provided. The defrosting method includes performing a warm water supply operation upon receiving a defrost command; performing a water discharge operation; performing a heating operation if a water level has not yet decreased; and performing an additional water discharge operation.

Abstract: A method of defrosting a eutectic plate of a refrigeration system involves activating a defrost system when a power source is connected to the refrigeration system. The defrost system is operated for all or a portion of a defrost cycle and is then deactivated. The initiation of a subsequent defrost cycle is prevented until the power source has been disconnected from the refrigeration system for at least a selected amount of time. A defrost system may include a controller programmed to carry out the method and automatically initiate a series of defrost cycles.

Abstract: An air conditioner is provided. The air conditioner includes a heat exchanger which exchanges heat with air by passing a coolant therethrough; an anti-freeze apparatus which prevents the freeze of water on the surface of the heat exchanger by supplying energy to the heat exchanger; and a control unit which controls the anti-freeze apparatus according to operating conditions of the air conditioner. Therefore, the air conditioner can effectively prevent the freeze of water, if any, on the surface of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: The biocontainer of the present invention provides a low cost, simple solution of many of the problems encountered during shipping, freezing and thawing of biopharmaceutical materials. The present invention enables a user to monitor the temperature profile of each biopharmaceutical container during the cryogenic process, so as to ensure the integrity of materials within each biocontainer by using a pre-installed and pre-sterilized temperature sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly includes a wireless transmitter and is capable of transmitting information regarding the measured reading. In other embodiments, the sensor assembly includes a processing unit, which determines whether the temperature profile is acceptable. In a further embodiment, an indicator is included, such that the processing unit may indicate whether the biopharmaceutical material has been properly frozen.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of controlling a refrigerator, including a main body having a plurality of storage chambers; a plurality of evaporators installed to independently cool the plurality of storage chambers, respectively; and a refrigerant control valve for controlling refrigerant introduced into the plurality of evaporators, the method includes a refrigerant control valve opening step of opening the refrigerant control valve so that the refrigerant can be introduced into at least one of the plurality of evaporators; an evaporator defrost step of, when an opening integration time of the refrigerant control valve is higher than a defrost setting time of the evaporator, at which the refrigerant is introduced by the refrigerant control valve, operating the refrigerator in a defrost mode of the evaporator in which the refrigerant is introduced; and an evaporator defrost end step of, when temperatures sensed by defrost sensors of the evaporators that are being defrosted are higher than return se

Abstract: There is provided a compressor and an air conditioner capable of preventing a piston from being locked to a cylinder by iced matters. A compressor operation control section 18 of a control unit 20 stops the piston 2 in a high-temperature region HR of comparatively high temperatures where frost or ice of an inner circumferential surface of the cylinder 1 is less easily generated. As a result, generation of iced matters between the high-temperature region HR of the inner circumferential surface of the cylinder 1 and the piston 2 is prevented, so that a lock of the piston 2 due to iced matters can be prevented.

Abstract: An oscillatory wave generating unit and an oscillatory wave sensing unit are installed at both ends of a refrigerant pipe of an evaporator of the cooling system, an amount of frost formed on the refrigerant pipe is determined by comparing a wave form of an oscillatory wave generated from one end of the refrigerant through the oscillatory wave generating unit and a wave form of the oscillatory wave sensed by the other one end of the refrigerant through the oscillatory wave sensing unit, and whether or not a defrosting operation is performed is determined by a result of the determination. The cooling system increases the accuracy in sensing the amount of the frost formed on the evaporator of a refrigerator, a Kimchi refrigerator, or an air conditioner, and respectively starts and ends the defrosting operation at proper points of time, thus enhancing a heat-exchanging performance and increasing energy efficiency.

Abstract: A method for affecting a scheduled defrost operation for a refrigeration system includes the steps of: (a) after an extant the scheduled defrost operation commences, evaluating at least one predetermined parameter relating to operation of the refrigeration system; (b) if the at least one predetermined parameter manifests a behavior of at least one first predetermined nature over at least one first time interval, continuing the extant scheduled defrost operation; and (c) if the at least one predetermined parameter manifests a behavior of at least one second predetermined nature over at least one second time interval, discontinuing the extant scheduled defrost operation.

Abstract: A transport refrigeration unit for cooling the interior of a cargo box having multiple cargo compartments includes a refrigerant compressor, a main evaporator associated with a first compartment of the trailer and a remote evaporator associated with a second compartment of the cargo box. During loading of product into at least one compartment, a controller determines the degree of superheat (CSS) in the refrigerant, compares the degree of suction superheat (CSS) to a lower limit for the degree of superheat (LSS), and continues operation of the refrigerant unit in a refrigeration mode if the degree of suction superheat (CSS) is greater than the lower limit for the degree of superheat (LSS); or terminates operation of the refrigerant unit in the refrigeration mode if the degree of suction superheat (CSS) is not greater than the lower limit for the degree of superheat (LSS) and initiates a defrost of at least one of the evaporators.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of controlling a refrigerator, including a main body having a plurality of storage chambers; a plurality of evaporators installed to independently cool the plurality of storage chambers, respectively; a refrigerant control valve for controlling refrigerant introduced into the plurality of evaporators; and a plurality of fans for circulating air of the storage chambers through the evaporators, respectively, the method includes a fan rotation step of, in an evaporator opening mode of the refrigerant control valve, rotating a fan of the plurality of fans, which circulates the air through an evaporator into which the refrigerant is introduced; an evaporator defrost step of, when a consecutive rotating time of the fan is greater than a setting time, operating the refrigerator in a defrost mode of the evaporator into which the refrigerant is introduced; and an evaporator defrost end step of, when a temperature sensed by a defrost sensor of the evaporator that is being defrost

Abstract: A refrigerator freezer having an ice maker positioned on a refrigerator compartment or freezer compartment door. The ice maker is arranged to prevent or manage spills from the ice maker in the event the door on which the ice maker is mounted is opened or closed when unfrozen water is present in the ice maker. Spill management embodiments for a number of fixed and movable tray ice makers are disclosed.

Abstract: An intelligent defrosting control for an air conditioner is disclosed, which comprises the following steps: setting a standard air pressure value; placing a high-pressure sensor on the exhaust pipe of the compressor of the air conditioner to measure the air pressure; When the air pressure measured by the high-pressure sensor is lower than the standard air pressure value, said air conditioner begins to come into the defrosting mode; otherwise, said air conditioner working in previous mode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a radiator fan control for heat pump HVAC which can selectively reverse fan direction based on ambient temperature and reduce ice buildup on a liquid-gas converter. In one embodiment, the invention is an automobile with a liquid-gas converter located within an engine bay, a radiator located adjacent the liquid-gas converter, a first fan located adjacent the radiator, a fuel cell and motor with the inverter located adjacent the first fan, the fuel cell supplying electricity to the motor with the inverter to drive the vehicle. The invention can also include a temperature sensor located on an exterior surface the automobile to sense an ambient temperature, a heater core connected to the liquid-gas converter and located between the engine bay and the passenger area, and a control unit connected to the first fan, the temperature sensor, and the heater core.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a method and apparatus for removing ice layers and/or snow layers and/or dirt layers from the rotor blades of axial fans in cooling installations for refrigerating and/or freezing products. At least one cleaning substance jet is directed toward the rotor blades of an axial fan within certain time intervals in such a way that ice layers and/or snow layers and/or dirt layers are at least separated from the surfaces of the rotor blades and transported away, wherein the rotor blades rotate with nominal speed while cleaning jets act upon their surfaces.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes a secondary cooling path for circulating liquid coolant through the refrigerator wherein the liquid coolant is cooled by the freezer compartment and wherein the liquid coolant cools the ice maker and the ice bin as the liquid coolant circulates through the secondary cooling path. A pump is positioned along the secondary cooling path for pumping the liquid coolant through the secondary cooling path. A tube having a first end proximate the pump and an opposite end exposed to atmosphere may control suction pressure associated with the pump. The refrigerator reduces frost build up through configuration of the secondary cooling path or performing ice harvesting operations which melt frost. The secondary cooling path may be used to provide for circulating hot liquid. The secondary cooling path may be used to provide for circulating liquid coolant during a power outage.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a refrigerator and a defrost control method thereof that are capable of sensing an amount of frost formed on an evaporator based on a change amount of absolute humidity in the refrigerator to control a defrost operation. A defrost control method of a refrigerator including a storage chamber and an evaporator to cool the storage chamber, includes sensing absolute humidity in the storage chamber, determining an estimated amount of frost formed on the evaporator using time segments in which the absolute humidity in the storage chamber decreases, and controlling a defrost operation based on the estimated amount of frost. According to the present embodiments, it is possible to perform the defrost operation at the point of time for optimum defrost, thereby maximizing energy efficiency and cooling efficiency.

Abstract: A defrost heater relay control circuit having reduced power consumption during a de-energized mode of operation is provided. The relay drive circuit utilizes a series connected capacitor to introduce a phase shift in the AC current waveform such that the amount of real power dissipated in the circuit during periods when the defrost heater control relay is de-energized is greatly reduced. This effectively shorts out the relay drive voltage without generating heat due to real power dissipation through the switched circuitry that disables the relay.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a defrost system for defrosting components on which frost is formed, where the defrost system comprises at least one compressor, whish compressor has a hot gas outlet, which is connected to condensing means, from where primarily liquid refrigerant is connected to pressure reduction means, from where the flushing refrigerant is led towards evaporator means. The object of the invention is to perform effective defrosting by a defrost system. This can be achieved if the defrost system is formed as an independent cooling system, where the condensing means are transmitting heat to the defrosting components, where the evaporator is cooperating with external cooling means or from the refrigeration system, enabling defrost without deflecting the main system. It can hereby be achieved that the defrost system can operate completely independent of another refrigeration system.

Abstract: A refrigeration machine for a domestic refrigerator includes a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator, which are connected to form a refrigerant circuit, wherein a stop valve is arranged in a refrigerant path from the condenser to the evaporator.

Abstract: A vending machine system includes a control module for controlling a cooling system. The cooling system, which includes an evaporator, may omit a heating element for defrosting the evaporator. In operation, the control module cycles an evaporator fan in conjunction with a compressor based on a required set temperature to help keep products within a specified range. In an embodiment, the evaporator fan is turned on and off at substantially the same time as the compressor is turned on and off. In another embodiment, there is a predetermined delay after the compressor is turned on and off before the evaporator is respectively turned on and off. Other variations are contemplated.

Abstract: A refrigerator control method is provided that may efficiently perform a defrosting operation. The method includes performing a normal operation of a refrigerating storage room and a normal operation of a freezing storage room selectively or simultaneously, setting a variable defrosting period, which is varied according to set parameters including the relative humidity of external air, and performing a defrosting operation based on the set defrosting period.

Abstract: A refrigeration control device to reduce power consumption of a refrigeration appliance has an ambient temperature/humidity sensor and a main controller. The ambient temperature/humidity sensor is mounted outside the refrigeration appliance. The main controller is mounted in the refrigeration appliance, is electronically connected to the ambient temperature/humidity sensor and at least one defogging heater in the refrigeration appliance and stores a dew point formula, a defogging database and a defogging control process. The defogging database is a table of multiple standard dew point values and multiple defogging duration values. The defogging control process calculates a dew point from the dew point formula, enters the table with the closest standard dew point value and extracts the corresponding defogging duration value from the table in the defogging database and activates the defogging heater for a number of times equal to the extracted defogging duration value.

Abstract: A system and method for refrigeration timer control having an energy efficient defrost cycle are provided. The system and method provide a delay time after the refrigeration cycle and prior to the defrost cycle. During this delay period the evaporator fan may run. The fan circulation and the heat from the fan coil provide a pre-warm cycle to the evaporator prior to the defrost cycle. To further enhance energy efficiency, the system and method may also provide a pre-refrigeration cycle after the defrost cycle. During this pre-refrigeration cycle only the compressor is energized. This prevents warm moist air from being circulated until the evaporator coils are cooled.

Abstract: A method of controlling a refrigerated merchandiser. The method includes providing a case that defines a product display area and an air passage that has an inlet and an outlet, positioning an evaporator in the air passage to refrigerate the air, positioning a fan in the air passage to move the air through the passage, and logging a first temperature value during frost-free operation of the evaporator. The method also includes logging a second temperature value during frosted operation of the evaporator, calculating a difference of the first and second temperature values, and defrosting the evaporator when the difference exceeds a pre-determined value. Each of the first temperature value and the second temperature value is independently associated with at least one of the air entering the inlet of the air passage, the air exiting the outlet of the air passage, and saturated evaporator temperature.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for making and sensing ice. Also, apparatus and methods for sensing the change of phase of a substance. In one embodiment, a fringe-effect capacitor is placed proximate to a substance, such as water, which is undergoing a phase change, such as the change of phase from the liquid state to the solid state. During this change, the dielectric constant of the substance changes, and thereby changes the electrical flux between conductors of the fringe-effect capacitor. Also, apparatus and methods as described above, and using a capacitor but not a fringe-effect capacitor.

Abstract: A refrigerator and a method to control the same are provided. The refrigerator includes a body having a supercooling compartment, a cooling unit to provide cool air to the supercooling compartment, an electromagnetic radiation sensor to detect electromagnetic radiation emitted when a food placed in the supercooling compartment begins to freeze, an energy supply to apply energy to the food placed in the supercooling compartment to prevent freezing of the food, and a controller to receive a detection signal from the electromagnetic radiation and then to activate the energy supply. Electromagnetic radiation emitted from each beverage in a supercooled state when the beverage begins to freeze is detected and energy is applied to the beverage according to the detection.

Abstract: An adaptive defrost control for a frozen product machine implements an algorithm that utilizes various operating parameters of the machine to adaptively adjust the time interval between successive defrost cycles in a manner such that defrost cycles occur only on an as-needed basis. The adaptive defrost control minimizes the time during which the machine is in a defrost cycle, thereby maximizing the uptime of the machine during which frozen can be prepared.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems and methods are disclosed for efficient elimination of door and frame condensation at widely utilized commercial freezer/refrigeration display cases. The apparatus includes a local controller unit connected with an array of case sensors including an internal case temperature sensor, an external case frame temperature sensor and a dew point sensor. The case frame temperature sensor and dew point sensor are housed to thermally isolate sensing elements thereof from effects of frame temperature changes and ambient air temperature in the vicinity of a sensing element, and to limit heat transfer by the housing to the sensing elements thereby improving sensing accuracy and apparatus performance.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling a vehicle HVAC system to automatically defog a windshield glass and to prevent fogging or condensation of the windshield glass. The ambient air temperature and vehicle speed are measured and used to determine a windshield glass temperature. The in-cabin air temperature and relative humidity are measured and used to determine a dewpoint. An dewpoint margin is calculated to compensate for sensor accuracy and fog predictability. A fog margin, which is based upon calculated windshield glass temperature and dewpoint, is calculated and used, in conjunction with the dewpoint margin, to control the HVAC system to anticipate potential fogging conditions and to scale the intensity of the HVAC system response based upon the severity of fogging conditions.

Abstract: Methods, systems and computer readable code for controlling a defrost cycle of a refrigeration device are disclosed. According to some embodiments, a defrost command is issued to a defrost heater at a time determined at least in part by a total wasted energy parameter of the compressor for at least one time interval. In some embodiments, time interval includes a plurality of runtimes, and the total wasted energy parameter of a runtime is measured relative to a chosen reference runtime such as a minimum energy runtime after a defrost or an early runtime after a defrost. Optionally, a sequence of wasted energy parameters of the compressor for a sequence of time intervals is analyzed, and then a correction is performed on at least one wasted energy parameter.

Abstract: A heat pump is provided with an improvement while switching from heating/cooling mode to a defrost mode. Prior to initiation of a defrost mode, an electronic expansion device is moved to an open position such that refrigerant can migrate between the indoor-outdoor heat exchangers. When the operation of the defrost cycle is initiated, there is a lower likelihood and severity of flooded starts, as the refrigerant, under existing pressure differential at system shutdown, will move to the heat exchanger that will be downstream of the compressor in the defrost mode. Thus, no flooded start will occur on the subsequent compressor start-up. After completion of the defrost cycle, the electronic expansion device is again opened prior to return to operation in the conventional heating/cooling mode. In case subsequent starts are in an identical mode of operation, the electronic expansion valve is kept closed during shutdown to minimize cyclic performance losses.

Abstract: A build-up monitoring system in combination with a refrigerated enclosure comprises a refrigerated enclosure having a drain, a drain basin and a refrigeration unit adapted to maintain refrigerating conditions in the refrigerated enclosure. A build-up detector is positioned with respect to the refrigerated enclosure so as to monitor a level of build-up in the drain/drain basin. A condition analyzer receives detection data from the build-up detector, the condition analyzer identifying from the detection data a build-up in the drain/drain basin requiring an intervention. An interface indicates the requirement for the intervention. A method is provided to identify a build-up requiring an intervention in a drain/drain basin of a refrigerated enclosure.

Abstract: A frost management system for use in a refrigeration cabinet having a base and sidewalls defining an opening to provide access into the refrigeration cabinet. A heating member is positioned proximate to the opening exterior of the sidewalls for heating of frost accumulated on the sidewalls. The first heating member may be activated for a time to cause accumulated frost to be melted, thereby permitting the resulting liquid to flow down the sidewalls toward the base and be refrozen. For full defrost operation of the device, there may be a second heating member positioned proximate to the base of the refrigeration cabinet. The second heating member may be activated to heat a portion of the ice to enable its removal. There is also disclosed a method for managing frost in a refrigeration cabinet.

Abstract: A refrigerator has a machine compartment located at its top end. The refrigerator includes a drain tube and a pump coupled to the drain tube and located at the bottom end of the refrigerator. The pump transfers the accumulated condensation from the drain tube to a pan located at the top end of the refrigerator. The heat and airflow generated by the machine compartment then evaporates the condensation from the pan.

Abstract: There is provided a compressor and an air conditioner capable of preventing a piston from being locked to a cylinder by iced matters. A compressor operation control section 18 of a control unit 20 stops the piston 2 in a high-temperature region HR of comparatively high temperatures where frost or ice of an inner circumferential surface of the cylinder 1 is less easily generated. As a result, generation of iced matters between the high-temperature region HR of the inner circumferential surface of the cylinder 1 and the piston 2 is prevented, so that a lock of the piston 2 due to iced matters can be prevented.

Abstract: A method for controlling a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system having an air vent associated with a window for blowing an air flow of controlled temperature thereon; the HVAC system having a refrigeration unit with a compressor and an evaporator, and blowing means for forcing air over the evaporator to the air vent. The method includes a first step (a) of activating the compressor while deactivating the blowing means during a first period for condensing moisture of the air contained in the HVAC system. The method includes a further step (b) comprising, at the expiry of the first period, activating the blowing means and keeping the compressor active during a second period for sufficiently reducing the dew-point temperature of air blown by the HVAC system, and deactivating the compressor at the expiry of the second period.

Abstract: An air conditioning system includes an indoor heat exchange unit which exchanges heat with indoor air, and an outdoor heat exchange unit which exchanges heat with outdoor air. The outdoor heat exchange unit performs a defrosting operation to remove frost from the outdoor heat exchange unit while the indoor heat exchange unit simultaneously performs a heating operation to heat the indoor air.

Abstract: A freezer for the storage of blood plasma and other blood products is disclosed.

Abstract: Multi-type air conditioner comprising an outdoor unit installed in an outdoor, comprising a compressor, a refrigerant flow controlling part connected to a discharge end of the compressor for guiding the refrigerant proper to operation conditions selectively, an outdoor heat exchanger connected to the refrigerant flow controlling part, a defrosting device at a side of the outdoor heat exchanger, and a piping system connected between the parts, a plurality of indoor units each installed in a room and having an indoor heat exchanger and an electronic expansion valve having one end connected to one end of the indoor heat exchanger, and a distributor between the outdoor unit and the indoor units for selectively guiding refrigerant from the outdoor unit to the plurality of indoor units proper to operation conditions, and guiding the refrigerant passed through the indoor units to the outdoor unit again.

Abstract: An antifreeze composition and method of use provides safety and protection for potable water systems in RVs, vacation homes, swimming pools and raw water cooled marine engines against freeze damage. The antifreeze composition includes propylene glycol, a sorbitol surfactant having a high Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB) number and water. The preferred sorbitol surfactant consists of food grade polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate. By directing the antifreeze composition into these water systems, freeze damage is prevented even when the temperature drops to extremely low levels.

Abstract: A defrosting method of an air conditioner is disclosed. The air conditioner has an indoor unit having an indoor heat-exchanger, an indoor blower fan, an auxiliary heater, an outdoor unit having an outdoor heat-exchanger, a compressor, an expansion device, and an outdoor blower fan, and a four-way valve to selectively switch a circulation direction of a refrigerant between the indoor unit and the outdoor unit such that the air conditioner is operated in a heating cycle when the four-way valve is turned off and the air conditioner is operated in a refrigerating cycle when the four-way valve is turned on. The defrosting method is selectively determined according to the number of the heating cycles of the air conditioner.

Abstract: Air conditioner, and method for controlling an operation of the same, the air conditioner including a sheath heater in the accumulator for heating the refrigerant in room heating for delaying deposition of frost on the outdoor heat exchanger. The sheath heater includes a coil formed heat generating part, and two electrodes connected to the heat generating part for supplying power. The method including the step of varying the heat generating rate of the sheath heater with an exterior temperature or a capacity of the indoor unit, thereby delaying deposition of frost on the outdoor heat exchanger.

Abstract: A probe and method for simulating refrigerated product temperature includes a housing containing a thermal mass having thermo-physical properties similar to refrigerated food product, a temperature sensing element operable to measure the temperature of the thermal mass, and a transceiver in communication with the sensing element and operable to wirelessly transmit data from a refrigeration display case to a remote receiver.

Abstract: A device and method for automatically preventing misting of the windscreen of a vehicle, wherein a number of sensors determine ambient conditions capable of misting the windscreen, and, upon such ambient conditions occurring, an electronic central control unit automatically activates the air-conditioning system of the vehicle to prevent the windscreen from misting. The device has and the method utilizes a radiant mean temperature sensor arranged inside the vehicle passenger compartment to measure temperature inside the passenger compartment. The radiant mean temperature sensor (4) has a field of view including at least part of the windscreen.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a condenser for an air-based climate control system, having an inlet and an outlet for the air to be cooled, an inlet and an outlet for the cool air, a heat exchange unit for heat transfer between the air to be cooled and the cool air, a bypass that circumvents the cool-air side of the heat exchange unit at least within a certain area, and a hot-air inlet on the cool-air side by means of which hot air can be fed into the condenser. A particularly low humidity even in partial power operation with continued high flow-through capacity of the climate control system is achieved according to the invention in that the hot-air inlet is positioned in such a way that the hot air essentially flows in a partial area of the inlet on the cool-air side of the condenser and that the bypass inlet is positioned in the partial area downstream from the hot-air inlet.

Abstract: A refrigerator with an evaporator having a refrigerant pipe, and a defrosting heater placed below the evaporator and defrosting the evaporator, wherein the refrigerant pipe includes a main refrigerant pipe evaporating a refrigerant, and a heat-transfer refrigerant pipe extended from a lower part of the main refrigerant pipe so as to exchange heat, and disposed adjacent to the defrosting heater. Therefore, the refrigerator can defrost an evaporator quickly and uniformly.

Abstract: The regulated heating and air conditioning installations normally enable, when controlled, integration of the main factors affecting the comfort of passengers, in particular preventing the windscreen and the other windows from getting clouded. In order to detect incipient mist formation, condensation and moisture sensors generate detection signals, which initiate steps for preventing mist formation when a threshold value is exceeded. Measures are taken for preventing mist formation based on requirements and in a manner adapted to the changing moisture conditions of the glass panes, for example, by using points of intervention stored in a processor. Steps are therefore taken to prevent mist formation, based on moisture variation gradients of the glass panes.

Abstract: The accumulation period between defrost cycles of a refrigeration apparatus having a electrical defrost heater is calculated on the basis of energy expended to remove the ice from the coil during the previous defrost cycle. In this way, variations in the voltage level being delivered to the heater coil are taken into account and the degree of ice build-up on the coil between defrost cycles can be more accurately controlled.