Abstract: A gravity bending mold for bending glass sheets, the gravity bending mold comprising a peripheral shaping rail, the peripheral shaping rail having at least one end section, and at least one auxiliary rail mounted on the peripheral shaping rail, the or each auxiliary rail being respectively mounted adjacent to at least a portion of a respective end section by at least one mount that is adapted to permit relative vertical movement of the auxiliary rail with respect to the respective end section, a tripping mechanism for selectively and temporarily disposing the auxiliary rail in a raised position with respect to the respective end section, and a latch mechanism connected to the tripping mechanism, the latch mechanism being adapted to be engaged by an external actuator to cause relative vertical movement of the auxiliary rail with respect to the respective end section, by operation of the tripping mechanism, so that the auxiliary rail is subsequently disposed in a lowered position with respect to the respective

Abstract: A device and method for bending a glazing unit or plural glazing units positioned one on top of the other, with a first train of carriages, bearing transport supports and running between a loading zone in which at least one glazing unit is deposited on a transport support of a carriage and a transfer zone, a furnace section heating the glazing units to their bending temperature in their path towards the transfer zone, and a second train of carriages running between the transfer zone and a final cooling section with an unloading station, which is equipped with transport supports that differ from the transport supports of the first train of carriages.

Abstract: The pressure sensor of the invention includes at least one platform, at least one measuring membrane 30, and a transducer, wherein the measuring membrane comprises a semiconductor material, wherein the measuring membrane, enclosing a pressure chamber, is secured on the platform, wherein the measuring membrane is contactable with at least one pressure and is elastically deformable in a pressure-dependent manner, wherein the transducer provides an electrical signal dependent on deformation of the measuring membrane, wherein the platform has a membrane bed, on which the measuring membrane lies in the case of overload, in order to support the measuring membrane, wherein the membrane bed 21 has a glass layer 20, whose surface faces the measuring membrane and forms a wall of the pressure chamber, wherein the surface of the glass layer has a contour, which is suitable for supporting the measuring membrane 30 in the case of overload, characterized in that the contour of the membrane bed 21 is obtainable by a sagging

Abstract: A method for forming shaped articles (28?) includes preparing a stack (26) having at least an adjacent set (27) of preformed material (28) and forming mold (30), where the preformed material (28) has an edge portion (34) that extends beyond a periphery of the forming mold (30), and the forming mold (30) has an external surface (32) with a desired surface profile of a shaped article. The stack (28) is heated. The stack (28) is advanced through a constriction (56) that has an internal surface configured to fold the edge portion (34) of the preformed material (28) into contact with the external surface (32) of the forming mold (30) as the edge portion (34) passes through the constriction (56), thereby forming a shaped article (28?) from the preformed material (28). The shaped article (28?) is then separated from the forming mold (30).

Abstract: A coated article is provided which may be heat treated (e.g., thermally tempered) and/or heat bent in certain example instances. In certain example embodiments, a zinc stannate based layer is provided between a tin oxide based layer and a silicon nitride based layer, and this has been found to significantly reduce undesirable mottling damage upon heat treatment/bending. This results in significantly improved bendability of the coated article in applications such as vehicle windshields and the like.

Abstract: A method for bending a sheet of material into a shaped article includes providing the sheet of material. A reformable area and a non-reformable area of the sheet of material are heated to a first temperature range corresponding to a first viscosity range. The reformable area of the sheet of material is subsequently heated to a second temperature range corresponding to a second viscosity range. The reformable area of the sheet of material is reformed into a selected shape by at least one of sagging the reformable area of the sheet of material and applying a force to the sheet of material outside of or near a boundary of the reformable area.

Abstract: A process and system for bending glass sheets heated to their softening point. The glass sheets are laid on a concave bending frame and prebent by gravity. The prebent glass sheets are transferred to a transfer former with a concave forming surface, the transfer former being moved up through the concave bending frame, the perimeter of which is larger, and thus picking up the glass sheets. The transfer former is positioned so that in vertical projection it overlies a final bending former in the form of a frame with a concave forming surface. The transfer former is moved up through the larger-diameter final bending former, the glass sheets being laid on the final bending former. The glass sheets are bent into their final shape, and at the end of the bending operation, the glass sheets in their final shape are transferred from the final bending former to a transport system and cooled.

Abstract: A method for the production of an arc-shaped glass or glass-ceramic molded part is provided, whereby a green glass blank is brought to a temperature state in which its viscosity makes forming possible and the green glass blank is pressed onto shaped on an arc-shaped supporting surface of a mold by at least one moveable lower holder so as to produce a glass or glass-ceramic molded part with an arc-shaped region that spans an angle greater than 180°.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing a sheet of curved glass comprising an opening involving bending followed by cooling, the periphery of the sheet and the periphery of the opening being supported, at least at the start of cooling, by a skeleton.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing monolithic glass reflectors for concentrating sunlight in a solar energy system is disclosed. The method of manufacturing allows large monolithic glass reflectors to be made from float glass in order to realize significant cost savings on the total system cost for a solar energy system. The method of manufacture includes steps of heating a sheet of float glass positioned over a concave mold until the sheet of glass sags and stretches to conform to the shape of the mold. The edges of the dish-shaped glass are rolled for structural stiffening around the periphery. The dish-shaped glass is then silvered to create a dish-shaped mirror that reflects solar radiation to a focus. The surface of the mold that contacts the float glass preferably has a grooved surface profile comprising a plurality of cusps and concave valleys. This grooved profile minimizes the contact area and marring of the specular glass surface, reduces parasitic heat transfer into the mold and increases mold lifetime.

Abstract: A flat glass sheet and a mold having a mold cavity defined by a shaping surface are provided. The shaping surface has a surface profile of a shaped glass article. At least one edge alignment pin is provided on the mold at an edge of the shaping surface. The glass sheet is leaned against the edge of the shaping surface such that an edge of the glass sheet abuts the edge alignment pin. The glass sheet is then heated. The glass sheet is sagged onto the shaping surface of the mold so that the glass assumes the surface profile of the shaped glass article and thereby form the shaped glass article. The edge alignment pin aligns the edge of the glass sheet with the mold cavity as the glass sheet sags onto the shaping of the mold. The shaped glass article is removed from the mold.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a formed article comprising forming an upper surface of a forming material comprised of a thermosoftening substance into a desired shape by positioning the forming material on a forming surface of a mold and heating the forming material to a temperature permitting deformation to bring an entire surface of a lower surface of the forming material into tight contact with the forming surface.

Abstract: A gravity bending mould includes an intermediate mould and a final mould. The final mould comprises a final movable mould section mounted at an end of the mould and the intermediate mould comprises an intermediate movable mould section mounted at the end of the mould adjacent to the final movable section. The final movable mould section is connected via a mechanical linkage to the intermediate mould such that upon moving one of the intermediate mould and the final mould vertically with respect to the other, and at the same time at least one of the intermediate mould and the final mould moves with respect to the mechanical linkage, the gravity bending mould is caused to move between a first arrangement and a second arrangement. There is also provided a method of bending glass sheets using such a mould.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gravity bending oven for glass panes, provided with several heating groups (5) (16) which are arranged in a cistern-shaped oven lower part (1) and a cover-shaped oven upper-part (2), and heat insulation (8) arranged on the inside of the oven walls (7). According to the invention, a plurality of channels (9) are arranged in the heat insulation, said channels being cross-flown by a heat transfer medium and are used to guide heat away from the heat insulation. The invention also relates to a gravity bending method for glass panes, which can be carried out, preferably, using said type of oven.

Abstract: There are the steps of conveying a glass plate by a roller conveyor including a plurality of rollers; and moving a roller in contact with the glass plate in conveyance to position the glass plate so as to conform a posture of the glass plate to a reference posture.

Abstract: The cover according to the invention serves to encapsulate microsystems, wherein the cover comprises or is made of one or more cover units, and at least one cover unit comprises at least one first recess caused by deformation and bounded at least partially by at least one optical window, the quadratic surface roughness thereof being less than or equal to 25 nm. The invention further relates to a method for producing optical components, wherein the method is particularly also suitable for producing a cover according to the invention allowing encapsulation at the wafer level.

Abstract: A glazing element-bending process including first to fourth stages. The first stage bends the glazing element through gravitational depression on a first support providing it with a first central depression. The second stage continues the bending of the glazing element through gravitational depression on a second support, providing it with a second central depression more pronounced than the first and until such time as the whole periphery of the glazing element enters into contact with the second support, the glazing element being at a sufficiently high temperature to enable its central part to continue to sag following contact of the whole of the periphery. The third stage continues the bending of the glazing element through gravitational depression, providing it with a third central depression more pronounced than the second, the periphery being always in contact with the second support. The fourth stage halts the depression of the glazing element by cooling and gives it the desired final shape.

Abstract: A method for bending radiation shielding glass which has a heavy metal oxide content of at least 50% by weight is provided, wherein first a mold is provided, a glass plate comprising a radiation shielding glass is then provided, the mold is preheated to a temperature of 300 to 400° C., the glass plate is placed on the mold, the glass plate and the mold are heated in a furnace to a temperature of 370 to 430° C., then heated together to a temperature of 400° C. to 500° C., preferably to 440 to 500° C., the total heating time being at least 30 minutes, preferably at least 60 minutes, the glass plate is then molded and finally the molded glass is cooled by means of a cooling program over a period of at least 60 minutes. For thermal prestressing, the glass body is supported at least at its outer periphery at a number of support points, introduced into a preheated furnace, heated to 400 to 500° C.

Abstract: A method for producing a shaped body (10) made of glass or glass ceramics comprises the steps of: (a) placing at least two glass blanks (12a, 12b) side by side on a shaped surface (14) of a temperature-resistant sagging mold (13); (b) sagging the glass blanks (12a, 12b) onto the shaped surface (14) by heating the sagging mold (13) and the glass blanks (12a, 12b); (c) attaching the sagged glass blanks (10a, 10b) to each other in order to form the shaped body (10); and (d) lifting the shaped body (10) from the sagging mold (13). A shaped body (10) comprises at least two glass blanks (10a, 10b) attached side by side and formed by sagging.

Abstract: A gravity bending mould for bending glass sheets is disclosed. The mould comprises a final mould having a final peripheral shaping rim and an intermediate mould having an intermediate peripheral shaping rim. The final mould has a final articulated end portion having a final movable shaping rail and is mounted at an end of the mould. The intermediate mould has an intermediate articulated end portion having an intermediate movable shaping rail and is mounted at the end of the mould adjacent to the final articulated end portion. The final articulated end portion and the intermediate articulated end portion are arranged so that at least a portion of the final movable shaping rail is alignable with at least a portion of the intermediate movable shaping rail to form part of the intermediate peripheral shaping rim. There is also provided a method of bending glass sheets using such a mould.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a glass plate having a concave surface and an opposite flat surface includes: providing a flat glass plate and a molding die having a concave surface; covering the concave surface of the molding die with the flat glass plate; heating the flat glass plate and the molding die together to intenerate and bend the flat glass plate to form a curved glass plate with a surface thereof facing the molding die attached to the concave surface of the molding die, the curved glass plate having a concave surface facing away from the molding die and a convex surface facing the molding die; and flattening the convex surface of the curved glass plate.

Abstract: A gravity bending mould for bending glass sheets is disclosed. The gravity bending mould comprises an intermediate mould having an intermediate movable mould section and a final mould having a final movable mould section. Each movable mould section is movable between an operable position and an inoperable position respectively. The intermediate and final movable mould sections are adapted successively to engage a glass sheet during a gravity bending operation. There is a mechanical connection between the intermediate and final movable mould sections, the mechanical connection being selectively disposable in a first configuration, at which the intermediate and final movable mould sections are in the operable and inoperable positions respectively, and in a second configuration, at which the final and intermediate movable mould sections are in the operable position and inoperable positions respectively.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems and methods for alignment of a glass member for high temperature processing are disclosed. The high temperature processing can, for example, pertain to a slumping process to mold glass into a predetermined shape (e.g., a three-dimensional shape). In one embodiment, a glass slumping system can have a mold and an alignment system that support a glass member to be slumped relative to the mold. The alignment system may have a plurality of alignment members being configured to move away from the glass member as the temperature increases during the slumping process to allow the glass member to bend around the mold without interference.

Abstract: A production method for laminated glass capable of performing a firing step for a fired substance and a bend-forming step to an inner sheet and an outer sheet in the same forming furnace when laminated glass having a fired substance between an inner sheet and an outer sheet is produced, whereby the inner sheet and the outer sheet overlap each other with high accuracy and a production device thereof, are provided. A production method for laminated glass having a fired substance between an inner sheet 2 and an outer sheet 3 wherein a firing step for firing a fired substance in a state that the inner sheet 2 and the outer sheet 3 are kept away and a bend-forming step in a state that the inner sheet 2 and the outer sheet 3 overlap each other, is carried out in the same forming furnace.

Abstract: The apparatus performs a forced reshaping of a flat green glass part during a ceramicizing process in which the viscosity of the glass is temporarily lowered due to crystallization heat. The apparatus includes a continuous furnace (3) for the ceramicizing process: a reshaping device (2?) provided with activating openings (6); and vertically movable pressure-operated reshaping tools (9) arranged in the reshaping device (2?). The furnace (3) is provided with lateral openings (4) for temporarily connecting activating lines (8) to the activating openings (6) of the reshaping device (2?) in a sealed manner in order to operate the reshaping tools (9) by supplying pressurized air to the reshaping device or by producing a low pressure in the reshaping device (2?).

Abstract: There are the steps of conveying a glass plate by a roller conveyor including a plurality of rollers; and moving a roller in contact with the glass plate in conveyance to position the glass plate so as to conform a posture of the glass plate to a reference posture.

Abstract: A gravity bending mould for bending glass sheets, the gravity bending mould comprising a peripheral shaping rail, the peripheral shaping rail having at least one end section, and at least one auxiliary rail mounted on the peripheral shaping rail, the or each auxiliary rail being respectively mounted adjacent to at least a portion of a respective end section by at least one mount that is adapted to permit relative vertical movement of the auxiliary rail with respect to the respective end section, a tripping mechanism for selectively and temporarily disposing the auxiliary rail in a raised position with respect to the respective end section, and a latch mechanism connected to the tripping mechanism, the latch mechanism being adapted to be engaged by an external actuator to cause relative vertical movement of the auxiliary rail with respect to the respective end section, by operation of the tripping mechanism, so that the auxiliary rail is subsequently disposed in a lowered position with respect to the respectiv

Abstract: In a method of making shaped glass articles, a glass sheet is placed on a mold having a shaping surface with a desired surface profile of a shaped glass article. The glass sheet is preferentially and rapidly heated by radiation while in the vicinity of the mold so that the mold remains substantially cooler than the glass sheet during the heating. The glass sheet is sagged onto the shaping surface of the mold so that at least a portion of the sagged sheet assumes the desired surface profile of the shaped glass article. After sagging and shaping, the sagged and shaped glass sheet is removed from the mold.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for bending a glass sheet and a method for bending a glass sheet including an apparatus and a method for conveying a glass sheet, and it aims at producing with good efficiency a glass sheet of high quality, having complicated configuration.

Abstract: For bending a glass sheet so that the glass sheet has a compound curvature, an apparatus comprises a furnace including hearth beds on a bed support and a quenching unit provided with upper and lower air blowers. The final hearth bed may have a top surface with a simple curvature, be provided with one upstream corner cut away thereby defining a cut surface section and arranged in such a manner that the cut surface section is nearly parallel to the hearth bed adjacent to the final hearth bed. Alternatively, the final hearth bed may have a top surface with a compound curvature, so that the glass sheet is bent under the conditions set by controlling a temperature in a downstream part of the furnace, adjusting the inclination of the lower air blower and/or rotating final hearth bed so as to reverse the upstream and downstream ends thereof.

Abstract: A glass sheet, which has been heated to have a viscosity of not lower than 105 Pa·s and not higher than 108 Pa·s, is pressed against a mold having a certain bending surface to be bent. There are a step for controlling a bending temperature T and a bending time period t for the glass sheet so as to satisfy the following formulas 1 and 2, and a step for bending the glass sheet: 0.05<?<2.00Formula 1 ? = ? 0 t ? P ? ( ? ) ? ? ( T ) ? ? ? Formula ? ? 2 where P(?) is a surface pressure difference (unit: Pa) between a pressure applied on a primary surface of the glass sheet and a pressure applied on a rear surface of the glass sheet at a time ?, t is a bending time period (unit: s), ?(T) is the viscosity (unit: Pa·s) of the glass sheet at a temperature T, and T is a bending temperature (unit: ° C.) at the time ?.

Abstract: Glass sheets to be bent are conveyed continuously into a tunnel kiln in which the temperature is adjusted progressively to glass-softening temperature. At least one part of the kiln comprises distributed heating means opposite at least one part of the surface of the sheets, such as to provide a temperature distribution that is selected according to the desired curvature. The heating is distributed using heating elements that are positioned opposite the sheets and the power delivered by each element is selected in order to provide the desired temperature distribution, the movement of the sheet being accompanied by the successive synchronized operation of the heating elements that are disposed along the path thereof.

Abstract: In a method for bending, in pairs, panes placed one upon the other, heated to their softening temperature, the pair or panes is deposited on a bending frame and prebent under action of the force of gravity. The prebent pair of panes is transferred onto a suction bending mold with a concave forming face, the underside of the lowermost pane being supported at least on the peripheral edge of the forming face. By applying a depression for a predetermined length of time, the air is sucked out of the intermediate space between the underside of the lowermost pane and the suction bending mold, and the pair of panes is pressed by atmospheric pressure onto the concave forming face of the suction bending mold. After the end of the application of the depression, the finished molded pair of panes is transferred from the suction bending mold onto a transport device and is cooled.

Abstract: A method for producing a shaped body (10) made of glass or glass ceramics comprises the steps of: (a) placing at least two glass blanks (12a, 12b) side by side on a shaped surface (14) of a temperature-resistant sagging mold (13); (b) sagging the glass blanks (12a, 12b) onto the shaped surface (14) by heating the sagging mold (13) and the glass blanks (12a, 12b); (c) attaching the sagged glass blanks (10a, 10b) to each other in order to form the shaped body (10); and (d) lifting the shaped body (10) from the sagging mold (13). A shaped body (10) comprises at least two glass blanks (10a, 10b) attached side by side and formed by sagging.

Abstract: An apparatus for shaping heat softened glass sheets includes an upper mold having a full surface press face with a shaping surface generally contoured to the desired curvature of the sheets; a support device to support the sheets below the upper mold; a shaping rail having an upper sheet supporting surface that supports selected peripheral portions of the sheets, the sheet supporting surface having a profile corresponding to desired elevational contours of the selected peripheral portions of the sheets and complimenting corresponding portions of the upper mold shaping surface; a chamber positioned below the sheets; a moving device for moving the upper mold and the shaping rail relative to each other so as to press at least a periphery of the sheets against the upper mold shaping surface, and a connector to direct pressurized gas into the chamber to urge the sheets towards the upper mold press face.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for bending and/or tempering glass substrate(s) are provided. The amount of near-IR radiation which reaches the glass to be bent and/or tempered is limited (e.g., via filtering or any other suitable technique). Thus, the IR radiation (used for heating the glass) which reaches the glass to be bent and/or tempered includes mostly mid-IR and/or far-IR radiation, and not much near-IR. In such a manner, coating(s) provided on the glass can be protected and kept at lower temperatures so as to be less likely to be damaged during the bending and/or tempering process. Heating efficiency can be improved.

Abstract: A process for forming glass or glass ceramics is disclosed, wherein a glass ceramics form (12) is made from a starting glass by molding, which is transformed by a heat treatment into a keatite glass ceramic comprising predominantly keatite mixed crystals. With such a keatite glass ceramics form (12) formed bodies can be prepared from blank parts by sagging under gravity force at a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the blank part (14) (FIG. 1).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for bending glass substrate(s) are provided. Microwave radiation is used to heat glass substrate(s) for bending. As a result, a coating supported by the substrate(s) is not heated as much during the bending process compared to if only conventional IR radiation was used. Thus, more extreme degrees of glass bending may be achieved, and/or the likelihood of coating damage reduced.

Abstract: A roller assembly for a glass sheet bending apparatus has a guide shaft bent to have a predetermined curvature and a plurality of ring rollers fitted rotatably to the guide shaft whereby a glass sheet is bent while the glass sheet is transferred into a predetermined direction by the rotation of the ring rollers, wherein the guide shaft is formed by overlapping a plurality of strip members bendable to have predetermined curvatures and the ring rollers are rotatably fitted to the guide shaft by means of bearings.

Abstract: Artistic panes having flat and planar margins with laterally offset central regions and deformations, as well as devices and methods for making the same, are shown and described. Devices and assemblies for manufacturing such artistic panes incorporate support members and raised boundary members, and can incorporate masses and/or piles of powder to create various deformations in the artistic panes. Methods of manufacturing such artistic panes can incorporate slump processes, sag processes and rolling processes.

Abstract: An apparatus for bending a glass sheet includes a final hearth bed. This final hearth bed has a top surface that is upwardly convexly curved along a plane perpendicular to an axis of the glass sheet. The top surface has an upstream end, a downstream end that is at a level lower than that of the upstream end, and an intermediate point defined therebetween. The top surface has (a) a first section that extends from the upstream end to the intermediate point and that is parallel with the axis or upwardly inclined relative to the axis and (b) a second section that extends from the intermediate point to the downstream end and that is downwardly inclined relative to the axis. The final hearth bed has a bottom surface that is along the first direction or inclined downwardly relative to the first direction.

Abstract: A glass sheet forming system (20) includes a roll bending station (28) having a lower roll conveyor (30) and an upper roll former (32) between which a heated glass sheet is progressively formed with a curved shape by lower and upper rolls (50) and (52) supported on lower and upper elongated beams (46) and (48) that extend along the direction of conveyance.

Abstract: A system for adjusting position of glass plates includes (1) a chain for conveying glass plates into a bending furnace, the chain having (a) alternate links, (b) connecting pins for holding the alternate links together, (c) extension pins extending from some of the connecting pins toward the corresponding glass plates; (2) supporting members fixed to the extension pins, for supporting the glass plates and for guiding the glass plates into the bending furnace; (3) a first image sensor unit for imaging actual positions of the extension pins; (4) a processor for computing a difference between the actual position of each extension pin and a reference position of each extension pin; and (5) a display device for displaying a command to adjust position of each extension pin, based on the difference, to make each extension pin take the reference position, thereby adjusting position of the glass plates.

Abstract: A method of bending glass, in which glass (5) is heated in a bending furnace (1). After the heating, the glass (5) is transferred onto a mold (7). The glass-bending mold (7) is at at least one point arranged to be bent substantially in its entirety when the mold (7) is transferred from the position it had during the initial heating of the glass (5) into a position where the glass (5) is arranged upon the mold (7).

Abstract: What is proposed here is a method of structuring surfaces of glass-type materials and variants of this method, comprising the following steps of operation: providing a semiconductor substrate, structuring, with the formation of recesses, of at least one surface of the semiconductor substrate, providing a substrate of glass-type material, joining the semiconductor substrate to the glass-type substrate, with a structured surface of the semiconductor substrate being joined to a surface of the glass-type substrate in an at least partly overlapping relationship, and heating the substrates so bonded by annealing in a way so as to induce an inflow of the glass-type material into the recesses of the structured surface of the semiconductor substrate. The variants of the method are particularly well suitable for the manufacture of micro-optical lenses and micro-mechanical components such as micro-relays or micro-valves.

Abstract: A process for fabricating a faceplate for a flat-panel display such as a field emission cathode type display is disclosed, the faceplate having integral spacer support structures. Also disclosed is a product made by the aforesaid process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for the forming of bodies (2) made from glass or glass ceramic in order to produce a three-dimensional end product. A short-wave IR radiation (3) is thus used, furthermore a mould (1) for forming a three-dimensional body (2) made from glass or glass ceramic. According to the invention, the mould (1) is made from a material with a high reflectivity and a high degree of remission thus cooling the mould (1).

Abstract: A method of bending glass, in which glass (5) is heated in a bending furnace (1). Before the bending, the glass (5) is transferred from the heating point or zone onto a mould (7) located thereafter. While the glass (5) is being transferred onto the mould (7), the mould (7) moves in such a way that the horizontal velocity of at least the front edge of the mould (7) is substantially as high as the horizontal velocity of the glass (5).

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an EUV lithography element mirror includes sagging a plate of a glass material to produce an EUV mirror blank; and polishing a top face of the EUV mirror blank to produce a polished EUV mirror. A method for manufacturing an EUV lithography element mirror includes grinding a top face of a piece of a glass material; sagging a plate of the glass material over the top face of the piece to produce an EUV mirror blank; and polishing a top face of the EUV mirror blank to produce an EUV polished mirror.

Abstract: In a method for bending, in pairs, panes placed one upon the other, heated to their softening temperature: