Abstract: A tempered glass according to one embodiment of the present invention is a tempered glass having a compression stress layer in a surface thereof, the tempered glass including as a glass composition, in terms of mass %, 45 to 75% of SiO2, 10 to 25% of Al2O3, 0 to 10% of B2O2, 0 to 8% of MgO, 0 to 20% of SrO+BaO, and 0 to 14% of Na2O. Herein, the term “SrO+BaO” refers to the total amount of SrO and BaO.

Abstract: Invention relates to lenticular sheets made of thermally or chemically hardened mineral glass used for decorative panels, to create three-dimensional visual effects combined with an encoded image. One of the advantages of invention is the fact that it is a proposed mineral lenticular sheet, which underwent chemical or mechanical hardening of its outer parts 18. This increases the mechanical strength and impact resistance. This aspect makes it safer for use under the influence of external factors and in contact with a person. This allows for applying the invention in large scopes in comparison with plastic lenticular screens. Pre-stressing is achieved by thermal or chemical hardening.

Abstract: An ion-exchanged glass article manufacturing method includes an ion-exchange step of bringing a glass article with a composition containing Li into contact with a molten salt dissolved solution containing an alkali metal element having an ionic radius larger than an ionic radius of the Li contained in the glass article, thereby ion-exchanging the Li in the glass article with the alkali metal element in the molten salt dissolved solution. At least one kind of additive selected from the group consisting of NaF, KF, K3AlF6, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, K2CO3, KHCO3, Na2SO4, K2SO4, KAl(SO4)2, Na3PO4, and K3PO4 is added to the molten salt dissolved solution so that the ion-exchange step is carried out while the additive is in a solid state.

Abstract: Described herein are various antimicrobial glass articles that have improved resistance to discoloration when exposed to harsh conditions. The improved antimicrobial glass articles described herein generally include a glass substrate that has a low concentration of nonbridging oxygen atoms, a compressive stress layer and an antimicrobial silver-containing region that each extend inward from a surface of the glass substrate to a specific depth, such that the glass article experiences little-to-no discoloration when exposed to harsh conditions. Methods of making and using the glass articles are also described.

Abstract: A method for cutting a tempered glass including the steps of strengthening a glass substrate to form, from a surface to the inside of the glass substrate, at least one compression stress layer and a tensile stress layer corresponding to the compression stress layer; removing a part of the glass substrate, wherein the compression stress layer is formed in the part of the glass substrate and a predetermined cutting path passes through the part of the glass substrate; and cutting the glass substrate along the predetermined cutting path.

Abstract: A substrate ion exchange system is provided for a multi-component ion exchange bath that minimizes stratification effects within the bath, along with methods of mixing such baths. The system includes a substrate having an outer region containing a plurality of substrate metal ions; an ion exchange bath with a first metal salt and a second metal salt; and a vessel for containing the ion exchange bath and the substrate. The system further includes a mixing apparatus configured to mix the bath such that the metal ion concentration associated with the first metal salt in the bath is substantially uniform within the vessel. The substrate metal ions are exchangeable with metal ions from the first and second metal salts. Further, the first and second metal salts are miscible and molten.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cover glass for a display, having high durability to slow cracking and strong abraded strength even though a compressive stress is large and a depth of a compressive stress layer is deep. The present invention relates to a cover glass for a display, in which a depth of a compressive stress layer (DOL) is 30 ?m or more, a surface compressive stress is 300 MPa or more, a position (HW) at which a compressive stress is half of a value of the surface compressive stress is a position of 8 ?m or more from a glass surface, and the depth of the compressive stress layer (DOL) and the position (HW) at which the compressive stress is half of the value of the surface compressive stress satisfy the following formula: 0.05?HW/DOL?0.23??(1).

Abstract: Described herein are various antimicrobial glass articles that have improved strength and resistance to discoloration. The improved antimicrobial glass articles described herein generally include a glass substrate with a compressive stress layer and an antimicrobial silver-containing region that each extend inward from a surface of the glass substrate to a specific depth. In some embodiments, the compressive stress layer has a compressive stress at the surface of about 500 MPa or greater and the compressive stress decreases monotonically from the surface into the depth of the glass substrate. Methods of making and using the glass articles are also described and include forming a compressive stress layer and forming an antimicrobial silver-containing region by preferentially exchanging a plurality of silver cations in a silver-containing medium for a specific plurality of first cations ions in the glass substrate.

Abstract: A cover glass includes a glass formation member having a compressive stress layer formed at each of a front surface side and a rear surface side. The glass formation member includes: a central region; and a curved-surface region provided consecutively to an outer edge of the central region. The compressive stress layer in a region having the smallest approximated curvature radius R in a depressed-side region disposed at an inner side in the curve of the curved-surface region is formed to have a compressive stress layer depth with which a surface stress value thereof becomes higher than a surface stress value of the compressive stress layer formed in the central region and becomes a substantial peak.

Abstract: Heavy-metal-free glass enamels are applied to glass and fired. After firing, the coated glass can subsequently be ion exchanged to give a chemically strengthened, decorated glass article.

Abstract: A method for strengthening a glass article. The method includes exposing a selected area of the glass article to a beam of electromagnetic radiation in order to diffuse first alkali metal ions in the selected area out of the glass article and to diffuse second alkali metal ions on a surface of the glass article and in the selected area into the glass article. The second alkali metal ions are larger than the first alkali metal ions. The beam of electromagnetic radiation heats first alkali metal ions and the second alkali metal ions to a temperature that is greater than that of a glass network of the glass article.

Abstract: Described herein are glass, ceramic, or glass-ceramic articles having improved antimicrobial efficacy. Further described are methods of making and using the improved articles. The improved articles generally include a glass, ceramic, or glass-ceramic substrate, a compressive stress layer that extends inward from a surface of the glass, ceramic, or glass-ceramic substrate to a first depth therein, and an antimicrobial agent-containing region that extends inward from the surface of the glass, ceramic, or glass-ceramic substrate to a second depth therein.

Abstract: Glass articles with infrared reflectivity and methods for making the same are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, glass article having infrared reflectivity includes a first surface, a second surface and a body extending between the first and second surfaces. A plurality of discrete layers of metallic silver are formed in the body creating at least one optical cavity in the body. Each discrete layer may have a thickness T such that 100 nm?T?250 nm and may be spaced apart from adjacent layers of metallic silver by a spacing S?500. The glass article reflects at least a portion of electromagnetic radiation incident on the glass article having a wavelength from 800 nm to 2500 nm and transmits at least a portion of electromagnetic radiation incident on the glass article having a wavelength from 390 nm to 750 nm.

Abstract: Described herein are glass or glass-ceramic articles having improved antimicrobial efficacy. Further described are methods of making and using the improved articles. The improved articles generally include a glass or glass-ceramic substrate, a compressive stress layer that extends inward from a surface of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate to a first depth therein, and an antimicrobial agent-containing region that extends inward from the surface of the glass or glass-ceramic substrate to a second depth therein. The antimicrobial agent-containing region may include at least one of a plurality of ion exchanged-copper ions and a plurality of ion exchanged-silver ions, arranged in a predetermined portion of the surface.

Abstract: A method for optimizing ion exchange of glass. The glass is ion exchanged in a series of two ion exchange baths. The first ion exchange bath contains an amount of a poisoning ion or salt and the second ion exchange bath contains an amount of the poisoning ion or salt that is less than that in the first bath. When the concentration of the poisoning ion/salt in the first bath reaches a maximum value, the first bath is discarded and replaced by the second bath and a third bath that initially does not contain the poisoning cation/salt replaces the second ion exchange bath. This cycling of baths may be repeated to produce a plurality of glass articles, each having a surface layer under a compressive stress and depth of layer that are within predetermined limits.

Abstract: Methods for compensating for the warp exhibited by three-dimensional glass covers as a result of ion exchange strengthening are provided. The methods use a computer-implemented model to predict/estimate changes to a target three-dimensional shape for the 3D glass cover as a result of ion exchange strengthening. The model includes the effects of ion exchange through the edge of the 3D glass cover. In an embodiment, the inverse of the predicted/estimated changes is used to produce a compensated (corrected) mold which produces as-molded parts which when subjected to ion exchange strengthening have shapes closer to the target shape than they would have had if the mold had not been compensated (corrected).

Abstract: To provide a glass substrate for a display cover glass not only having excellent strength and antibacterial properties but also having a high transparency and a high visible transmittance suitable as a cover glass for a display device. A glass substrate for a display cover glass, which comprises a surface compressive stress layer and an antibacterial substance-containing layer formed on the glass substrate surface, characterized by having a ratio (T1/T2) of the transmittance T1 at a wavelength of 428 nm to the transmittance T2 at a wavelength of 650 nm of the glass substrate of at least 0.95, and a transmittance at a wavelength of 428 nm of at least 86% when the thickness of the glass substrate is from 0.1 to 3.0 mm.

Abstract: A method includes: forming at least one layer of a film formed of an inorganic material, that contains H atoms in a concentration of 1.0×1015 to 1.0×1019 atom/mm3, on at least a top surface of a glass substrate having a bottom surface to contact a molten metal during forming and the top surface facing the bottom surface, thereby reducing a warpage of the glass substrate caused by a chemical strengthening process performed after forming the at least one layer on the top surface of the glass substrate. The glass substrate is formed by a float process.

Abstract: A glass and a glass composition are provided that, following chemical tempering, not only exhibit high values of compressive stress and depth of ion exchange, but also excellent scratch tolerance. The glass composition includes SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, ZrO2, and Na2O.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a chemically strengthened glass with cutting easiness and a higher compressive residual stress than the conventional one, made of soda-lime glass. The chemically strengthened glass of the present invention is a chemically strengthened glass manufactured by ion exchange of a surface layer of a glass article to replace alkali metal ions A which are the largest in amount among all the alkali metal ion components of the glass article with alkali metal ions B having a larger ionic radius than the alkali metal ions A, wherein the glass article before the ion exchange is made of soda-lime glass substantially composed of SiO2: 65 to 75%, Na2O+K2O: 5 to 20%, CaO: 2 to 15%, MgO: 0 to 10%, and Al2O3: 0 to 5% on a mass basis, the chemically strengthened glass after the ion exchange has a surface compressive stress of 600 to 900 MPa, and has a compressive stress layer with a depth of 5 to 20 ?m at a surface of the glass.

Abstract: Methods are provided for measuring the asymmetry of glass-sheet manufacturing processes. The methods include subjecting glass sheets or test samples taken from glass sheets to an ion-exchange process and measuring warp values. Metrics for the asymmetry of the glass-sheet manufacturing process are then obtained from the warp values. In one embodiment, the metric is independent of the geometry of the glass sheets or the test samples (the BM1 metric); in another embodiment, the metric is independent of the geometry of the glass sheets or the test samples and substantially independent of the ion-exchange process used in the testing (the ASYM metric).

Abstract: Methods for machining glass structures may be performed on fusion-drawn glass laminates having a core layer interposed between a first cladding layer and a second cladding layer. The core layer may be formed from a core glass composition having a core photosensitivity, the first cladding layer may be formed from a glass composition having a photosensitivity different from the core photosensitivity, and the second cladding layer may be formed from a glass composition having a photosensitivity different from the core photosensitivity. At least one of the core layer, the first cladding layer, and the second cladding layer is a photomachinable layer. The methods may include exposing a selected region of a photomachinable layer in the fusion-drawn laminate to ultraviolet radiation; heating the glass structure until the selected region crystallizes; and removing the crystallized material selectively from the photomachinable layer.

Abstract: A glass substrate chemically strengthened, includes a primary surface that has a compressive stress layer formed in an uppermost surface layer thereof. The compressive stress layer is configured to enhance strength of the glass substrate due to a compressive stress generated in the compressive stress layer. The compressive layer consists of a layer of a potassium ion concentration equal to or less than 5000 parts per million (ppm).

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a chemically strengthened glass plate which has a good yield in a cutting process of the chemically strengthened glass plate and has sufficient strength. The chemically strengthened glass plate has a surface compressive stress of not less than 600 MPa at a surface of the chemically strengthened glass plate, and a compressive stress layer containing two types of stress patterns A and B. The stress pattern A is a stress pattern of a surface portion of the glass plate, and the stress pattern B is a stress pattern of an inside of the glass plate. The stress patterns satisfy the formula SA>SB where SA represents a slope of the stress pattern A and SB represents a slope of the stress pattern B when the stress patterns A and B are each approximated by a linear function.

Abstract: A tempered glass of the present invention includes, as a glass composition, in terms of mass %, 45 to 75% of SiO2, 0 to 30% of Al2O3, and 0 to 30% of Li2O+Na2O+K2O and has a ?—OH value of 0.3 to 1/mm.

Abstract: Ion exchangeable glass compositions that develop concentration profiles and stress profiles that have higher magnitudes of concentration and compressive stress profiles than those provided by the error function (erfc)-shaped compressive stress profile for similar surface concentrations of stress-inducing components such as K+ or K2O and stresses. The advantaged stress profile is the result of a glass composition that is low in K2O (or potassium) in the base glass prior to ion exchange. A glass comprising lower amounts of K+ or K2O has a stronger dependence of diffusivity on concentration, leading to a non-erfc-shaped concentration profile. Several glass compositions that contain low amounts of K+ or K2O exhibit this beneficial effect, whereas other glasses containing higher amounts of K+ or K2O do not exhibit this effect.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a cover glass for display devices, made of soda-lime glass, excellent in cutting easiness and reliability of surface strength. The cover glass for display devices of the present invention includes a chemically strengthened glass, and has a compressive stress layer having a depth of 6 to 15 ?m. In the cover glass, a shape parameter determined in accordance with JIS R 1625 (1996) based on analysis of a facture stress of the cover glass measured by a coaxial double ring test is not less than 7, and strength of the cover glass when a cumulative fracture probability is 1% is not less than 450 MPa. The glass plate before the ion exchange is made of soda-lime glass.

Abstract: Provided is a tempered glass substrate formed by a float method, comprising a bottom surface and a top surface, wherein a compression stress value of the bottom surface is larger than a compression stress value of the top surface.

Abstract: A glass substrate for a magnetic disk of the invention is a disk-shaped glass substrate for a magnetic disk where the substrate has a main surface and end face and is subjected to chemical reinforcement treatment, and is characterized in that the penetration length in the uppermost-portion stress layer on the main surface is 49.1 ?m or less, and that assuming that an angle between the main surface and compressive stress in the stress profile by a Babinet compensator method is ?, a value y of {12·t·ln(tan ?)+(49.1/t)} is the penetration length in the uppermost-portion stress layer or less.

Abstract: A chemically-strengthened glass sheet including: a smooth first side; and a rough second side, wherein the compressive stress values of the smooth first-side and the rough second-side are substantially in equipoise. Methods of making and using the glass sheet, as defined herein, are disclosed. A display system that incorporates the glass sheet, as defined herein, is also disclosed.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a process for strengthening, by ion-exchange, the edges of an article separated from a large glass sheet after the sheet has been ion-exchanged to strengthen by exposing only the one or a plurality of the edges of the separated article to an ion-exchange medium (for example without limitation, a salt, paste, frit, glass) while the glass surface is maintained at temperatures less than 200° C.

Abstract: A method of cutting chemically toughened glass which is chemically toughened in a chemical toughening process of creating compressive stress in the surface of glass by exchanging first alkali ions in the glass with second alkali ions. The method includes the steps of applying a paste on a portion of the chemically toughened glass that is to be cut, heating the paste, and cutting the chemically toughened glass along the portion on which the paste is applied. The paste contains alkali ions. The ion radius of the alkali ions in the paste is smaller than an ion radius of the second alkali ions which substitute the first ions in the chemical toughening process.

Abstract: A method for strengthening glass substrate includes: preheating a glass substrate; spraying a molted salt onto the substrate to form a ion exchange layer; forming a titanium dioxide layer on the ion exchange layer. The ion exchange layer infills some microcracks. The titanium dioxide layer reinforces the infilling of microcracks and applying further toughness. An article manufactured by the method is also provided.

Abstract: Alkali aluminosilicate glasses that are resistant to damage due to sharp impact and capable of fast ion exchange are provided. The glasses comprise at least 4 mol % P2O5 and, when ion exchanged, have a Vickers indentation crack initiation load of at least about 7 kgf.

Abstract: Chemically strengthened glass and a method for making utilizing differential areal density are provided. The method includes providing a substrate having a glass chemical structure. Host alkali ions are situated in the chemical structure. The substrate has a treatment-rich volume and a treatment-poor volume located as opposed to each other in the substrate. The method also includes providing an exchange medium characterized by having an areal density, associated with an ion exchange rate, of invading alkali ions having an average ionic radius that is larger than an average ionic radius of the host alkali ions. The method also includes providing a modified exchange medium characterized by having a modified areal density, associated with a modified ion exchange rate, of the invading alkali ions. The method also includes applying the exchange mediums and conducting ion exchange to produce the strengthened substrate.

Abstract: Chemically strengthened glass and a method for making utilizing differential chemistry are provided. The method includes providing a substrate having a glass chemical structure. Host alkali ions are situated in the chemical structure. The substrate has a treatment-rich volume and a treatment-poor volume located as opposed to each other in the substrate. The method also includes providing an exchange medium characterized by including a composition associated with an ion exchange rate of invading alkali ions having an average ionic radius that is larger than an average ionic radius of the host alkali ions. The method also includes providing a modified exchange medium including a modified composition associated with a modified ion exchange rate of the invading alkali ions. The method also includes applying the exchange mediums and conducting ion exchange to produce the strengthened substrate.

Abstract: Chemically strengthened glass and a method for making utilizing differential time are provided. The method includes providing a substrate. The substrate includes a glass chemical structure. Host alkali ions are situated in the chemical structure. The substrate has a treatment-rich volume and a treatment-poor volume located as opposed to each other in the substrate. The method also includes providing an exchange medium including invading alkali ions having an average ionic radius that is larger than an average ionic radius of the host alkali ions. The method also includes applying the exchange medium to a surface of the treatment-rich volume for a period of time and applying the exchange medium to a surface of the treatment-poor volume for a modified period of time. The method also includes conducting ion exchange while applying the exchange medium to produce the strengthened substrate.

Abstract: Chemically strengthened glass with reduced induced curvature and a method for making utilizing a heat treatment are provided. The method includes providing a substrate, having a width, and characterized by having a glass chemical structure including host alkali ions having an average ionic radius situated in the glass chemical structure. The substrate also includes dimensional volumes including a treatment-rich volume and a treatment-poor volume located as opposed to each other in the provided substrate. The method also includes heating the provided substrate to a heat-treating temperature for a heat-treating period to produce a heat-treated substrate. The method also includes providing an exchange medium including invading alkali ions. The method also includes applying the exchange medium and conducting ion exchange to produce the strengthened substrate with reduced induced curvature.

Abstract: A tempered glass of the present invention is a tempered glass having a compression stress layer in a surface thereof, the tempered glass comprising, as a glass composition in terms of mol %, 45 to 75% of SiO2, 3 to 15% of Al2O3, 0 to 12% of Li2O, 0.3 to 20% of Na2O, 0 to 10% of K2O, and 1 to 15% of MgO+CaO, and having a molar ratio (Al2O3+Na2O+P2O5)/SiO2 of 0.1 to 1, a molar ratio (B2O3+Na2O)/SiO2 of 0.1 to 1, a molar ratio P2O5/SiO2 of 0 to 1, a molar ratio Al2O3/SiO2 of 0.01 to 1, and a molar ratio Na2O/Al2O3 of 0.1 to 5, characterized in that the surface or an end surface of the tempered glass is etched after tempering treatment.

Abstract: Provided is a method capable of producing a glass sheet with a bent portion with a high form accuracy. A reinforced glass sheet 1 with a flattened portion 11 and bent portions 12a and 13a continued to the flattened portion 11 is produced. A reinforcement step and a deformation step are performed. At the reinforcement step, a flat glass sheet is chemically reinforced to obtain a reinforced flat glass sheet 50. At the deformation step, the reinforced flat glass sheet 50 is heated and deformed to obtain the reinforced glass sheet 1 with the flattened portion 11 and the bent portions 12a and 13a.

Abstract: A tempered glass of the present invention includes, as a glass composition, in terms of mass %, 45 to 75% of SiO2, 0 to 30% of Al2O3, and 0 to 30% of Li2O+Na2O+K2O and has a ?-OH value of 0.3 to 1/mm.

Abstract: A glass container and a process for chemically modifying a surface portion of a glass container using an ion-exchange process. At least a portion of the glass container is immersed in or in contact with an aqueous electrolyte solution comprising salts of at least one group IA alkali metal and having a temperature of about 75 degrees Celsius such that exchangeable alkali metal ions in a surface portion of the glass container are exchanged or replaced by alkali metal ions in the electrolyte solution. The alkali metal ions that replace the exchangeable ions in the surface portion of the glass container have either a smaller or a larger atomic radius than the exchangeable ions.

Abstract: A method of strengthening glass by ion implantation includes following steps. First, an ion implantation device is provided. The ion implantation device generates a plurality of positive ions and a plurality of negative ions. The positive ions and the negative ions are implanted into a glass substrate by the ion implantation device for strengthening the glass substrate.

Abstract: Methods of forming a glass article are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method of forming a glass article includes translating a pulsed laser beam on a glass substrate sheet to form a laser damage region between a first surface and a second surface of the glass substrate sheet. The method further includes applying an etchant solution to the glass substrate sheet to remove a portion of the glass substrate sheet about the laser damage region. The method may further include strengthening the glass substrate sheet by an ion-exchange strengthening process, and coating the glass substrate sheet with an acid-resistant coating. Also disclosed are methods where the laser damage region has an initial geometry that changes to a desired geometry following the reforming of the glass substrate sheet such that the initial geometry of the laser damage region compensates for the bending of the glass substrate sheet.

Abstract: A method of making a glass sheet (10) comprises laminating a high CTE core glass (11) to a low CTE clad glass (12) at high temperatures and allowing the laminate (10) to cool creating compressive stress in the clad glass (12), and then ion exchanging the laminate (10) to increase the compressive stress in the outer near surface regions of the clad glass (12). The core glass (11) may include ions that exchange with ion in the clad glass (12) to increase the compressive stress in inner surface regions of the clad glass (12) adjacent to the clad glass/core glass interfaces. The glass laminate (10) may be formed and laminated using a fusion forming and laminating process and fusion formable and ion exchangeable glass compositions.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method of manufacturing a touch panel, and more particularly, to a manufacturing method capable of strengthening the strength of the touch panel. The method comprises: sinking and then strengthening a glass substrate, and then conducting a manufacturing process of placing a sensing electrode array. Finally, the glass substrate is cut and produced into several touch panels, each having strengthening properties.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing a glass substrate for an information recording medium including a step for chemically strengthening the glass substrate by contacting the glass substrate with chemical strengthening processing liquid containing chemical strengthening salt, concentration of Fe and Cr is 500 ppb or less in said chemical strengthening salt, respectively. The concentration may be detected by the use of an ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) emission spectrometry analyzing method or a fluorescent X-ray spectroscopy analyzing method.

Abstract: Computer-implemented methods and apparatus are provided for predicting/estimating chemical depth of layer (DOL) and maximum surface compressive stress (CS) of glass articles after ion-exchange. The methods and apparatus can, for example, be used to select glass compositions, salt bath temperatures, and/or ion-exchange times which provide desired DOL and/or CS values. One or more manufacturing constraints, e.g., constraints on liquidus viscosity, zircon breakdown viscosity, and the like, can be applied to the process of predicting/estimating DOL and/or CS values so that glass compositions selected based on DOL and/or CS values can, for example, be manufactured commercially by a fusion or float process.

Abstract: A method for strengthening glass and a glass using the same are provided. The method for strengthening glass includes the following steps. Firstly, a glass substrate, which has a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, is provided. Next, a barrier film is formed on at least one of the first surface and the second surface. Then, the glass substrate with the barrier film is immersed in a strengthening solution. The strengthening solution includes first ions, and the barrier film can limit the first ions in the quantity entering the glass substrate.

Abstract: A strengthened glass container or vessel such as, but not limited to, vials for holding pharmaceutical products or vaccines in a hermetic and/or sterile state. The strengthened glass container undergoes a strengthening process that produces compression at the surface and tension within the container wall. The strengthening process is designed such that the tension within the wall is great enough to ensure catastrophic failure of the container, thus rendering the product unusable, should sterility be compromised by a through-wall crack. The tension is greater than a threshold central tension, above which catastrophic failure of the container is guaranteed, thus eliminating any potential for violation of pharmaceutical integrity.