Abstract: Restoring a clustered database having a plurality of nodes each having database from a failed storage device by receiving a request to restore a backup image of a failed shared storage device associated with the clustered database to a time; performing a preflight check including at least one checklist process; terminating the restore when any checklist process fails; when each checklist process succeeds completing the restore by creating at least one flashcopy associated with the backup image, mapping to each of the plurality of nodes an associated portion of the at least one flashcopy, mounting the at least one flashcopy to the node as a diskgroup, and switching the clustered database to run from the diskgroup.

Abstract: A system and method for managing files on multiple storage devices, such as USB sticks. The system includes a hub that has multiple input ports for multiple storage devices, wherein has a unique code visually presented next to the respective port. The system can assign a barcode label to each storage device which can be printed and pasted on the respective memory device. The system further scans the files on each of the multiple storage devices to generate a master index based on the unique identification code for each storage device.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure relate to controlling access to secure information resources using rotational datasets and dynamically configurable data containers. A computing platform may receive, from a requesting system, a data access request. After authenticating the requesting system, the computing platform may load, using a first data container, first source data from a data track. The computing platform may send the first source data to a second data container. Then, the computing platform may load, using the second data container, second source data from the data track and may produce a first combined dataset. The computing platform may send the first combined dataset to a third data container. Subsequently, the computing platform may load, using the third data container, third source data from the data track and may produce a second combined dataset. Thereafter, the computing platform may send, to the requesting system, the second combined dataset.

Abstract: A highly available database system includes a first instance of a database server on a first cluster of a virtual computing system, a second instance of the database server on a second cluster of the virtual computing system, a first instance of an administration database on the first cluster, and a second instance of the administration database on the second cluster. The first instance of the database server and the second instance of the database server form a highly available database server, the first instance of the administration database and the second instance of the administration database form a highly available administration database, and the first instance of the database server, the second instance of the database server, the first instance of the administration database, and the second instance of the administration database are configured to manage at least one customer database.

Abstract: The disclosure herein describes tracking changes to a stale component using a synchronization bitmap. A first component of a plurality of mirrored components of the distributed data object becomes available from an unavailable state, and a stale log sequence number (LSN) and a last committed LSN are identified. A synchronization bitmap of the first component associated with a range of LSNs (e.g., from the stale LSN to the last committed LSN) is created and configured to track changes to data blocks of the first component. A second component is identified based on the second component including a tracking bitmap associated with an LSN that matches the stale LSN of the first component. The first component is synchronized with data from the second component based on, wherein the synchronizing includes updating the synchronization bitmap to track changes made to data blocks of the first component.

Abstract: Techniques described herein relate to a method for managing data protection services for data clusters. The method includes identifying, by a data protection manager, a migration event associated with a first data cluster; in response to identifying the migration event: identifying a second data cluster capable of hosting the first data cluster using data cluster topology information and data cluster component inventory information associated with the first data cluster; generating a dependency map associated with the second data cluster based on the first data cluster; identifying a migration sequence based on the dependency map; initiating data cluster components of the second data cluster to perform migration of the first data cluster; and migrating the first data cluster to the second data cluster.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method includes receiving a routing request with respect to a base management node of a customer and an avatar of a customer, generating a first virtual network interface corresponding to the base management node, generating a second virtual network interface corresponding to the avatar, the first virtual network interface and the second virtual network interface communicatively coupled by a network tunnel, and providing the customer with access to the information technology resource via the network tunnel. The method may also include transmitting a request to a connection broker, receiving a set of initialization data, constructing a virtual network interface, and transferring data through a network tunnel via the virtual network interface.

Abstract: A fine grained permission method and system that parameterizes permissions based on an objective criterion. The method includes accessing libraries of application programs requiring a permission, automatically extracting types of the parameters and respective corresponding fields read by the libraries requiring the permission, filtering the extracted types of parameters and fields based on a usage criteria to determine a filtered type of parameter and field for the permission and storing the filtered type parameter and field for the permission in a database. A request for a permission is passed to a fine grained permission module which obtains the filtered type of parameter and field for the permission, determines a specific parameter for the permission based on the filtered type of parameter and field and parameterizes the permission using the specific parameter. Downloading of the application program is completed by limiting the permission based on the specific parameter.

Abstract: This disclosure relates generally to a system and method for using a machine-learning system to more accurately detect fraudulent use of credit cards on an e-commerce website and block those attempts.

Abstract: Techniques for providing a unified approach to an orchestration of services for accomplishing data import tasks, data replication tasks, and/or data migration tasks in a clustered storage environment. The techniques are employed in a clustered storage environment that includes one or more storage domains, each of which includes, as members of the storage domain, a primary storage appliance and one or more secondary storage appliances. By providing, in a primary storage appliance of a storage domain within a clustered storage environment, an orchestrator for orchestrating a set of orchestration phases, which can be shared to perform data import tasks, data replication tasks, and/or data migration tasks involving a foreign storage system deployed outside of the clustered storage environment and/or one or more data storage appliance deployed within the clustered storage environment, enhanced efficiencies due to infrastructure sharing within the clustered storage environment can be achieved.

Abstract: ID management for a network attached storage system using layered ID mapping virtualization. When a connection request is received at a NAS server, it is determined whether the request is for a new user, and if so, user IDs are created for the new user. External user ID and filesystem user ID are mapped to the internal user ID, and user ID is verified at the NAS server kernel on subsequent logins with an external database. The user IDs are remapped for the changed user account, and updated mappings are transmitted from the NAS server to one or more NAS server kernel repositories.

Abstract: One or more techniques and/or computing devices are provided for inline deduplication. For example, a checksum hash table and/or a block number hash table may be maintained within memory (e.g., a storage controller may maintain the hash tables in-core). The checksum hash table may be utilized for inline deduplication to identify potential donor blocks that may comprise the same data as an incoming storage operation. Data within an in-core buffer cache is eligible as potential donor blocks so that inline deduplication may be performed using data from the in-core buffer cache, which may mitigate disk access to underlying storage for which the in-core buffer cache is used for caching. The block number hash table may be used for updating or removing entries from the hash tables, such as for blocks that are no longer eligible as potential donor blocks (e.g., deleted blocks, blocks evicted from the in-core buffer cache, etc.).

Abstract: A method is disclosed for destaging data to a storage device set that is arranged to maintain M replicas of the data, the storage device set having M primary storage devices and N secondary storage devices, the method comprising: detecting a destage event; and in response to the destage event, destaging the data item that is stored in a journal, the destaging including: issuing M primary write requests for storing the data item, each of the M primary write requests being directed to a different one of the M primary storage devices; in response to detecting that L of the primary write requests have failed, issuing L secondary write requests for storing the data item, each of the L secondary write requests being directed to a different secondary storage device; updating a bitmap to identify all primary and secondary storage devices where the data item has been stored.

Abstract: A method for updating an application executing on a virtual machine includes replicating the virtual machine to produce a replica, applying an update to the replica that is scheduled to be made to the virtual machine, in parallel with the applying, updating one of the virtual machine and the replica so that a state of the virtual machine matches a state of the replica, and continuing execution of the application on one of the virtual machine and the replica.

Abstract: A network attached storage (NAS) cluster can run with a set of heterogeneous hardware nodes, where not all nodes in the cluster have access to the same target connectivities. In one aspect, network data management protocol (NDMP) sessions can be redirected from a first node of the NAS cluster to a second node of the NAS cluster to balance NDMP load across the NAS cluster and improve resource utilization across cluster. Further, the NDMP load can be actively monitored to balance it continuously to increase resource utilization efficiency.

Abstract: Optimizing automated interactions with web pages by identifying, for each of multiple web pages, path information including an incoming hyperlink path having at least one hyperlink, where the incoming hyperlink path leads to the web page, and/or an outgoing hyperlink path having at least one hyperlink, where the outgoing hyperlink path emanates from the web page, determining whether the path information of each of the web pages meets a similarity condition, excluding from an interaction set of the web pages any of the web pages whose path information meets the similarity condition, and causing an automated interaction to be performed with any of the web pages in the interaction set.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for providing data across multiple clusters in a single namespace. In an example, a first cluster can comprise an accelerator node that communicates with a client computer, and is configured both to refer the client computer to another cluster, and to proxy data from another cluster to the client. When the client computer accesses data at a junction in the namespace between the first cluster and a second cluster, the accelerator node can determine whether to refer the client computer or proxy the client computer. Then, the accelerator node can use this determined approach so that the client computer can access data from the second cluster.

Abstract: A storage control apparatus can be connected to a higher level apparatus and a plurality of storage devices, and receives, from the higher level apparatus, a request to write into one of the plurality of storage devices. Here, if a storage device, among the plurality of storage devices, that has been specified as the access destination for the write request is not yet active, the storage control apparatus suspends the data involved in the write request, and writes the suspended data involved in the write request into the storage device once the storage device specified as the access destination is in a ready state.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for consistency group replication with reduced resource consumption. An exemplary method comprises: obtaining, by one or more first replication appliances at a first location, one of (i) data generated by a monitored application; and (ii) metadata for each write operation generated by the monitored application, wherein a splitter function provides the data or metadata to the one or more first replication appliances based on a dynamic determination of whether the monitored application requires replication based on the data or the metadata based on predefined application consistency group type criteria; obtaining, by one or more of the first replication appliances, a snapshot comprising the data associated with each of the write operations since a prior snapshot based on the one of the data and the corresponding metadata; and providing the snapshot to one or more second replication appliances at a different location for storage in a replication journal.

Abstract: Networks that support business operations may be a complex combination of computers used by end-users, wired connections, wireless connections, and a multitude of infrastructure devices. Some of the infrastructure devices may be critical components in the operation of the network. Disclosed method and system provide for validation, deployment and rollback of configuration changes to network infrastructure components among other things. A computer device may include a network controller, memory storage for instructions and configuration database. A shadow database may be created to execute in parallel with the primary database service process, the shadow database instance comprising a shadow database control process and associated shadow database configuration information independently updatable from the configuration database information. Change validation may be performed using the shadow database without impact to the run-time configuration database.

Abstract: Techniques are described for metadata processing that can be used to encode an arbitrary number of security policies for code running on a processor. Metadata may be added to every word in the system and a metadata processing unit may be used that works in parallel with data flow to enforce an arbitrary set of policies. In one aspect, the metadata may be characterized as unbounded and software programmable to be applicable to a wide range of metadata processing policies. Techniques and policies have a wide range of uses including, for example, safety, security, and synchronization. Additionally, described are aspects and techniques in connection with metadata processing in an embodiment based on the RISC-V architecture.

Abstract: One embodiment is directed to a system for enabling two or more users to interact within a virtual world comprising virtual world data, comprising a computer network comprising one or more computing devices, the one or more computing devices comprising memory, processing circuitry, and software stored at least in part in the memory and executable by the processing circuitry to process at least a portion of the virtual world data; wherein at least a first portion of the virtual world data originates from a first user virtual world local to a first user, and wherein the computer network is operable to transmit the first portion to a user device for presentation to a second user, such that the second user may experience the first portion from the location of the second user, such that aspects of the first user virtual world are effectively passed to the second user.

Abstract: One or more techniques and/or computing devices are provided for inline deduplication. For example, a checksum hash table and/or a block number hash table may be maintained within memory (e.g., a storage controller may maintain the hash tables in-core). The checksum hash table may be utilized for inline deduplication to identify potential donor blocks that may comprise the same data as an incoming storage operation. Data within an in-core buffer cache is eligible as potential donor blocks so that inline deduplication may be performed using data from the in-core buffer cache, which may mitigate disk access to underlying storage for which the in-core buffer cache is used for caching. The block number hash table may be used for updating or removing entries from the hash tables, such as for blocks that are no longer eligible as potential donor blocks (e.g., deleted blocks, blocks evicted from the in-core buffer cache, etc.).

Abstract: Provided are a computer program product, system, and method to transfer track format information for tracks in cache at a primary storage system to a secondary storage system to which tracks are mirrored to use after a failover or failback. In response to a failover from the primary storage system to the secondary storage system, the primary storage system adds a track identifier of the track and track format information indicating a layout of data in the track, indicated in track metadata for the track in the primary storage, to a cache transfer list. The primary storage system transfers the cache transfer list to the secondary storage system to use the track format information in the cache transfer list for a track staged into the secondary cache having a track identifier in the cache transfer list.

Abstract: A supply chain management system that provides a single integration point to partners, retailers and distribution centers is described. The partners, retailers, and distribution centers register with a supply chain management system. Through the system, partners select those retailers with whom they desire to do business. Partners may further allocate inventory among selected retailers. The supply chain management system recommends distribution centers for maintaining product inventory.

Abstract: A device, method and computer-readable medium for recovering a replica in an operator in a data streaming processing system are disclosed. A method may obtain a checkpoint in an input data stream, determine a maximum-timestamp at the checkpoint in the input data stream, calculate a completeness point that is greater than the maximum-timestamp for an output data stream and process data records from the checkpoint onwards that have a respective timestamp that is greater than or equal to the completeness point that was calculated to generate a new replica to replace a failed replica.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for dynamic node allocation for a server system that can automatically heal on failure—minimizing the need for static configuration—dynamically adjusting server resources to match load, and minimize end user wait times. The disclosed methods dynamically allocate nodes to increase capacity for a platform that accepts data queries. Additionally disclosed is a system for rolling version update deployment: workers maintain org lists of org-task-queues that they service; org-affinities between the workers and the org-task-queues require the workers to have access to local copies of immutable data sets to service org-tasks from the org-task-queues of the orgs that they service. A leader running on a worker implements a healing and balancing service that maintains worker redundancy, manages the workers' org-affinities to accumulate orgs on their respective org-lists. The leader implements messaging to the workers to update to a new software version and monitors completion of updates.

Abstract: Systems and techniques are described for transferring data. A described technique includes determining that a first replica of an object stored at a first host has become available to a distributed storage system after previously being unavailable to the distributed storage system. The object includes a range of memory addresses at which data of the object is stored. In response to determining that the first replica has become available, resyncing data for the first replica is obtained. The resyncing data indicates whether each range of memory addresses is synchronized at the first replica with other replicas of the object. Tracking data for the first replica is obtained. The tracking data indicates whether data stored at the range of memory addresses of the object has been modified at a second replica while the first replica was unavailable. The resyncing data is updated based on the tracking data.

Abstract: According to an example, security and access control may include receiving traffic that is related to an application tier of a plurality of application tiers, and that is to be routed to another application tier or within the application tier. The attributes of the traffic related to the application tier may be analyzed, and based on the analysis, an application related to the traffic and a type of the traffic may be determined. The type of the traffic may be compared to a policy related to the application to determine whether the traffic is valid traffic or invalid traffic. Based on a determination that the traffic is valid traffic, the valid traffic may be forwarded to an intended destination. Further, based on a determination that the traffic is invalid traffic, the invalid traffic may be forwarded to a predetermined destination or blocked.

Abstract: A system for generating medical image scanner configurations includes a scanner configuration database and a simulation component. The database stores a scanner configuration dataset corresponding to a medical image scanner. The simulation component includes a display module which is configured to present a graphical user interface (GUI) utilized by the medical image scanner, and an editing module which is configured to create a modified scanner configuration dataset based on commands received from a user via the GUI. Additionally, the simulation component includes a simulation module which is configured to (i) perform a simulation of the medical image scanner using the modified scanner configuration dataset to yield simulated results, (ii) use the display module to present the simulated results in the GUI, and (iii) in response to receiving user approval of the simulated results via the GUI, save the modified scanner configuration dataset to the database.

Abstract: A method and system are disclosed for storing client data objects in a deduplicated storage system. Deduplicated data may be stored in a plurality of physical data blocks. A content map layer can provide a mapping between the physical data blocks to logical map objects associated with the client data objects. The deduplicated data may be mapped to logical data blocks that comprise the client data objects.

Abstract: In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, an information handling system may include a processor and a memory communicatively coupled to the processor, the memory for storing a portion of a cache. The memory may be configured to receive a request to write data to the portion of the cache, write the data to the portion of the cache, and update a map corresponding to the cache and stored within the memory.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided in a data processing system comprising at least one processor and at least one memory, the at least one memory comprising instructions which are executed by the at least one processor and configure the processor to implement a replication environment. A first replication process executing in the replication environment replicates a first consistency group of production volumes to a first set of disaster recovery (DR) volumes. The first consistency group comprises a shared volume that belongs to a second consistency group and wherein a second replication process replicates the shared volume to a second set of DR volumes. Responsive the first consistency group being current and replication stopping for the first consistency group, the first replication process generates a consistent image for each DR volume within the first set of DR volumes to form a first set of consistent images.

Abstract: A secondary volume of a remote computational device stores an asynchronous copy of a primary volume of a local computational device. The remote computational device generates a golden copy that stores consistent data. At least one previous version of the golden copy is stored in a journal volume of the remote computational device.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for creating a sandbox for an original tenant at a point in time, the original tenant having original tenant data stored in an immutable storage associated with an original tenant identifier, the original tenant data as of the sandbox creation point in time being a virtual snapshot of the original tenant data accessible by a sandbox tenant, where the sandbox tenant data can be changed without changing the original tenant data, and the original tenant data can be changed without changing the sandbox tenant data. A sandbox tenant is created by associating a sandbox tenant identifier with the virtual snapshot of the original tenant data and with sandbox tenant data created by the sandbox tenant subsequent to the sandbox creation point in time. Original tenant data is subsequently created and associated with the original tenant identifier, and is not accessible to the sandbox tenant.

Abstract: A storage unit (SU) includes an interface configured to interface and communicate with a dispersed storage network (DSN), a memory that stores operational instructions, and a processing module operably coupled to the interface and memory such that the processing module, when operable within the SU based on the operational instructions, is configured to perform various operations. The SU stores at least one encoded data slice (EDS) of first EDSs corresponding to a data object that are distributedly stored in first SUs and also an intent message that includes specifications for consistency between the data object and metadata of the data object. A second set of EDSs corresponding to the metadata are distributedly stored in second SUs. The SU services the intent message to determine consistency of the data object and the metadata based on the specifications and deletes the intent message when they are consistent.

Abstract: A method includes monitoring power usage for a storage system that includes a set storage units at a first level of storage granularity and a set of storage sub-units at a second level of storage granularity, wherein the second level of storage granularity is finer than the first level of storage granularity. The method further includes assigning a non-uniform power budget to the set of storage units and adjusting a power budget for the storage sub-units according to the non-uniform power budget assigned to the storage units. A corresponding computer program product and computer system are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: Optimizing automated interactions with web pages by identifying, for each of multiple web pages, path information including an incoming hyperlink path having at least one hyperlink, where the incoming hyperlink path leads to the web page, and/or an outgoing hyperlink path having at least one hyperlink, where the outgoing hyperlink path emanates from the web page, determining whether the path information of each of the web pages meets a similarity condition, excluding from an interaction set of the web pages any of the web pages whose path information meets the similarity condition, and causing an automated interaction to be performed with any of the web pages in the interaction set.

Abstract: A method for grouping and storing objects across different storage solutions in storage systems according to analysis of multiple dimensions of information may be implemented as or in a storage management module. The module collects information about objects (e.g., data objects) in a storage system (e.g., a data storage system). The objects may be objects already stored in the storage system or may be new objects to be stored in the storage system. The module analyzes the collected information across multiple dimensions to determine groupings of the objects, and determines a storage solution for each determined grouping. The module may then direct storage of the objects in the groupings according to the determined storage solutions. Upon obtaining new information about object(s) in the storage system, the module may direct movement of the object(s) from one storage solution to another storage solution according to an analysis including the new information.

Abstract: A host server is configured to receive information related to metrics and configurations associated with computer resources of a computer infrastructure, derive and resolve the information into capacity, performance, reliability, and efficiency, as related to attributes associated with the computer resources, including compute attributes such as application, virtual machine (VM) attributes, storage attributes, and network attributes. The host server provides the metrics and attributes in a matrix configuration as a graphical user interface (GUI) on an output device, such as a display. The GUI is configured to provide a user with a single point of view into the computer infrastructure by converging application, compute, storage, and network attributes into capacity, performance, reliability, and efficiency concepts. With such a configuration, the GUI allows the end user to readily review the environments for potential issues in a time efficient manner, as well as solutions provided by the GUI.

Abstract: A technique described herein performs peer to peer network write deduplication. A host system generates a fingerprint for data associated with a write request. The host system may then determine whether the generated fingerprint matches a local fingerprint stored in a local data structure or whether the generated fingerprint matches a global fingerprint associated with a global data structure, wherein the local fingerprint is associated with data previously written to the storage system by the host and wherein the global fingerprint is associated with data previously written to the storage system by a different host. If a match is found, the host system constructs a deduplication command utilizing a logical address corresponding to a storage location that stores the data. If a match is not found, a write command for the data of the write request is constructed and sent to the storage system.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for data mirroring for network attached storage includes duplicating an identity mapping database on a second NAS server and creating a queue of updated data files containing updated elements since a prior synchronization. Data files containing the updated elements are transmitted from the first NAS server to the second NAS server. An updated copy of the identity mapping database from the first NAS server is stored at the second NAS server. The updated data files and metadata information from the first NAS server are written to the second NAS server. The permission entries of the transmitted data files from the first NAS server are translated using the identity mapping databases of the first and second NAS servers, such that the permission entries reflect the local ID mapping database on the second NAS server.

Abstract: Described are techniques that select a physical storage device for storing data. Device weights for physical storage devices are determined in accordance with factor(s) including a storage capacity each physical storage device and an amount of remaining write capacity of each physical storage device representing an amount of remaining writes for an expected lifetime of each physical storage device. A replica set is determined for each physical storage device in accordance with a device weight. Hash value sets are determined for the physical storage devices using a hash function. A first hash value for a first data item is determined using the hash function. The first hash value is mapped to a second hash value included in one of hash value sets associated with a corresponding one of the physical storage devices. The corresponding one of the physical storage devices is selected to store the first data item.

Abstract: Processing I/O operations is described. A write operation writes first data to a first location on a logical device having a logical address space partitioned into extents. The first location is included in a first subrange of the logical address space. Each extent includes logical address subranges of the logical address space. The first subrange is one of the logical address subranges of a first extent of the logical device. Physical storage is allocated from a first physical device of a first write endurance classification of flash memory-based storage devices. The first write endurance classification is selected in accordance with a ranking of multiple write endurance classifications. The physical storage is mapped to the first subrange. The first data is stored on the allocated physical storage. First workload information for the first write endurance classification for the first extent is updated to reflect the first write operation.

Abstract: A cluster system includes a plurality of computing nodes connected to a network, each node including one or more storage devices. The cluster system stores data and at least one of data replicas or erasure-coded segments across the plurality of nodes based on a redundancy policy. Further, configuration information, which may be indicative of a data placement of the data and the data replicas or erasure-coded segments on the plurality of nodes, is provided to each of the plurality of nodes. Additionally, each of the nodes may act as a first node which is configured to determine, upon a change of the redundancy policy, updated configuration information based on the change of the redundancy policy and to send a message including information indicating the change of the redundancy policy to the other nodes of the plurality of nodes.

Abstract: A system and method for utilizing a network-based file system from a client terminal. In examples described herein, an input command is processed on a client terminal for use of the network-based file system. A task is initiated in response to the input command. The performance of the task includes concatenating multiple file system operations associated with the input command and communicating the multiple file system operations to the network-based file system as a single communication. One or more replies to the one or more file system operations are asynchronously processed.

Abstract: Systems and methods for publishing datasets are provided herein. According to some embodiments, methods for publishing datasets may include receiving a request to publish a dataset to at least one of an internal environment located within a secured zone and an external environment located outside the secured zone, the request comprising at least one selection criteria, selecting the dataset based upon the at least one selection criteria, the dataset being selected from an index of collected datasets, and responsive to the request, publishing the dataset to at least one of the internal environment and the external environment.

Abstract: Different advantageous embodiments provide for data separation and data integration. A customizable toolset is implemented on an enterprise resource planning system to selectively purge or mask data in a replicated database.

Abstract: Database updates to primary and secondary database structures are performed by writing information from a client to both primary and secondary database services and building the database structure at the primary database service while delaying application of data written to the secondary database service until notification at the secondary database service from the primary database service. The primary database service provides notification upon completing the database structure so that the secondary database service can proceed with building the database structure from the information provided by the client or with information provided by the primary database service.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for retention of active data stored in memory using multiple indexing systems for data storage. An embodiment of a method for retention of active data in a storage server includes reading data into a first location of a main memory of the storage server. The data in the first location indexes data elements in a long-term data storage in a first manner. The method further provides for copying the data from the first location into a second location in the main memory of the storage server, where the data in the second location indexing the data elements in the long-term data storage in a second manner.