Abstract: [Object] To transmit information more flexibly and more reliably while allowing for user freedom. [Solution] There is provided an information processor including an output control section that controls an output of presentation information that is performed by a plurality of output terminals. The output control section determines, on the basis of a moving path of a user, an allocation of the presentation information that is caused to be outputted by corresponding one of the plurality of output terminals. In addition, there is provided an information processing method that includes controlling, by a processor, an output of presentation information performed by a plurality of output terminals, and the controlling further includes determining an allocation of the presentation information that is caused to be outputted by corresponding one of the plurality of output terminals on the basis of a moving path of a user.

Abstract: A non-transitory storage medium stores a plurality of instructions readable by a computer of an information processing apparatus. The plurality of instructions cause the information processing apparatus to execute first setup processing of allowing a particular port of a plurality of communication ports to be used by software used for communicating with a particular device through a communication interface. Before the first setup processing is executed, the plurality of instructions cause the information processing apparatus to execute determination processing of determining whether the first setup processing is executable for the particular port or not. When it is determined that the first setup processing is not executable for the particular port, the plurality of instructions causes the information processing apparatus to execute second setup processing of setting up the particular port as the communication port for which the first setup processing is executable.

Abstract: A method of exchanging messages between users over a network includes receiving a registration request from an organization and provisioning an organizational sub-domain, verifying the registration request according to requirements of a first protocol and provisioning a first user address that is part of the organizational sub-domain, and sending a message from the first user address to a second user address according to the first protocol.

Abstract: A non-transitory storage medium stores a program readable by a computer of an information processing apparatus. When executed by the computer, the program causes the information processing apparatus to execute: (a) in response to receipt of an establishing instruction, obtaining processing of obtaining device information of at least one connectable device which is a device capable of connecting to the information processing apparatus, (b) specifying processing of specifying a particular device to which the wireless communication is established based on the obtained device information, and (c) instruction processing of instructing an operating system of the information processing apparatus to execute pairing with the particular device. The operating system establishes wireless communication based on a prescribed wireless communication protocol with the particular device in response to receipt of an instruction for the pairing.

Abstract: A method of delivering dynamic web content by a proxy server is disclosed. A plurality of responses to requests for dynamic web content at a URL (uniform resource locator) is prefetched by a proxy server from an origin server. The plurality of prefetched responses is cached by the proxy server in a one-time cache, wherein each prefetched response cached in the one-time cache is served at most once and then removed from the one-time cache. A request from a client device for the dynamic web content at the URL is received by the proxy server. One of the plurality of prefetched responses cached in the one-time cache is served by the proxy server to the client device, wherein the one of the plurality of prefetched responses is removed from the one-time cache after the one of the plurality of prefetched responses has been served.

Abstract: A method, computer-readable medium, and apparatus for modeling data of a service for providing a policy are disclosed. For example, a method may include a processor for generating a first policy for a first service by a first policy model using machine learning for processing first data of the first service, determining whether the first policy is to be applied to a second service, applying the first policy to the second service when the first policy is deemed to be applicable to the second service, wherein the applying the first policy provides the first policy to a second policy model using machine learning for processing second data of the second service, generating a second policy for the second service, and implementing the second policy in the second service, wherein the first service and the second service are provided by a single service provider.

Abstract: To distribute messages to subscribers that are located in multiple regions, a data center will receive messages that to be published to the subscribers. For each message, the data center will determine a channel on which the message is to be published. For any given channel, the data center will then perform a limited replication process to other data centers in other regions by accessing an interest map indicating additional data centers at which subscribers to the channel have recently expressed interest. The data center will transmit the messages that are associated with the channel to only that group of additional data centers for replication but not to other data centers at which no interest has been recently expressed.

Abstract: A method and system for centralized control of user devices is disclosed. The method for centralized control of user devices via universal IP services registrar includes receiving a request to register a user device for a plurality of services, registering the user device for the plurality of services by creating a user settings profile for the user for each of the plurality of services, receiving data from the plurality of registered services, and transmitting received data to the user device in accordance with the user profile.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure relate to using cognitive automation for customized interface generation. A computing platform may receive user interaction information. Based on the user interaction information, the computing platform may identify a user intent. Using a cognitive automation model, the computing platform may identify a final graphical user interface corresponding to the user intent, where the final graphical user interface may be a last graphical user interface, of a sequence of graphical user interfaces, that was displayed at a user device to satisfy the user intent. The computing platform may send commands directing an enterprise source host system to cause display of the final graphical user interface without causing display of preceding graphical user interfaces of the sequence of graphical user interfaces. The computing platform may receive a feedback message indicating a level of satisfaction with the final graphical user interface and may update the cognitive automation model accordingly.

Abstract: A method for managing a resource configuration of a heterogeneously managed computer system. During processing of a resource management request, retrieving a set of resource tags are retrieved. Each resource tag associates a local resource identifier that is assigned within a first configuration management domain with an index identifier that is assigned within a second configuration management naming domain. The retrieved tags are mutually associated utilizing the index identifiers to generating a system configuration map. The resource management request is compared with the system configuration map to identify target resources and corresponding target resource information. One or more resource queries are generated based on the identified target resource and corresponding target resource information.

Abstract: Methods and systems are described for tracking content consumed by a guest subscriber consuming content with a host subscriber. A host device accessing content transmits a discovery request to identify nearby devices. A guest device in the vicinity receives the discovery request and transmits a response to the host device. As content is played back on the host device, the guest device may receive a content identifier and a progress time from the host device. Using the content identifier and the progress time, a guest device may transmit a request to a server to update a viewing history or subscriber profile associated with the guest subscriber and/or device. A guest subscriber may later resume a program or series from where the content was left on his or her own home or mobile device(s). Communications between a host device and guest device may be direct or via network server and may be secured as private.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for implementing logging on of hardware to windows system with version 10 or higher, including: obtaining, by a computer, a first data package according to a registration index corresponding to a device identification of a hardware device when monitoring insertion of the hardware device, encrypting first data package to obtain first encrypted result using first encryption key stored and sending the first encrypted result and the registration index to the hardware device for verifying; when verifying successful, generating third encryption value and fourth encryption value according to second device key stored corresponding to registration index and third random number and second session random number in first encrypted result, encrypting third encryption value and fourth encryption value to obtain second encrypted result using second encryption key, and sending second encrypted result to the computer for verifying; permitting logon when verifying is successful, otherwise refusing log

Abstract: This document describes systems, methods and apparatus for locating an object and/or processed versions of that object in a CDN cache system. When a CDN server needs to send a forward request to an origin server to retrieve an object, the CDN server can append a ‘cache hint’ (sometimes referred to herein as a pointer or as ‘reverse cookie’) to its request. The cache hint preferably includes information that will be stored at the origin server and provided to other CDN servers that subsequently ask for the same object. Preferably the information is a pointer that will enable the object to be located within the CDN and/or enable the location of modified version of the object that have already been created and stored within the CDN.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for adjusting a size of a buffer based on a probability that a rewind request will be received during a currently playing segment of media. When the system determines that receiving a rewind request is likely, the system will increase the size of a buffer such that the rewind request can be accommodated using data from the buffer. When the system determines that receiving a rewind request is unlikely, the system will decrease the size of the buffer to free resources for other system components.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method (600) and system (1) for verifying ownership of a computer software after installation and prior to execution using a distributed hash table (13) and a peer-to-peer distributed ledger (14). This may be the Bitcoin blockchain or an alternative implementation. The method includes determining (610) a second user public key associated with a second user (24) from a transaction record stored on the peer-to-peer distributed ledger (14). A second public key associated with the second user may be determined (620) from an entry on the distributed hash table (13). The method further includes comparing (630) the second user public key and the second public key, and verifying (640) the ownership of the computer software based on the comparing of the second user public key and the second public key.

Abstract: A satellite system uses cloud computing virtualized gateways, radio transport protocol and on-ground beamforming to improve wireless communication. A digitized ground based subsystem for use with the satellite system can be employed in transmitting an optical feeder uplink beam to a communications platform that includes a multiple element antenna array. The ground based subsystem is configured to receive the optical feeder uplink beam and, in dependence thereon, use the multiple element antenna feed array to produce and transmit a plurality of RF service downlink beams to a single or plurality of service terminals.

Abstract: A method for transmitting a data source acquisition request includes: when there is a need to transmit an acquisition request for a first data source, acquiring, by a first node, traffic scheduling information of a plurality of secondary nodes stored locally corresponding to a source server to which the first data source belongs, where the traffic scheduling information includes a traffic-to-be-split domain name level and a traffic-to-be-split ratio; selecting, by the first node, a target node among the plurality of secondary nodes based on the traffic scheduling information of the plurality of secondary nodes; and transmitting, by the first node, the acquisition request for the first data source to the target node.

Abstract: In an example, there is disclosed a computing apparatus, including: a hardware platform comprising a processor and a memory; software to access a network or internet resource according to a domain name; a network stack to provide network or internet access; and a virtual private network (VPN), configured to locally intercept a domain name-based access request, query a domain policy repository to determine whether the domain name should be blocked, and to query an external domain name system (DNS) server for an internet protocol (IP) address for the domain name and pass the request through the network stack if the domain name should not be blocked.

Abstract: A control device includes a receiver, a generator, and a controller. The receiver receives a shared image to be shared with a user from a poster through a communication line. The generator generates a presented image, the presented image being an image that is to be presented to the user and that is obtained by processing the shared image such that the image is different from the shared image received by the receiver. The controller performs control to transmit the presented image to the poster through the communication line to notify the user of content of the shared image.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an improved vehicle data communications network comprising controllers configured in accordance with a Service-Oriented Architecture, arranged to offer available services as subscription service on the vehicle data communications network. In particular, a controller for an automotive data communications network in a vehicle is disclosed. The controller may be operatively connected in use to a data bus and to a high-speed data communications channel. The data bus may comprise at least one first electronic device connected to it. The controller may comprise a first input, a processor, a second input and an output. The first input may be configured in use to receive a first data message from the data bus, the first data message comprising data associated with at least one first electronic device. The processor may be configured in use to identify at least one service associated with the received first data message.

Abstract: Techniques to configure media packages are described. In one embodiment, an apparatus may comprise a client support component operative to receive search term information from a client device at a server device; and configure the client device with a selected one or more high-priority media items; a media server search component operative to transmit the search term information to a plurality of media servers; receive a plurality of media items from the plurality of media servers in response to the transmitting of the search term information to the plurality of media servers; and select the one or more high-priority media items from the plurality of media items based on priority weights; and a media item evaluation component operative to assign the priority weights to each of the plurality of media items. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method according to one embodiment includes identifying a plurality of segment files within an object storage system, determining all data blocks associated with the plurality of segment files within the object storage system, and mapping all the data blocks associated with the plurality of segment files to a single new file within the object storage system.

Abstract: Methods and Systems for executing and monitoring content in a decentralized runtime environment.

Abstract: A system includes a memory structure containing a full offline payload including user interface (UI) components and generated by a server application based on corresponding data, and a software application configured to perform operations, including determining that a partial offline payload is available and, based thereon, transmitting, to the server application, a request for the partial offline payload. The operations also include receiving the partial offline payload including a subset of the UI components. Each respective UI component of the subset has been updated based on a modification of the corresponding data. The operations additionally include, for each respective UI component, identifying a corresponding identifier within the partial offline payload and, based thereon, determining a mapping of the respective UI component to a corresponding portion of the full offline payload. The operations further include updating the corresponding portion of the full offline payload based on the mapping.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to blockchain-based data processing methods and devices to achieve balance between a service need and system resource consumption. In one example method, an amount of service data processed by consensus in a blockchain in a specified time period is monitored. A determination is made as to whether the monitored amount of processed service data in the specified time period is less than a specified first threshold or more than a specified second threshold. In response to determining that the monitored amount of processed service data in the specified time period is less than the specified first threshold or more than the specified second threshold, a block generation time for the blockchain is dynamically adjusted. A new block in the blockchain is then dynamically adjusted based on the adjusted block generation time.

Abstract: A process controls presentation of digital resources. Different resources or viewing components associated with viewing areas may be assigned different visual designators that affect how the digital resources are processed and presented. A user interface enables automatic generation of an array of resources that causes resources to be displayed in a particular predefined way based on their visual designators.

Abstract: Address resolution information acquisition (ARIA) for a computing device is described. In some examples, ARIA includes a computing device (e.g., an Internet of things (IoT) node, a gateway, a server) determining, without use of an address resolution protocol (ARP), address resolution information of one or more other computing devices (e.g., a IoT node, a gateway, a server). In one example, the computing device uses data flowing to or from its application layer, transport layer, or network layer to determine address resolution information of another computing device. The address resolution information can comprise one or more of a link layer address (e.g., a media access control (MAC) address) and an Internet layer address (e.g., an Internet protocol (IP) address). Usage of a cache for storing or deleting address resolution information can also be part of ARIA.

Abstract: Various embodiments of methods and apparatus for load balancing requests such that target resources serve a single client are described. In at least some embodiments, a single resource, such as a compute instance, is assigned to only one client, and that single resource is used for all subsequent connections and communications from that client. Some embodiments comprise a resource selection system which provides identifying information of an available resource, in order for a connection to be established between the client and the resource. The resource selection system then removes that identifying information from its memory. In some of these embodiments, a routing layer interfaces with the resource selection system to establish the connection between the client and the available resource. When a client is assigned to a resource, other clients may be prevented from establishing connections with the resource.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems for data storage devices that include non-volatile memory (NVM) are described. One such apparatus includes a non-volatile memory, a data storage device controller configured to receive a command from a host device, and wherein the data storage device controller comprises a file system analyzer comprising a determination circuit configured to determine based on the command from the host device whether a logical block address (LBA) referenced in the command is part of a known file extent, and a selection circuit configured to select a flash translation layer (FTL) workflow for the file extent in response to the determination that the LBA referenced in the command is part of the known file extent.

Abstract: Systems, apparatus and methods are provided for electrical mirroring implemented by a storage controller in a non-volatile storage system. In one embodiment, a non-volatile storage system may comprise a plurality of non-volatile storage devices and a storage controller. The storage controller may be configured to perform an electrical mirroring configuration process comprising: determining a system topology of the non-volatile storage system and which targets are in mirrored non-volatile storage devices and setting respective register bits in the storage controller for all targets in all mirrored non-volatile storage devices of the plurality of non-volatile storage devices.

Abstract: Techniques for automated detection and mitigation of subdomain takeovers are described. A method for automated detection and mitigation of subdomain takeovers comprises receiving, by a subdomain manager, a request to monitor one or more resources associated with one or more mapping records, periodically scanning each resource from the one or more resources, receiving a response from at least one resource indicating that the at least one resource does not exist or is invalid, and sending a notification indicating that the at least one resource does not exist or is invalid using a notification service.

Abstract: Provided herein are systems for managing properties, e.g., real estate or financial properties, in real time and over time. The system generally comprises an electronic device with at least a processor, a memory and a display coupled to the processor and at least one network connection and an interactive management tool coupled to the electronic device. The interactive management tool comprises features for managing captured leads such as Email Alerts, Exporting, Labels, Syncing, Value, and Mobility. Also provided is a method for utilizing the system to capture leads and to interactively manage the same. Further provided herein is a non-transitory machine-readable storage device comprising processor-executable instructions to perform the method.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for implementing system calls in a virtualized computing environment. An interface is configured to abstract partitions in the virtualized computing environment. A system call is received that is to be executed across a system boundary in a localized computing environment. Based on a declarative policy, one or more of a device type, device path, or process identity associated with the system call is determined. The system call is executed in the virtualized computing environment.

Abstract: Proactive caching, at a client device (e.g., a feature phone), of transient assistant action suggestions for selective rendering by an assistant client application of the client device. A transient assistant action suggestion, when rendered via an assistant client application and selected, causes the assistant client application to initiate performance of a corresponding assistant action. In various implementations, a prefetched transient action suggestion can be a time-constrained suggestion that includes at least associated rendering restriction metadata that defines one or more temporal windows to which rendering of the time-constrained suggestion is restricted. Proactive cache refresh rate metadata can also be associated with transient action suggestion(s) and defines a duration during which the assistant client application is to refrain from interfacing with a remote system to prefetch updated transient assistant action suggestions.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application provide a packet processing method, an electronic device and a readable storage medium. The method is applied to an electronic device installed with a Virtual Private Network VPN application, and includes: a non-VPN application in the electronic device sending a packet that is to be sent by the non-VPN application to the VPN application through a hardware network module and a virtual network module in the electronic device; the VPN application receiving and analyzing the packet; if the analysis indicates that the packet contains a Domain Name System (DNS) resolution request, the VPN application redirecting the DNS resolution request packet to a preset secure DNS server through the virtual network module and the hardware network module. With embodiments of the present application, the security of software, hardware, and data of an electronic device can be effectively ensured with a reduced cost.

Abstract: Described in detail herein is a profiling system. In one embodiment, a computing system can be configured to generate a graphical user interface through which a profiling application is configured, and receive a first request for initiating profiling of an executable module including one or more data structures via the graphical user interface. The computing system can further initiate the profiling of the executable module via the graphical user interface based on the information associated with the executable module, determine a first processor utilization and a first memory utilization during execution of the executable module, generate a first utilization snapshot from the first processor utilization and a first memory snapshot from the first memory utilization at a specified period of time during execution of the executable module, and store the first utilization and first memory snapshot in the database.

Abstract: A cloud gaming system is disclosed. One example includes a game server that is configured to execute video games. The game server provides an interface for a remote client device to interface with the game server and request that games be played by streaming video frames to the remote client device. The game server is located in a first data center. A storage server connected to the game server over a network connection in the first data center. A save data server located in a second data center. Data selection logic of the game server is configured to retrieve save data from the save data server and cache the save data to a save data disk of the game server. The data selection logic is configured to automatically retrieve the save data from the second data center to the first data center upon detecting a session initiation for a user account used via the remote client device. The save data including a current state of game play that represents activity performed during play of a game.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed to monitory online activity. An example apparatus includes at least one processor, and memory including instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one processor to compare first uniform resource locators collected from a first client device of a known panelist with second uniform resource locators collected from second client devices associated with one or more users, the one or more users being unknown, and associate at least some of the second uniform resource locators as online activity of the known panelist based on ones of the first uniform resource locators matching at least portions of ones of the second uniform resource locators.

Abstract: A system (100) provides synchronised content between participants (20, 30) in a presentation (e.g. conference call) using a presenter component without the need to download and install additional software or plug-ins. A method for synchronising content between two or more digital content Tenderers (40) comprises: Receiving over a first communication channel a first communication indicating a change in content rendered on a first digital content renderer. Transmitting over the first communication channel to a second digital content renderer, a second communication indicating the change in content rendered on the first digital content renderer. Receiving over a second communication channel a request from the second digital content renderer for the changed content. Transmitting over the second communication channel to the second digital content renderer data enabling the changed content to be rendered on the second digital content renderer.

Abstract: Systems and methods of verifying trigger keywords in acoustic-based digital assistant applications are provided. A system can receive, from an application developer computing device, a request to generate a voice-based software application. The request can include a uniform resource locator (URL) associated with a service provided by the voice-based software application and an identifier corresponding to the URL. The system can identify a plurality of links that include the URL as a target. The system can determine a subset of the plurality of links having a respective character string that includes a reference to the identifier for the URL. The data processing system can compare the subset of the plurality of links to a threshold to determine a match level, and can determine a verification status of the request based on the match level.

Abstract: Embodiments disclose systems and methods of an operating system module for a data processing accelerator (DPA). The operating system module can schedule jobs and manage resources (e.g., computing units, memory, IO bandwidth) of the DPA. For one embodiment, a system receives a request, by a DPA, the request sent by an application to execute a data processing task. The system schedules, by an operating system module of the DPA, one or more commands based on one or more kernels to complete the data processing task. The system generates, by the operating system module of the DPA, a completion signal upon completion of the one or more scheduled commands. The system sends a result back to the application acknowledging completion of the one or more commands for the data processing task based on the completion signal.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method (600) and system (1) for verifying ownership of a computer software for installation using a distributed hash table (13) and a peer-to-peer distributed ledger (14). This may be the Bitcoin blockchain or an alternative blockchain implementation. The method includes determining (610) a second user public key associated with a second user (24) from a transaction record stored on the peer-to-peer distributed ledger (14). A second public key associated with the second user may be determined (620) from an entry on the distributed hash table (13). The method further includes comparing (630) the second user public key and the second public key, and verifying (640) the ownership of the computer software based on the comparing of the second user public key and the second public key.

Abstract: Illustrative embodiments of systems and methods for providing interoperability between multiple data providers and/or customers are disclosed. In some embodiments, a method may include receiving, by a first server, a second gateway associated with a second server, wherein the second gateway is configured to translate data into a second protocol associated with the second server; deploying, by the first server, the second gateway on the first server; receiving, by the first server, a first request for first data from the second server; transferring, by the first server in response to receiving the first request, the first data into the second gateway; and translating, by the second gateway, the first data into the second protocol.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a system, method, and apparatus for securing electronic personal identifying information. The system enhances data privacy, by minimizing the amount of authentic personal identifying information that is shared with a third party. Namely, the system includes a database of known websites, apps, etc. that require personal identifying information to sign up—and then classifies whether any given type of information is strictly necessary to the functioning of the website. The system then generates placeholder “dummy” data for any fields that are required for signup, but are not strictly necessary for the website to function. The system allows for creation of several user profiles that vary the amount of authentic personal identifying information to be shared, based on the user's preferences. The system therefore helps to secure personal information in the event that, for example, the website later has a data breach.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for monitoring and controlling access to coexisting first and second networks, such as within a venue. In one embodiment, the first network is a managed network that includes wireless access points (APs) in data communication with a backend controller, which communicates with a client process on a user device. The client process uses indigenous radio technology of the user device to scan for coexisting networks, and report results to the controller. In one variant, the controller dynamically adjusts transmit characteristics of the AP(s) to manage interference between the coexisting networks. In another variant, the controller causes the energy detect threshold of the user device to be lowered so that it may detect WLAN signals when a coexisting RAT (for example, LTE-U or LTE-LAA) occupies the same channel and/or frequency. In another variant, the client process autonomously adjusts user device operation based on the scan.

Abstract: A link request for a service is received. The link request includes an action parameter associated with an action that is to be executed in response to the link request. A determination is made as to whether the link request includes a service module identifier associated with a service provider that provides the service. In response to determining that the link request includes the service module identifier, a target page is determined and a link handler is generated. The target page is determined based on the service module identifier and the action parameter. The link handler is generated based on the service module identifier and the action parameter. The link handler is configured, when executed, to retrieve the target page. The link handler is executed based on the action parameter to retrieve the target page.

Abstract: Methods and Systems to display the results of a search operation are provided. More particularly the invention relates to a method to display search results comprising a relevant portion of the data in a tabular form. The said result comprises a search extract preserving table characteristics. The extract may further comprise of one or more table properties.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a generating method and a system for redirecting URL, a redirecting server, a resolving method and a system for resolving a domain-name resolution request, a DNS server, a 302 redirecting method that supports HTTPS, and a network system. A client terminal sends a first HTTP request. The redirecting server specifies a content server, convert an IP address of the content server to a prefix of a redirecting domain name, uses a service domain name as a suffix of the redirecting domain name, combines the redirecting domain name and a URL in the first HTTP to form the redirecting URL, and sends the redirecting URL to the client terminal. The client terminal requests for resolving of the redirecting domain name. The DNS server recognizes a domain name in the domain-name resolution request and performs an inverse converting on the prefix of the redirecting domain name to obtain an IP address of the content server and sends the IP address of the content server to the client terminal.

Abstract: Provided is an information delivery apparatus for distributing information to a plurality of communication terminals, the information delivery apparatus including: a terminal-information memory unit for storing terminal information of the plurality of communication terminals serving as information delivery destinations; an address-type-selection-information memory unit for storing address type selection information, which is for selecting an address type, for one network segment or each of a plurality of network segments; a transmission-address determination unit for determining address information to be applied based on the terminal information in the terminal-information memory unit and the address type selection information in the address-type-selection-information memory unit; and a transmission unit for transmitting the information by using the address information determined by the transmission-address determination unit.

Abstract: A system that provides for implementing a communication network with multiple data routers capable of segmenting a data file, such that the data routers provide for multi-distribution of different segments of a data file to different targets. As a result, a source is able to communicate a data file, segments of which are designated for multiple targets and have the actual segmentation of the data file occur after the data file has been transmitted (i.e., during the routing process).