Abstract: A master-slave architecture deployment method based on snapshot includes: restoring a core library corresponding to a MySQL database at any point in snapshot time, where the core library is a virtual library of the MySQL database; querying out at least one piece of configuration information necessary for master-slave configuration of the MySQL database by using the core library as baseline; taking a snapshot on the core library by using a snapshot technology; creating and cloning at least one copy library corresponding to the core library respectively based on the snapshot and the at least one piece of configuration information necessary for master-slave configuration; and configuring a master-slave relationship and a master library and a slave library corresponding to the master-slave relationship for the core library and the at least one copy library. A master-slave architecture deployment device based on snapshot is further provided.

Abstract: A method for performing a backup operation includes obtaining, by a backup server, a backup request, wherein the backup request specifies a virtual machine to be backed up, wherein the virtual machine is hosted by a production host, and in response to the backup request: obtaining classification data from the backup agent, initiating a backup classification on an unprocessed backup associated with the virtual machine based on the classification data to obtain a sensitivity tag, and initiating a data processing on the unprocessed backup based on the sensitivity tag.

Abstract: Systems and methods for creating a live copy of a data object from a production system for use by third party applications. The systems and methods include receiving at least one request for a copy of production data from an application; creating a live backup copy; creating a flash copy of the live backup copy, and a flash copy bitmap; creating a modified version of the live backup copy by changing a subset of data in the live backup copy; recording the changed subset of data using the flash copy bitmap; mounting, the modified version of the live backup copy to the application; and transforming the modified version of the live backup copy back to the live backup copy when unmounting the modified version of the live backup copy of the production data from the application by applying changes associated with the flash copy bitmap to the live backup copy.

Abstract: Systems, apparatus and methods are provided for performing cache program operations in a non-volatile storage system. A method may comprise issuing a first cache program operation from a storage controller to a non-volatile storage device to write data to a first regular block, writing the data to the first regular block and a copy of the data to a backup block, determining that a program error has occurred while writing the data to the first regular block, asserting the program error to the storage controller, retrieving a mapping between the first regular block and the backup block, issuing a read operation to read the copy of the data from the backup block, reading the copy of the data from the backup block and issuing a second cache program operation to write the data to a second regular block and marking the first regular block as defective.

Abstract: A data storage library is described that protects against a malware attack by providing a scheduled write window of time where archive data can be written to tape cartridges in the tape library on behalf of a client. At times outside of the write window, the tape library is disabled from writing any archive data to any of the tape cartridges in the tape library. Accordingly, the tape library is protected from a malicious entity attempting to download malware to tape cartridges in the tape library outside of the designated write windows. The tape library is configured to provide or otherwise read archived data from a tape cartridge both in the write window and outside of the write window.

Abstract: A command is received by a data protection agent to conduct a file system-consistent backup of a virtual machine (VM) having a copy service. A first request is issued to the copy service indicating that all files of the VM are to be backed up and that archive attributes of all the files should remain unchanged. A second request is issued to a snapshot data mover for a snapshot of the VM. The snapshot request is passed to a virtual machine manager. Upon the snapshot data mover receiving an identifier identifying the snapshot from the virtual machine manager, the snapshot identifier is passed to the data protection agent, thereby allowing the agent to locate the snapshot and conduct the backup.

Abstract: Client status pairs are obtained for clients. Each of the client status pairs includes a first client status assigned by a first network entity and a second client status assigned by a second network entity. Mismatched client status pairs are identified from the client status pairs. Each mismatched client status pair includes a discrepancy between the first and second client status. A data structure is generated that stores the mismatched client status pairs in a portion of the data structure. The portion is associated with a unique type of mismatched client status pair. A script configured for the unique type is executed. For each mismatched client status pair stored in the portion, the script modifies a data store associated with the first network entity to replace the first client status with the second client status.

Abstract: Embodiments provide systems, methods, and computer program products for enabling user authorization to perform a file level recovery from an image level backup of a virtual machine without the need for access control by an administrator. Specifically, embodiments enable an access control mechanism for controlling access to stored image level backups of a virtual machine. In an embodiment, the virtual machine includes a backup application user interface that can be used to send a restoration request to a backup server. The restoration request can include a machine identifier and a user identifier of the user logged onto the virtual machine. The backup server includes a backup application that determines whether or not the machine identifier contained in the restoration request can be matched to a machine identifier of a virtual machine present in one of the virtual machine backups stored on the backup server.

Abstract: Provided are systems, methods, and computer-program products for a proxy network that can determine, for a set of objects, an initial differential, where the initial differential is determined using a rules data store of a host network. The proxy network can further determine a supplemental differential for the set of objects. The proxy network can further determine a final differential that is the sum of the initial differential and the supplemental differential. The proxy network can further determine a final sum for the set of objects that is the object value less the final differential. The proxy network can further generate an outbound data packet that includes values corresponding to the set of objects and the final sum. When the host network receives the outbound data packet, the host network can modify an object data store using the values corresponding to the set of objects and the final sum.

Abstract: Memory controllers, devices, modules, systems and associated methods are disclosed. In one embodiment, an integrated circuit (IC) memory device is disclosed. The memory device includes an array of storage cells and command interface circuitry to receive an internal transfer command. In response to the internal transfer command, transfer logic reads data from a first portion of the array of storage cells, transfers the data as on-chip transfer data, and writes the on-chip transfer data to a second portion of the array of storage cells. In response to the command interface circuitry receiving an interrupt command, the transfer logic pauses the internal transfer operation, and carries out an unrelated memory access operation involving at least the first portion of the array of storage cells or the second portion of the array of storage cells.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for efficiently backing up large datasets may include (i) identifying data on an application server to be deduplicated by a deduplication server and then stored on a backup server, (ii) dividing the data into subsets, and (iii) for each subset of data subsequent to an initial subset of data, (a) transferring the subset of data to the deduplication server in response to detecting that a previous subset of data has completed transfer to the deduplication server, (b) deduplicating the subset of data in response to detecting that the previous subset of data has completed deduplication, and (c) transferring a deduplicated version of the subset of data to the backup server in response to detecting that the subset of data has completed deduplication and the previous subset of data has completed transfer to the backup server. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure enable data protection operations including differential and incremental backups by performing changed-block tracking in network or cloud computing systems with architectures that do not natively support changed-block tracking or do not expose changed-block tracking functionality to an information management system. In certain aspects, an identity of changed blocks may be obtained by using a hypervisor configured to interface with the cloud computing architecture. The identified changed blocks may be used to generate a map of the changed blocks. The maps of the changed blocks can be used by a virtual server agent to extract the changed blocks from a copy of a virtual machine disk and backed up to perform a differential or incremental backup.

Abstract: A data access recovery apparatus includes: a transceiver; a memory; and a processor communicatively coupled to the transceiver and the memory and configured to: receive a request to restore backed-up unstructured data files associated with the request; send active data files, of the backed-up unstructured data files, to a data-access server in response to receiving the request; receive an indication of a particular data file of the backed-up unstructured data files; and send, in response to receiving the indication, the particular data file to the data-access server before the particular data file would be sent, if at all, absent receiving the indication.

Abstract: A data storage system uses erasure coding in combination with hashgraph to organize stored data and recover that data in a computing environment.

Abstract: A method and system for streaming data from portable storage devices. Specifically, the disclosed method and system implement iterative data streaming from a portable storage device for remote storage operations, while requiring zero over-provisioning storage space for buffering incoming write operations to the portable storage device.

Abstract: A system and a method for overcoming a partial failure of an application in a telephony communication system are provided. The method includes: receiving information indicating that a first application has experienced a partial failure; receiving, from each of a plurality of applications, metadata that relates to a corresponding ordered priority of partitions, a corresponding Availability Zone from among a plurality of Availability Zones in which the respective application is located, and a corresponding instance index within the corresponding Availability Zone; sorting the received metadata with respect to the corresponding Availability Zone and with respect to the corresponding instance index; and reassigning, based on a result of the sorting, the first application to an instance index within the Availability Zone in which the first application is located such that a number of the partitions within instance indexes in the corresponding Availability Zone is balanced.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for implementing a persistent memory storage tier to manage persistent memory of a node. The persistent memory is managed by the persistent memory storage tier at a higher level within a storage operating system storage stack than a level at which a storage file system of the node is managed. The persistent memory storage tier intercepts an operation targeting the storage file system. The persistent memory storage tier retargets the operation from targeting the storage file system to targeting the persistent memory. The operation is transmitted to the persistent memory.

Abstract: This application discloses a mirrored memory configuration method and apparatus, and a computer storage medium, and belongs to the field of information processing technologies. The method includes the following: After a computer apparatus is started, if the computer apparatus is currently in an OS state and obtains a mirrored memory establishment request, the computer apparatus may switch from the OS state to a BIOS state through system interruption. Then the computer apparatus configures a mirroring relationship in the BIOS state, and switches to the OS state again after configuring the mirroring relationship, to reconfigure a mirrored memory.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for managing replication journals in a distributed replication system. A data replication system assigns an associated replication journal volume to each replication component operating on a storage node. Each replication component is configured to handle a portion of a replication workload which is distributed among the replication components, and to write journal data in the associated replication journal volume of the replication component. The data replication system performs a recovery process in response to detecting a failed replication component. The recovery process includes designating at least one replication component as a recovery replication component, designating the associated replication journal volume of the failed replication component as a recovery journal volume, and assigning the recovery journal volume to the recovery replication component to enable the recovery replication component to recover journal data in the recovery journal volume.

Abstract: When a communication protocol is changed, the I/O function can be appropriately provided. In a computer system, a storage node includes a CPU and a storage control program that performs communication relating to data I/O. The storage control program has a first storage control program that is capable of using a first communication protocol, and a second storage control program that is capable of using the first communication protocol and a second communication protocol. The control node the control node causes, when any storage node of the plurality of storage nodes is capable of executing the first storage control program alone, all storage nodes to perform communication using the first communication protocol. The control node causes, after all storage nodes of the plurality of storage nodes are enabled to execute the second storage control program, the all storage nodes to perform communication using the second communication protocol.

Abstract: A method, computer program product, and computer system for identifying, by a computing device, content in a first bucket in a first cache. It may be determined that a first portion of the content in the first bucket is a duplicate, wherein a second portion of the content in the first bucket may be unique. The first portion of the content in the first bucket may be deduplicated from the first cache. The second portion of the content may be stored in a second bucket in a second cache.

Abstract: Techniques for implementing RDMA-based recovery of dirty data in remote memory are provided. In one set of embodiments, upon occurrence of a failure at a first (i.e., source) host system, a second (i.e., failover) host system can allocate a new memory region corresponding to a memory region of the source host system and retrieve a baseline copy of the memory region from a storage backend shared by the source and failover host systems. The failover host system can further populate the new memory region with the baseline copy and retrieve one or more dirty page lists for the memory region from the source host system via RDMA, where the one or more dirty page lists identify memory pages in the memory region that include data updates not present in the baseline copy. For each memory page identified in the one or more dirty page lists, the failover host system can then copy the content of that memory page from the memory region of the source host system to the new memory region via RDMA.

Abstract: An embodiment method creates, at a first data center, a first storage volume for an application that is started at the first data center, communicates with a second data center for creating a second storage volume for the application at the second data center to replicate the first storage volume, and sends information identifying the application to the second data center. The second data center creates the second storage volume, and establishes a mapping between the application and the second storage volume using the information identifying the application, where the second data center identifies the second storage volume for the application using the mapping when the application is migrated from the first data center to the second data center.

Abstract: A memory system includes a nonvolatile memory and a controller. The nonvolatile memory has first regions in which data writes and data reads can be executed in parallel. Each of the first regions has second regions which are each a data write/read unit. The controller acquires first values indicating a data write load for each of the first regions, detects a first region having a first value greater than or equal to a first threshold, acquires second values indicating a data write load for each of the plurality of second regions in the detected first region, detects a second region having a second value greater than or equal to a second threshold but less than or equal to a third threshold that is higher than the second threshold, and then move data from the detected second region to a second region in another first region.

Abstract: An interface between an existing local file system and a data store generates and exports to the data store a versioned file system. The state of the local file system at a given point in time can be determined using the versioned file system. In operation, the interface creates and exports to the data store structured data representations, which correspond to versions of the local file system, as well as actual file system data that these structured data representations represent. A cache associated with the interface stores recently used data and metadata, as well as all write data and metadata waiting to be transferred to the data store. Prior to transfer, one or more data transformations may be applied to the data and metadata. In one embodiment, the data store comprises one or more cloud storage service providers. A content control system is used to configure and manage the interface.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to a computing system that performs techniques relating to the secure storage, maintenance, and retrieval of data. Techniques described in this disclosure may prevent, limit, or otherwise insulate the data from unauthorized access by hackers, rogue devices, and unauthorized users. In some examples, a computing system may store a file by fracturing the file into multiple data blocks, encrypting the data blocks or the data stored within the data blocks, and storing the data blocks in scattered locations on a network. Further, the computing system may occasionally move at least some of the stored data blocks, and may, upon moving such data blocks, reencrypt the moved data blocks with a different encryption key. Still further, the computing system may inject fake data and/or fake data blocks into the system.

Abstract: A storage system that can achieve a cryptographic operation circuit that supports multiple types of cryptographic operation formats. The cryptographic operation circuit is provided that encrypts data according to the format determined by the processor based on a request by the host terminal for writing the data into the storage device, and decrypts the encrypted data on the data stored in the storage device according to the format determined by the processor based on a request by the host terminal for reading the data from the storage device.

Abstract: An improved information management system that implements a staging area or cache to temporarily store primary data in a native format before the primary data is converted into secondary copies in a secondary format is described herein. For example, the improved information management system can include various media agents that each include one or more high speed drives. When a client computing device provides primary data for conversion into secondary copies, the primary data can initially be stored in the native format in the high speed drive(s). If the client computing device then submits a request for the primary data, the media agent can simply retrieve the primary data from the high speed drive(s) and transmit the primary data to the client computing device. Because the primary data is already in the native format, no conversion operations are performed by the media agent, thereby reducing the restore delay.

Abstract: In some examples, a method comprises: receiving a request to read data within a specified range from a backup file storing at least one base snapshot and at least one incremental snapshot; looking up the specified range in range filters from the backup file, the range filters corresponding to snapshots stored in the backup file and each range filter comprising bits indicating whether data exists at respective ranges within the snapshot corresponding to the respective range filter; and in response to the looking up, reading the requested data from the looked-up range in the backup file.

Abstract: Techniques involve: acquiring a first source snapshot for a source storage object stored in a source storage device; determining first difference data between the first source snapshot and the source storage object or a second source snapshot for the source storage object, creation time of the first source snapshot being associated with creation time of the second source snapshot; and sending the first difference data to a destination storage device to enable the destination storage device to create a first destination snapshot for a destination storage object stored in the destination storage device based on the first difference data. Such techniques can migrate snapshots more efficiently to improve storage management efficiency.

Abstract: Novel tools and techniques are provided for implementing virtual machine (“VM”) management, and, more particularly, to methods, systems, and apparatuses for implementing VM management using hardware compression. In various embodiments, a computing system might identify one or more first virtual machines (“VM's”) among a plurality of VM's that are determined to be currently inactive and might identify one or more second VM's among the plurality of VM's that are determined to be currently active. The computing system might compress a virtual hard drive associated with each of the identified one or more first VM's that are determined to be currently inactive. The computing system might also perform or continue to perform one or more operations using each of the identified one or more second VM's that are determined to be currently active.

Abstract: A technique replicates an index of an operations log (oplog) from a primary node to a secondary node of a cluster in the event of failure. The oplog functions as a staging area to coalesce random write operations directed to a virtual disk (vdisk) stored on a backend storage tier. The oplog temporarily caches write data as well as metadata describing the write data. The metadata includes descriptors to the write data corresponding to offset ranges of the vdisk and are used to identify ranges of write data for the vdisk that are cached in the oplog. To facilitate fast lookup operations of whether write data is cached in the oplog, an oplog index provides a state of the latest data for offset ranges of the vdisk that enables fast failover of metadata used to construct the oplog index in memory without downtime or significant metadata replay.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a data storage method, an electronic device, and a computer program product. The method includes: determining the number of at least one first storage apparatus of a storage system, each first storage apparatus being persistent and storing a log that includes record entries of to-be-stored data; and writing, if it is determined that the number is greater than a threshold number, the to-be-stored data into a corresponding memory table from the log where the to-be-stored data is located, wherein data in the memory table will be written to a second storage apparatus of the storage system. In this way, the storage efficiency of the storage system can be improved.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a method for cluster resource scheduling, includes determining at least one load score; determining a memory score; determining an IO score; and monitoring a message bus for candidate messages when each of the at least one load score, memory score, and IO score is less than a pre-determined health threshold. In some embodiments, a host computer system for hosting a plurality of virtual machines (VMs), includes: a memory; a network adapter for communicating with the cluster by way of a message bus; a processor in electronic communication with the memory and the network adapter, wherein the processor is programmed to: determine at least one load score; determine a memory score; determine an IO score; and monitor the message bus for candidate messages when each of the at least one load score, memory score, and IO score is less than a pre-determined health threshold.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure relate to managing concurrent updates on data. A transactional update on at least one record within a data set is detected. A log is generated for the transactional update, the log including an image of the at least one record within the data set before the transactional update. A batch update is detected. A determination is made whether the batch update collides with the transactional update by referencing the log. In response to determining that the batch update collides with the transactional update, a collision policy is referenced. A collision action indicated in the collision policy is then issued.

Abstract: A processing device, operatively coupled with a memory device, is configured to perform a write operation on a page of a plurality of pages of a data unit of a memory device, to store host data in the page of the data unit. The processing device further generates a parity page for the host data stored in the page of the data unit and adds the parity page to parity data stored at a parity data storage location. Responsive to determining that a first size of the stored parity data satisfies a first condition, the processing device initiates execution of a compression algorithm to compress the stored parity data. Responsive to determining that a second size of the parity data resulting from the execution of the compression algorithm satisfies a second condition, the processing device performs a scan operation to release at least a subset of the stored parity data.

Abstract: A method and system for cache-based flow of a simple copy command is disclosed. The present disclosure generally relates to methods and systems for executing a simple copy command in a manner that mitigates additional latency in the device. According to certain embodiments, a copy command manager that includes one or more copy command slots is provided. When a simple copy command is received from a host, a copy command slot is allocated to the command, and the simple copy command is copied into the copy command slot. Upon copying the simple copy command to the copy command slot, an overlap table of the data storage device controller is updated to indicate the copy has been completed, and the completion is posted to the host. After posting, the simple copy command is carried out in the background through completion.

Abstract: Creating a replica of a storage system, including: receiving, by a first storage system from a computing device, data to be stored on the first storage system; reducing, by the first storage system, the data using one or more data reduction techniques; sending, from the first storage system to the second storage system, the reduced data, wherein the reduced data is encrypted; and sending, from the second storage system to a third storage system, the reduced data, wherein the reduced data is encrypted.

Abstract: Technologies are disclosed for monitoring network traffic using traffic mirroring. According to some examples, traffic mirroring allows customers to monitor traffic at different sources within a VPC. For example, a source may be any Elastic Network Interface (ENI) in their VPC, including elastic network interfaces (ENIs) on virtual machine instances, Network Address Translation (NAT) Gateways, Load Balancers, VPC endpoints, Internal Gateways, Transit Gateways, and more. Filters can be utilized to determine the network traffic to mirror. A customer may also configure to monitor real-time traffic with a monitoring appliance of their choice. With traffic mirroring, data traffic may be identified and sent to one or more target devices. Customers may monitor traffic within a VPC for content inspection, forensic analysis, troubleshooting, record keeping, and the like.

Abstract: Data storage management may include configuring a stretched volume in a metro cluster configuration using a first volume and a second volume both configured as a same logical volume, L1; receiving I/O operations at the metro cluster configuration directed to L1, wherein the I/O operations include a write operations that are received at a first system of the metro cluster configuration and that write first data to the first volume; viewing values of a metric regarding data replication performed for the first volume to replicate data between systems of the metro cluster configuration for writes directed to the first volume; responsive to said viewing, determining whether the first metric values denote a problem has occurred in the metro cluster configuration at a first point in time; and responsive to determining that the problem has occurred at the first point in time, performing one or more corrective actions.

Abstract: Techniques and mechanisms described herein facilitate the execution of a software program container having a plurality of layers. Each layer may include a plurality of files. For instance, a base layer may include a version of an operating system, while an upper layer may include a software program configured to run within the operating system. Different layers may store, create, or modify the same file. However, the precedence of the version of the data for the file may be based on an ordering of the layers. For example, the version of the file in a higher layer should supersede the version of the file in a lower layer. In some implementations, a privileged storage container that runs atop a virtualization layer may manage storage resources for other containers. The privileged storage container may store each file in a software program container as a snapshotable object.

Abstract: A control method is applied to a flash memory controller, which includes the following steps: creating a write time table, wherein the write time table records block numbers of blocks having data stored therein and corresponding first time and second time; referring to the write time table to determine whether there is at least one first block in the flash memory module whose first time is earlier than a first threshold, and if so, recording the at least one first block into an expired block table; referring to the write time table to determine whether there is at least one second block in the flash memory module whose second time is earlier than a second threshold, and if so, recording the at least one second block into the expired block table; and referring to the expired block table to perform an expired block recycling operation.

Abstract: A backup manager for providing backup services includes storage and a backup orchestrator. The persistent storage stores prediction models. The backup orchestrator obtains a computing resource availability for a client; generates a prediction model of the prediction models using the computing resource availability for the client; predicts, using the prediction model and live data, a future computing resource availability for the client; and initiates generation of a backup for the client at an unscheduled time that is based, at least in part, on the future computing resource availability.

Abstract: A remote data replication method and a storage system, where a production array sends a data replication request to a disaster recovery array. The data replication request includes an identifier of a source object and a data block corresponding to the source object. The data block is stored in physical space of a hard disk of the production array. The disaster recovery array receives the data replication request. The disaster recovery array creates a target object when the disaster recovery array does not include an object having a same identifier as the source object. An identifier of the target object is the same as the identifier of the source object, the disaster recovery array writes the data block into the physical space.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method, device and computer program product for managing a backup job. Specifically, there is provided a method for managing a backup job, the backup job being used to store a data object to a storage system. In the method, the difference between the data object specified by the backup job and a copy of the data object in the storage system is determined. In response to determining the difference meets a predetermined threshold, a difference area in the data object where there might exist the difference is determined. With respect to a first block within the difference area, in a group of blocks in the data object, the backup job is processed based on a first query result from the storage system, the first query result indicating whether data in the first block differs from data in a corresponding block in the copy.

Abstract: An example operation may include one or more of retrieving a snapshot of key values of a world state database, retrieving a hash of the snapshot from a blockchain associated with the world state database, determining whether the snapshot is valid based on the hash of the snapshot retrieved from the blockchain, and in response to determining the snapshot is valid, updating key values of a world state database based on the snapshot of key values.

Abstract: A method, system and devices for backing up data on a mobile device connected to a host computer is disclosed. The method comprises: displaying a web page of a web-based device management application in an Internet browser on the host computer, the web page including an interface element for inputting a request to backup data on the mobile device; receiving, via the interface element, the request to backup data on the mobile device; and in response to receiving the request to backup data on the mobile device: obtaining, at the host computer, first data from the mobile device; and storing the first data.

Abstract: A method, system and computer-usable medium which provides a format in which data is written to a dump data set to allow use of Fast Replication technology for both backing up and restoring of both datasets and volumes. Such a format allows any data that can be captured at a track level to be written to the dump data set via Fast Replication. When using this methodology of backing up and restoring, backups should be made to devices that support Fast Replication technology and restoration of the data should be to devices which are capable of being the target of a Fast Replication for that backup device.

Abstract: In one aspect, a redundant array of independent disk (RAID) memory storage system includes a plurality of data storage disks comprising data blocks, a first redundancy storage disk comprising parity blocks that are a parity by row of the data blocks in the data storage disks, a second redundancy storage disk comprising parity blocks storing parities of diagonals of the data blocks in the data storage disks, a third redundancy storage disk comprising parity blocks storing parities of diagonals of the data blocks in the data storage disks and circuitry configured to recover data from three failed storage disks.

Abstract: Improved data management systems for managing and maintaining unstructured data in a computing system environment. Data content is associated with particular types of metadata to create data objects. In certain examples, the metadata is stored in various fields of the data objects, certain fields being designated as permanently read-only after their creation. Such fields can include, for instance, a unique identifier, a type of content and a classification governing copy permissions relating to the data object. Data objects, or didgets, can be grouped into logical containers referred to as chambers, which are further grouped by common control elements or attributes into domains. Chambers within a particular domain can generally freely share information therebetween, including copies of various types of didgets. A control program, or didget manager, in each domain manages the creation of didgets and subsequent operations directed thereto.