Abstract: A high-temperature in-situ loaded computed tomography (CT) testing system based on a laboratory X-ray source and a method therefor are provided. A dynamic sealing device is adopted. A pull-up pressure rod and a pull-down pressure rod are allowed to rotate circumferentially and move axially. Meanwhile, a high-temperature furnace is fixed without rotating or moving, such that the high-temperature furnace is flat in an imaging direction to shorten an imaging distance and improve imaging quality. An independent tensile testing machine is utilized to achieve high-load loading. The in-situ measurement of internal deformation and damage information of a specimen under tensile or compressive load in a high-temperature environment is implemented. By taking advantage of the miniaturization design of the high-temperature device, the accuracy of the damage test using the laboratory X-ray source is increased.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display device includes a lower electrode, a pressure sensing layer disposed on the lower electrode, an upper electrode disposed on the pressure sensing layer, an organic light emitting structure disposed on the upper electrode, a window disposed on the organic light emitting structure and which is applied with a user pressure, and a haptic structure which generates a haptic signal when the user pressure detected through the lower electrode, the pressure sensing layer, and the upper electrode is greater than a predetermined pressure.

Abstract: A bending sensor includes a flexible substrate made of polyimide; a laser-induced graphene electrode formed into a top surface of the flexible substrate; and first and second pads formed as a laser-induced graphene into the top surface of the flexible substrate, wherein the first and second pads are in electrical contact with the laser-induced graphene electrode. A bending of the flexible substrate and the laser-induced graphene electrode changes a resistivity of the laser-induced graphene electrode, which is indicative of an amount of bending.

Abstract: A frequency measurement method is provided, which comprising: sampling a voltage to be measured with a fixed sampling frequency; obtaining a positive-sequence voltage angle change amount for a predetermined operation interval time by using a sampling sample obtained by the sampling and based on a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) calculation; obtaining a frequency offset amount by using the positive-sequence voltage angle change amount; and obtaining a frequency-related measurement value by using the frequency offset amount. A frequency measurement apparatus is also provided. measurement value. This frequency measurement method does not require iterative calculations, and directly obtains frequency-dependent measurement values, thereby responding quickly to frequency changes. In addition, a frequency measurement apparatus is also provided.

Abstract: Systems and/or techniques associated with active control of electronic package warpage are provided. In one example, a system includes an electronic package and an integrated circuit. The electronic package includes a patterned structural material associated with a mechanical characteristic that changes in response to an applied condition. The integrated circuit controls the applied condition associated with the patterned structural material based on sensor data associated with a status of the electronic package.

Abstract: A connection quality system can include a resistance test module, a first line connected to the resistance test module and configured to connect to a wire connection assembly past one or more physical connections of the wire connection assembly, and a second line connected to the resistance test module and configured to connect to the wire connection assembly directly or indirectly on an opposite side of the one or more physical connections of the wire connection assembly such that the first line and the second line are in electrical communication through the wire connection assembly. The resistance test module can be configured to determine if the one or more physical connections are degraded or broken based on a resistance of the wire connection assembly.

Abstract: An input device includes an operation panel, a frame disposed on a back side of the operation panel, a pressure detector disposed between the operation panel and the frame, and an elastic part. The pressure detector includes a lever including a deformation part that warps when a pressing force is applied, a protruding part provided on a first surface of the deformation part, and a surrounding wall provided on a periphery of a second surface of the deformation part; and a pressure detection element that is disposed in a region of the second surface of the deformation part surrounded by the surrounding wall, warps along with the deformation part, and outputs a pressure detection signal corresponding to the pressing force. The elastic part is disposed between the protruding part or the surrounding wall and the frame or the operation panel and applies a pre-pressure to the deformation part.

Abstract: A system comprising a sensor, a protective enclosure configured to enclose the sensor and a mounting pad configured to be attached to a predetermined surface of a predetermined vehicle, the mounting pad having a predetermined contact area as a function of a weight of the sensor and the protective enclosure. The sensor and the protective enclosure are attached to the mounting pad, and the mounting pad is attached to the predetermined surface of the vehicle using an adhesive layer that extends over the predetermined contact area that is selected to provide a maximum weight support that is correlated to a weight of the sensor and the protective enclosure.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a resistance strain sheet, a sensing assembly, a force sensor and a skateboard, wherein the resistance strain sheet includes: a strain sheet body; and a resistance wire, the strain sheet body having an symmetry axis, a plurality of resistance wires being provided, and the plurality of resistance wires being divided into two groups, the two groups of resistance wires are electrically connected to each other and symmetrically arranged on both sides of the symmetry axis, and each of the plurality of resistance wire being arranged at an acute angle with the symmetry axis.

Abstract: A method for installing a sensor on a component is provided. The method includes attaching the sensor to a surface of the component. The method includes covering the sensor using a metal wire. The method includes applying a multilayer coating on the metal wire. Applying the multilayer coating includes applying a first coating. The first coating is capable of being machined. Applying the multilayer coating includes machining the first coating and applying a second coating over the first coating. The second coating is a ceramic oxide and the second coating is configured to serve as a thermal and dielectric barrier. Applying the multilayer coating also includes applying a third coating over the second coating. The third coating is configured to provide erosion resistance.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods are disclosed for sensing a force applied by an external source. An example system comprises a substrate comprising a plurality of electrical contact pads disposed on a first surface of the substrate. The system further comprises a force sensing device disposed on a second surface of the substrate, the second surface opposite the first surface. The system further comprises a housing disposed on the second surface of the substrate. The housing defines an aperture that provides a common coupling interface. The common coupling interface provides a common path for the force to be transmitted to the force sensing device either through a first coupling or a second coupling different from the first coupling.

Abstract: A transparent force sensor for detecting an applied force on a surface of a device. The transparent force sensor includes a transparent force-sensitive film having an array of strain-relief features oriented along a first direction. The transparent force-sensitive film is formed from a transparent piezoelectric material that exhibits a substantially reduced net charge when strained along a primary direction. The force sensor also includes a display element disposed on one side of the transparent force-sensitive film.

Abstract: A strain gauge includes: a substrate; a dielectric layer on the substrate; a thin film electrical circuit on the dielectric layer and having input/output terminals; another layer disposed on the electrical circuit; the dielectric layer forming a first seal on one side of the electrical circuit, the another layer forming a second seal on a second side of the electrical circuit, the first and second seals having structure such that: in a first instance prior to exposure of the strain gauge to an autoclave cycle, the electrical circuit is productive of a first output voltage in response to a first input voltage; and in a second instance subsequent to exposure of the strain gauge to at least 10 autoclave cycles, the electrical circuit is productive of a second output voltage in response to a second input voltage, the first and second input voltages being equal, and the first and second output voltages being equal within a 15% shift in zero offset.

Abstract: An electrically and thermally conductive polymer concrete (made of a polymer and aggregate particles without cement) comprising non-functionalized nanoparticles (e.g. non-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NF-MWCNTs), non-functionalized carbon nanofibers, non-functionalized nanoalumina) dispersed therein and methods of making same.

Abstract: Disclosed is an inch pounds per turn (IPPT) computing device that provides for the calculation of IPPT of a garage door spring coil. The IPPT computing device computes the IPPT required of the garage door spring coil by measuring the strain induced on a calibrated shaft used to lift the weight of the garage door. The IPPT computing device is inserted into the winding end cone of a garage door torsion spring assembly, and the door is slightly lifted off of the floor. This measurement is done by disabling the cable ends spring end so the counterbalance force is removed from the door. The IPPT tool measures the torque (strain on the calibrated rod) needed to lift the door and inputs the torque value automatically into an IPPT calculator mounted on the tool. When other door parameters are entered into the calculator, the IPPT is calculated.

Abstract: Strain gages for use with ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), and methods of manufacture therefore. The strain gages use the CMC as a strain element. For semiconductor CMCs, for example SiC fiber-reinforced SiC CMC, their large gage factor enables high sensitivity, high accuracy strain measurements at high temperatures. By using a single elemental metal such as platinum, or another high temperature conductive material, the strain gages can operate at temperatures over 1600° C. The conductive material is preferably deposited on a dielectric or insulating layer, and contacts the CMC substrate through openings in that layer. The materials can be deposited using thin film vacuum techniques or thick film techniques such as pastes or inks. The strain gages can be configured to measure only the mechanical strain independent of the apparent or thermal strain. The strain gages can be incorporated into a bulk CMC structure during layup, and can optionally measure the strain of only desired fiber weave orientations.

Abstract: A working machine for conducting a roadworking operation includes a conveyor that is adapted to move roadworking material as a part of the roadworking operation. The working machine also includes a sensor which is adapted to determine if a condition exists that is indicative of the conveyor's operating under a load, and a controller which includes at least one timer. The controller is adapted to receive input information including a predetermined operating run-time for a wear part that is associated with the conveyor. The controller is also adapted to receive a signal from the sensor that a condition exists which is indicative of the conveyor's operating under load. The timer of the controller is adapted to use the signal received from the sensor to measure a period of time during which the conveyor is operating under load, and the controller is adapted to compare the measured period of time that the conveyor is operating under load with the predetermined operating run-time for the wear part.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, a sensor for determining a flow parameter of a fluid is provided. The sensor includes a polymer membrane, an elongate microstructure extending from the polymer membrane, and a hydrogel coupled to at least a portion of the elongate microstructure, wherein the hydrogel and the elongate microstructure are arranged to cooperate to cause a displacement of the polymer membrane in response to a fluid flowing and interacting with the sensor, and wherein the sensor is configured to provide a measurement indicative of a flow parameter of the fluid based on the displacement of the polymer membrane. According to further embodiments of the present invention, a method for forming a sensor and a method of controlling a sensor are also provided.

Abstract: Described are techniques for storing and retrieving items using a robotic manipulator. Images depicting a human interacting with an item, sensor data from sensors instrumenting the human or item, data regarding physical characteristics of the item, and constraint data relating to the robotic manipulator or the item may be used to generate one or more configurations for the robotic manipulator. The configurations may include points of contact and force vectors for contacting the item using the robotic manipulator.

Abstract: A sensor able to detect shearing forces as well as simple pressure includes a substrate, a support secured to the substrate, and shear force sensing unit located at an exterior surface of the support facing away from the substrate. The support can be elastically deformed in proportion to the shearing force or pressure. The shear force sensing unit includes first piezoelectric films on outer opposing shoulders of each support, the first piezoelectric film being elastically deformed with the support and outputting a signal accordingly. The magnitude of simple pressure is recorded by similar deformation of a second piezoelectric film entirely covering its support.

Abstract: A pedal operation amount detecting device that is provided in an operating pedal apparatus including a transmitting member having a pedal arm of an operating pedal that is arranged so as to be pivotable about a support axis and that is depressed, and an output member to which a depression force is transmitted from the transmitting member and to which a reaction force corresponding to the depression force is applied, the pedal operation amount detecting device including a sensor member that is arranged on a load transmission path at a position offset from the transmitting member in a direction parallel to the support axis and that is deformed by the depression force and the reaction force, and the pedal operation amount detecting device electrically detecting a deformation of the sensor member.

Abstract: A pedal operation amount detecting device that is provided in an operating pedal apparatus including a transmitting member having a pedal arm of an operating pedal that is arranged so as to be pivotable about a support axis and that is depressed, and an output member to which a depression force is transmitted from the transmitting member and to which a reaction force corresponding to the depression force is applied, the pedal operation amount detecting device including a sensor member that is arranged on a load transmission path at a position offset from the transmitting member in a direction parallel to the support axis and that is deformed by the depression force and the reaction force, and the pedal operation amount detecting device electrically detecting a deformation of the sensor member.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a first device includes an electrically conductive element that is configured to capacitively couple to an electrode of a second device emitting a first electrical signal. The electrically conductive element is further configured to communicate to a circuit of the first device a second electrical signal induced in the electrically conductive element by the first electrical signal and through the capacitive coupling. The circuit of the first device is coupled to the electrically conductive element and is configured to receive the second electrical signal. The circuit is further configured to produce an electrical response to the second electrical signal, where the electrical response of the circuit is based at least in part on one or more characteristics of the first electrical signal.

Abstract: A pacemaker includes an electrode line having a lead and an electrode. The electrode includes a carbon nanotube composite structure having a matrix and a carbon nanotube structure located in the matrix. The matrix comprises a first surface and a second surface substantially perpendicular to the first surface. The carbon nanotube structure includes a first end electrically connect to the lead. The carbon nanotube structure is substantially parallel to the second surface of the matrix. A distance between the carbon nanotube structure and the second surface of the matrix is less than 10 micrometers.

Abstract: A load cell extending in an axial direction having an outer surface includes a groove in the outer surface having a first flat wall, and a second flat wall; and a principal strain sensor positioned on the first flat wall to measure tension and compression in the axial direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an inertial rotary movement microsensor for detecting a rotational movement around what is referred to as an axis of rotation (X), provided with a part that is movable relative to a fixed part, the movable part comprising an excitation mass configured to undergo an oscillating movement in an excitation direction (Z) by an exciter so as to generate a Coriolis force induced by the rotational movement, a detection mass kinematically connected to the excitation mass by a linkage configured to transmit the Coriolis force at least partly without transmitting the oscillating movement around the excitation axis at least partly, a detector configured to measure the Coriolis force transmitted to the detection mass, characterized in that the detector is provided with at least one strain gauge suspended between the detection mass and an anchoring part integral with the fixed part. Application to the technologies known as MEMS.

Abstract: A pin and circuit board assembly includes at least three pins (24?, 24?). Each pin includes a first end (35) and a second end (37). All of the first ends of the pins are arranged on a common plane. The second ends of at least two of the pins are disposed on the common plane and a second end of at least one of the pins, other than the two pins, are disposed on a second plane that is offset from the common plane. The second end of each pin is spaced apart from a second end of another pin substantially at an angle of 360/N, where N is the total number of pins. A printed circuit board (22?) includes at least three pin holes (28?, 28?), each arranged to receive a second end of an associated pin in a press-fit arrangement. The assembly avoids tilting of the PCB upon inserting the pins.

Abstract: In one aspect, wireless strain gauges are described herein. In some embodiments, a wireless strain gauge comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag and a nano-composite backplane coupled to the RFID tag, wherein the resonant frequency of the RFID tag antenna demonstrates an exponential dependence or substantially exponential dependence on the strain sensed by the strain gauge.

Abstract: In one general aspect, an apparatus comprises a material including a non-layered mixture of an elastomeric polymer with a plurality of voids; and a plurality of conductive fillers disposed in the elastomeric polymer. The apparatus may produce an electrical response to deformation and, thus, function as a strain gauge. The conductive fillers may include conductive nanoparticles and/or conductive stabilizers. In another general aspect, a method of measuring compression strain includes detecting, along a first axis, an electrical response generated in response to an impact to a uniform composite material that includes conductive fillers and voids disposed throughout an elastomeric polymer, and determining a deformation of the impact based on the electrical response. The impact may be along a second axis different from the first axis.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a circuit, a method, and a computer program configured to detect mechanical stress and a circuit, a method, and a computer program configured to monitor safety of a system. The detection circuit is configured to detect mechanical stress of a semiconductor circuit. The detection circuit comprises a stress monitor module configured to monitor mechanical stress of the semiconductor circuit and to provide monitor information related to a mechanical stress level of the semiconductor circuit. The detection circuit further comprises an activation signal generator configured to generate an activation signal comprising activation information related to the mechanical stress level of the semiconductor circuit if the monitor information indicates that a mechanical stress level criterion is fulfilled by the semiconductor circuit.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a fluidic structure is disclosed. A cavity that defines a shape of an element of the fluidic structure within a material is formed. The cavity is filled with liquid metal. The cavity is sealed. The fluidic structure behaves as an antenna. A fluidic antenna includes a material that defines a shape of the fluidic antenna by a cavity filled with liquid metal formed within the material, where the material further defines at least one mechanical property of the fluidic antenna.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an element for sensing strain, stress or force. The sensing element comprises a substrate, a pair of electrodes on the substrate, and a network of carbon nanotubes for sensing the strain, stress or force within a structure. The network of carbon nanotubes defines at least in part an electrical path between the electrodes of the pair, and the electrical path has a resistance which is altered by the sensed strain, stress or force. Combining a plurality of sensing elements coupled to a common substrate forms a sensing system.

Abstract: A sensor device comprises an array of spaced apart sensor elements disposed in a pattern on a substrate. Each sensor element is connected electrically so that a physical variable measured by each sensor element independently can be recorded and/or displayed by an external instrument. The sensing device may be a temperature sensing device, in which case the sensor elements are temperature sensing elements such as negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors. Alternatively the sensing device may be a strain or pressure sensing device, or an optical imaging device, in which case the sensor elements include piezoresistors or photoresistors.

Abstract: A pressure measuring transducer includes a pressure measuring cell; a measuring cell housing having an annular axial abutment surface, which surrounds an opening; a sealing ring; and a ring of angular cross section for positioning the pressure measuring cell and the sealing ring in the measuring cell chamber. The ring of angular cross section includes at least a first component of a form-retaining material and at least a second component of an elastic material, wherein the at least one form-retaining component forms the radial shoulder and extends in the axial direction into the annular gap, and the second component is connected with the first component and extends in the annular gap at least sectionally radially between the lateral surface of the pressure measuring cell and the wall of the measuring cell chamber.

Abstract: A variable resistance flexure sensor, and a system and method of controlling an appliance using a variable resistance flexure sensor are provided. The sensor can include a substrate having a flexible portion and a non-flexible portion. A plurality of electrically resistive elements, such as a first resistive element and a second resistive element, can be disposed on the substrate where at least one resistive element is exclusively within the non-flexible portion of the substrate and at least one resistive element is within the flexible portion of the substrate. The resistive element within the non-flexible portion of the substrate can act as a reference resistance for the flexure sensor and can be used as, or as part of, a biasing network for the electrically resistive element within the flexible portion of the substrate. The flexure sensor can be used within an appliance to detect various conditions such as temperature, moisture, etc.

Abstract: A double-side-coated surface stress sensor includes a sensing membrane structure portion where at least two ends opposite each other are fixed on a mounting portion; a receptor layer that coats both surfaces of the sensing membrane structure portion; and an element detecting a stress, which is provided in the vicinity of at least one of the fixed two ends, opposite each other, of the sensing membrane structure portion or at least one of the fixed two ends, opposite each other, of the mounting portion, in which in a detection output is obtained from the element based on the stress which is applied onto the receptor layer coating the both surfaces of the sensing membrane structure portion. Accordingly, it is possible to provide a double-side-coated surface stress sensor which coats both surfaces of the sensing membrane structure portion by the receptor layer, thereby obtaining a sufficiently large detection output.

Abstract: A PEFS (Piezoelectric Finger Sensor) acts as an “electronic finger” capable of accurately and non-destructively measuring both the Young's compression modulus and shear modulus of tissues with gentle touches to the surface. The PEFS measures both the Young's compression modulus and shear modulus variations in tissue generating a less than one-millimeter spatial resolution up to a depth of several centimeters. This offers great potential for in-vivo early detection of diseases. A portable hand-held device is also disclosed. The PEF offers superior sensitivity.

Abstract: A tension measurement apparatus that can carry out tension measurement of superior reproducibility with high sensitivity even for a target object of a stranded wire structure is provided. A cylindrical magnetizer arranged to surround a portion of a long magnetic element that becomes the target object of measurement direct-current magnetizes the magnetic element in the longitudinal direction up to the range of approach to saturation magnetization. Using a Hall element (magnetic sensor) arranged in proximity to the magnetic element at the central region in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic domain, the spatial magnetic field intensity in the neighborhood of the surface of the magnetic element, greatly differing corresponding to stress variation, is detected. Based on the detection value, the tension acting on the magnetic element is measured. Accordingly, a measurement result of superior reproducibility with high sensitivity is obtained.

Abstract: Provided are a bending sensor that is less dependent on an input speed of a strain and in which a response delay is unlikely to occur, and a deformed shape measurement method using the bending sensor. The bending sensor is configured to include a base material; a sensor body arranged on a surface of the base material and containing a matrix resin and conductive filler particles filled in the matrix resin at a filling rate of 30% by volume or more, and in which three-dimensional conductive paths are formed by contact among the conductive filler particles, and electrical resistance increases as an deformation amount increases; an elastically deformable cover film arranged so as to cover the sensor body; and a plurality of electrodes connected to the sensor body and capable of outputting electrical resistances. In the sensor body, cracks are formed in advance in such a direction that the conductive paths are cut off during a bending deformation.

Abstract: A measuring device is described which has a metal body deformable in accordance with a value to be measured. A sensor element having a metal carrier and ohmic resistors formed thereon in metal thin-film technique is connected to the metal body by welding and generates a signal adapted to be electrically evaluated which corresponds to the deformation of the metal body. The weld for connecting the metal body and the sensor element completely encloses the metal carrier at its circumference. The metal body has, at the welded connection with the metal carrier, a material thickness t which is completely penetrated by the weld. The value to be measured by the measuring device comprises force, pressure, temperature, torque or combinations thereof.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods, devices, and systems for determining occupancy of a user. One method to determine occupancy of a user includes sensing a change in resistance of a sensor element of an occupancy sensor, correlating the change in resistance to a force transmitted to the occupancy sensor, and determining an occupancy status of a user based on the force transmitted.

Abstract: The subject matter disclosed in this specification pertains to a method for detecting cells with elastic cell membranes. A plurality of cells are fixed to an impedimetric transducer and osmotic stress is applied. Those cells with elastic membranes, including cancer cells, undergo a volume change which is detected by the impedimetric transducer.

Abstract: A pressure-sensitive conductive rubber for reference is provided inside a housing in such a state that preload is imposed thereon. A pressure-sensitive conductive rubber for detection is also provided inside the housing in such a state that preload is imposed thereon and an external load acts thereon. A load detecting circuit applies voltage to the pressure-sensitive conductive rubbers to determine the external load based on a difference between a detected value corresponding to electric current flowing through the pressure-sensitive conductive rubber for reference and a detected value corresponding to electric current flowing through the pressure-sensitive conductive rubber for detection.

Abstract: An unshielded strain gage sensor cable that is tightly sealed within an injection mold to prevent electromagnetic interference from interfering with the sensor signal. The use of the unshielded cable significantly reduces the cost and allows for quick installation and a mobility that does not exist with shielded cables.

Abstract: A touch sensing device having conductive nodes is disclosed. The device can include a first structure having one or more conductive electrodes disposed on a surface opposite the structure's touchable surface and a second structure having one or more conductive nodes disposed on a surface. The two surfaces can be placed with the conductive electrodes and conductive nodes facing each other in close proximity so that the electrodes and the nodes can form capacitive elements for sensing a touch on the touchable surface. Separately disposing the conductive nodes from the touchable surface structure can make the touch sensing device thin. An example touch sensing device can be a click wheel.

Abstract: A sensor and method of sensing dimensional changes, stress changes or pressure changes on a substrate uses a sensor in the following manner. Temporarily and non-destructively attach a piezoresistant sensor to a surface. The piezoresistant sensor has an electrically conductive elastic body having at least one pair of opposed ends, and the elastic body contains conductive nanotubes homogeneously distributed therein. The elastic body has at least one surface with two opposed ends and electrodes at each of the opposed ends. A current is passed through the elastic body between the two electrodes. The current passing through the elastic body is sensed (e.g., a voltmeter). A mechanical step is performed with or on the substrate, and the sensor measures changes in the current between the electrodes, indicating strain or pressure on the sensor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a structural element for an orthopedic device, comprising at least one sensor (2) disposed in or on the structural element (1) and connected by means of conductors (13) for transferring energy and/or sensor signals, wherein the conductors (13) are integrated in the structural element (1), extend along an end area (A) of the structural element (1), and open into the end area (A), forming contact surfaces (3) there.

Abstract: In one general aspect, an apparatus comprises a material including a non-layered mixture of an elastomeric polymer with a plurality of voids; and a plurality of conductive fillers disposed in the elastomeric polymer. The apparatus may produce an electrical response to deformation and, thus, function as a strain gauge. The conductive fillers may include conductive nanoparticles and/or conductive stabilizers. In another general aspect, a method of measuring compression strain includes detecting, along a first axis, an electrical response generated in response to an impact to a uniform composite material that includes conductive fillers and voids disposed throughout an elastomeric polymer, and determining a deformation of the impact based on the electrical response. The impact may be along a second axis different from the first axis.

Abstract: A stress-detecting element includes a support body, a support film, a first piezoelectric element, first and second elastic parts. The support body has an opening part with first and second rectilinear sections extending parallel to each other. The support film blocks off the opening part. The first piezoelectric element straddles the first rectilinear section from an interior area to an exterior area of the opening part as seen in plan view. The first elastic part straddles the first rectilinear section from the interior area to the exterior area of the opening part. The second elastic part straddles the second rectilinear section from the interior area to the exterior area of the opening part. The first and second elastic parts respectively have first and second elastic end sections disposed in the interior area of the opening part and spaced apart from each other.

Abstract: A micromachined or microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based push-to-pull mechanical transformer for tensile testing of micro-to-nanometer scale material samples including a first structure and a second structure. The second structure is coupled to the first structure by at least one flexible element that enables the second structure to be moveable relative to the first structure, wherein the second structure is disposed relative to the first structure so as to form a pulling gap between the first and second structures such that when an external pushing force is applied to and pushes the second structure in a tensile extension direction a width of the pulling gap increases so as to apply a tensile force to a test sample mounted across the pulling gap between a first sample mounting area on the first structure and a second sample mounting area on the second structure.