Abstract: An example outdoor mounted device includes a first battery configured to operate at a low temperature range that at least includes negative 20 Celsius; a second battery configured to operate at a high temperature range; a temperature sensor; and processing circuitry configured to: determine, based on data received from the temperature sensors, a current temperature; responsive to determining that the current temperature is within the low temperature range, cause one or more components of the computing device to operate using electrical energy sourced from the first battery; and responsive to determining that the current temperature is within the high temperature range, cause the one or more components of the computing device to operate using electrical energy sourced from the second battery.

Abstract: A charging station monitoring system including: a sensing device, a digital camera and a communication device which are arranged at a charging apparatus of a charging station, the sensing device and the digital camera each having a sensing range covering a parking lot associated with the charging apparatus and an area around the parking lot; a controller configured to determine an occupation state of the parking lot and/or detect and record an action of a third party or foreign object based on sensed information from the sensing device and the digital camera; and a charging assistance device configured to recommend an environmentally friendly charging station if an energy storage device of the electric vehicle has not been fully charged and needs to be further charged.

Abstract: The present application provides a device battery and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The device battery includes: a battery microprocessor, an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory and a marking component. The battery microprocessor is connected to the electrically erasable programmable read-only memory, and the marking component is connected to the battery microprocessor and the electrically erasable programmable read-only memory. The marking component is configured to mark a storage address to which battery data is written last time. The battery microprocessor is configured to write battery data to the electrically erasable programmable read-only memory in a cyclic erasing writing mode according to the storage address currently marked by the marking component. According to the solution, an independent electrically erasable programmable read-only memory is added inside the device battery to store the battery data, which can improve stability and safety of battery data storage.

Abstract: Provided is a vehicle-mounted charging device in which a charging circuit subjects power supplied from an external power supply to power conversion and supplies power to a battery and a PTC heater in parallel. The vehicle-mounted charging device is provided with a control device which, when temperature adjustment of the battery by the PTC heater and charging of the battery are carried out at the same time, controls an output current of the charging circuit so as to approach a total value of an allowable value of charging current for the battery and a current consumption of the PTC heater at each time point during charging. The allowable value of charging current for the battery and the current consumption of the PTC heater are specified on the basis of battery characteristic information of the battery and heater characteristic information of the PTC heater which are stored in advance.

Abstract: A device for controlling a storage battery system is provided. The device includes: a state information calculator configured to calculate state information on each of batteries of a plurality of storage battery modules; a conversion efficiency characteristics calculator configured to calculate a power conversion efficiency of each of DC/DC converters of the plurality of storage battery modules; and a storage battery module selector configured to select one or a plurality of storage battery modules to be used while the storage battery system is charged or discharged and to determine a charge power or a discharge power of each of the selected storage battery modules, based on the state information of the batteries and the power conversion efficiencies of the DC/DC converters.

Abstract: In a sensor system for an actuator, in particular a lifting column, a force sensor is configured to detect a total force acting on an actuator part. An acceleration sensor is configured to detect an acceleration of the actuator part. Accordingly, the sensor system has a processing device, which is configured to control a drive of the actuator for moving the actuator part on a basis of the detected total force and the detected acceleration.

Abstract: An electrified fire fighting vehicle includes a chassis, a cab coupled to the chassis, a body coupled to the chassis, a front axle coupled to the chassis, a rear axle coupled to the chassis, a water tank supported by the chassis, an energy storage system coupled to the chassis and positioned rearward of the cab, a water pump supported by the chassis, and an electromagnetic device electrically coupled to the energy storage system. The electromagnetic device is coupled to the water pump and at least one of the front axle or the rear axle. The electromagnetic device is configured to receive stored energy from the energy storage system and provide a mechanical output to selectively drive the water pump and the at least one of the front axle or the rear axle.

Abstract: A method for operating a charging park for electric vehicles. The charging park has a group of charging points which are connected to a central cooling module, wherein components of the respective charging point are cooled as a function of a temperature of the respective component in the charging mode or in the standby mode, as a function of a charging status at the respective charging point and as a function of an ambient temperature.

Abstract: The present application discloses a thermal management method for a battery pack. The method includes: under a condition that an electric vehicle is in a stationary state, obtaining a power-on time of the battery pack in the electric vehicle; under a condition of determining that the battery pack has a thermal management demand, determining a target temperature of the battery pack according to a connection state of a charging interface of the electric vehicle and a charging device; determining a thermal management starting time of the battery pack based on the target temperature of the battery pack and the power-on time; and under a condition that the thermal management starting time arrives, performing thermal management on the battery pack so that a temperature of the battery pack reaches the target temperature before the power-on time arrives.

Abstract: Disclosed are a power assisted towing mode control method and system for ecofriendly vehicles. The power assisted towing mode control method is executed to control a power assisted towing mode between a first vehicle as a towing vehicle and a second vehicle as a towed vehicle, and includes determining, by the first vehicle, whether or not an accelerator pedal amount exceeds a threshold value, calculating, by the first vehicle, driver request torque based on the accelerator pedal amount, calculating, by the first vehicle, motor allowable torque based on the driver request torque, receiving, by the second vehicle, the motor allowable torque and calculating motor dischargeable torque based on the motor allowable torque, and performing, by the second vehicle, motor torque output based on the motor dischargeable torque.

Abstract: A regenerative braking energy dissipater system which is adapted to dissipate energy from a regenerative brake in the case when the battery cannot accept further energy. The system may switch the energy flow from the battery to a dissipater when the battery has reached a high level of charge. The dissipater may include load resistors. The system may be designed such that the airflow around the dissipater flows over and under the dissipating plate.

Abstract: An electronic control unit of an electric vehicle is configured to, in a case of making a welding diagnosis of a charging relay with an external power supply device not being connected to a charging inlet, start the welding diagnosis when a vehicle speed becomes equal to or higher than a first vehicle speed, interrupt the welding diagnosis when the vehicle speed becomes equal to or lower than a second vehicle speed during the welding diagnosis, and resume the welding diagnosis when the vehicle speed becomes equal to or higher than the first vehicle speed during the interruption of the welding diagnosis. The second vehicle speed is equal to or lower than the first vehicle speed.

Abstract: A power supply system (1) includes: a drive motor (M) coupled to drive wheels (W); a first inverter (23) which converts DC electric power into three-phase AC electric power; a first current sensor (23I) which generates a current detection signal according to electrical current flowing in the first inverter (23), and a system ECU (8) which executes discharge control for discharging electrical charge of a second smoothing capacitor (C2) connected to the first inverter (23), in a case of a discharge start condition being established. The system ECU (8), in a case of the drive motor (M) rotating upon starting the discharge control, executes the discharge control, after executing three-phase short-circuit control to turn ON all switching elements of an upper arm or all switching elements of a lower arm of the three-phase arm of the first inverter (23), based on the current detection signal of the sensor (23I).

Abstract: A hybrid vehicle comprises an internal combustion engine, a traction motor, a starter motor, and a battery bank, all controlled by a microprocessor in accordance with the vehicle's instantaneous torque demands so that the engine is run only under conditions of high efficiency, typically only when the load is at least equal to 30% of the engine's maximum torque output. In some embodiments, a turbocharger may be provided, activated only when the load exceeds the engine's maximum torque output for an extended period; a two-speed transmission may further be provided, to further broaden the vehicle's load range. A hybrid brake system provides regenerative braking, with mechanical braking available in the event the battery bank is fully charged, in emergencies, or at rest; a control mechanism is provided to control the brake system to provide linear brake feel under varying circumstances.

Abstract: A system and method for managing power in a vehicle is provided herein. The vehicle includes a battery, an electric motor, and a plurality of electric devices. The electric motor is operable to drive the vehicle. The battery provides power to the electric motor and each of the electric devices. A first sensor is operable to detect the amount of power each of the electric devices is consuming and a display is operable to provide the power consumption for each of the electric devices and the battery power. Accordingly, the user is able to identify and manage how the battery's power is being distributed during the operation of the vehicle.

Abstract: A motor-generator (2) coupled to an engine (4) generates power and has a starter function for the engine (4). A pump (6) is driven by the power of the engine (4). A generator-motor (14) is driven by power generated by the motor-generator (2) through an indirect matrix converter (8). The power generated by the generator is stored in a capacitor (22) through a converter (10) and a chopper (20) of the indirect matrix converter (8). A battery (26) is coupled through a chopper (24) to a capacitor (22).

Abstract: A vehicle includes a floor panel and an electric storage apparatus fixed to a lower face of the floor panel and outputting an energy for use in running of the vehicle. The electric storage apparatus includes a first electric storage stack including a plurality of electric storage elements, an electronic device used to control charge and discharge of the electric storage apparatus and located below the first electric storage stack in the vehicle, and a case accommodating the first electric storage stack and the electronic device and fixed to the lower face of the floor panel.

Abstract: A vehicle rocker panel is provided that is extruded as a single piece. As extruded, the rocker panel may include one or more interior reinforcing walls as well as interior and exterior design features.

Abstract: A hybrid hydraulic excavator includes an engine, a generator motor, a capacitor, a cooling system being configured to cool the capacitor, and a controller. The cooling system includes a circulation mechanism being configured to circulate a cooling water, and a cooler being configured to cool the cooling water with output from the engine. The controller prohibits auto-stop of the engine when it is determined that the capacitor is overheated.

Abstract: Provided is a hybrid construction machine preventing an electrical storage device from overcharge, including a hydraulic actuator, a hydraulic pump, a generator-motor which performs electric generator and motor actions, an engine, an electric actuator which generates regenerative electric power, an electrical storage device which performs a charge-and-discharge action with the generator-motor and the electric actuator, a charge-rate detector which detects a charge rate C1 of the electrical storage device, and a control section which controls an operation of the generator-motor and a charge-and-discharge action of the electrical storage device. The control section, when the charge rate C1 exceeds a set value Cs, performs overcharge-prevention control of making assist power by the electric motor action of the generator-motor be greater than that when C1?Cs, the set value Cs predetermined as a charge rate at which receiving the regenerative electric power can overcharge the electrical storage device.

Abstract: A vehicle is provided with a hybridized drive train and a low-voltage onboard power supply system. The low voltage onboard power supply system includes electric consuming devices, an energy accumulator and a starter for an internal-combustion engine. The low-voltage onboard power supply system further includes a support accumulator and a first switch between the support accumulator and the rest of the low-voltage onboard power supply system.

Abstract: A modular stacked DC architecture for traction system includes a propulsion system includes an electric drive, a direct current (DC) link electrically coupled to the electric drive, and a first DC-DC converter coupled to the DC link. A first energy storage device (ESD) is electrically coupled to the first DC-DC converter, and a second DC-DC converter is coupled to the DC link and to the first DC-DC converter. The system also includes a second energy storage device electrically coupled to the second DC-DC converter and a controller coupled to the first and second DC-DC converters and configured to control a transfer of energy between the first ESD and the DC link via the first and second DC-DC converters.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a display plane and a control unit. The display plane configured to display a first display portion that shows a locomotion region in the first locomotion mode in a display region based on the output request and a future locomotion distance of the vehicle and a second display portion that shows a locomotion region in the second locomotion mode next to the first display portion in the display region. The control unit configured to control an image displayed in the display plane. The control unit changes a border between the first display portion and the second display portion based on the future locomotion distance in accordance with an estimation result of displacement of a switching point between the first locomotion mode and the second locomotion mode.

Abstract: An electrochemical energy storage system is provided for an application having design energy and power requirements. The electrochemical energy storage system comprises first and second energy storage system components having different electro-chemistries and formed in different units. Said first energy storage system component includes a non-lead-acid battery adapted to provide the energy requirements of the application. Said second energy storage system component includes a lead-acid battery adapted to provide the power requirements of the application. Said first and second energy storage system components have a combined capacity that is less than a capacity of a mono-electrochemical energy storage system adapted to supply both the power and energy requirements of the application.

Abstract: A method and system for conditioning an energy storage system (ESS) for a vehicle, like a high-voltage battery or a fuel cell used for vehicle propulsion. It may be detrimental for a high-voltage battery in a parked vehicle to be exposed to extreme temperatures for an extended period of time. Thus, the method and system may be used to condition such a battery—for example, by heating it up if it is too cold or by cooling it down if it is too hot—so that the performance, durability, lifespan and/or other aspects of the battery are improved. In an exemplary embodiment, the method predicts if the battery will need conditioning the next time the vehicle is parked and, if such conditioning is needed, then the method predicts if the battery has sufficient charge to perform this conditioning. If the charge appears insufficient, then the method operates an energy generator that provides additional charge to the battery in anticipation of the needed conditioning.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide a hybrid wheel loader capable of highly efficient and stable supply of motive power. [Solution] A hybrid wheel loader including: a front work machine (5) provided at the front of a vehicle; power sources including an engine (1) and an electric storage device; and a hybrid control device (20) which controls output of these power sources; characterized in that: a capacitor (11) is provided as the electric storage device; and the hybrid control device makes control to decrease a voltage of the capacitor in accordance with increase of energy held by the vehicle.

Abstract: A shovel including a power storage device; and an electrically driven part driven by discharge electric power from the power storage device. The power storage device includes a lower housing having a bottom panel and side panels; at least two power storage modules arranged at a distance from each other in a first direction on the bottom panel and configured to charge and discharge electrical energy; a first rib formed on the bottom panel of the lower housing, arranged between the two power storage modules, and configured to extend in a second direction intersecting in the first direction; and a second rib formed on the bottom panel of the lower housing, configured to extend in the first direction, and formed continuously with the first rib.

Abstract: In a vehicle that runs by drive power of a motor in addition to that of an engine, a device for treating evaporated fuel is provided that may heat a canister and improve desorption efficiency even in a state in which there is little exhaust heat from the engine. A vehicle is provided with a first battery and a second battery. A canister is disposed in front of the first battery and below the second battery. Because the canister is disposed near to the batteries, heat is transferred from the batteries to the canister and an adsorbing agent in the canister is heated.

Abstract: The invention relates to vehicles for transporting persons and/or goods, which vehicles travel on roads or alternatively on rails and at least partially use electrical energy using electric motors as drive units, wherein the electrical energy used is predominantly or substantially produced within the vehicle by converting kinetic energy, in particular components of the kinetic energy that are caused on the vehicle bodywork as gravitation effects and components of the kinetic energy from curve centrifugal forces and acceleration motions of the vehicle body, the vertical dynamic acceleration motions of the wheels and wheel suspensions, and other components, wherein the electrical energy generated in such away is temporarily stored in chemical energy stores (batteries) and/or other suitable storage media, for example, high-power capacitors or flywheel stores, until the electricity is used in the vehicle drive motors and/or other loads.

Abstract: This vehicle includes a vehicle-mounted component mounted below a rear floor panel and an electric power reception device mounted below the rear floor panel and including an electric power reception portion receiving electric power in a non-contact manner from an electric power transmission device including an externally provided electric power transmission portion, and the vehicle-mounted component is arranged flush with and around the electric power reception device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel cathode active material for secondary batteries. More specifically, disclosed is a cathode active material for secondary batteries that reduces deintercalation of oxygen from a crystal structure of Li2MnO3 at a high voltage of 4.3V to 4.6V through incorporation of excess lithium in a transition metal cation layer.

Abstract: In a method for determining a power limiting value for an electric machine in a vehicle, the electric machine being assigned an energy storage device, an intermediate power value is calculated from a maximally allowable current of the energy storage device and an instantaneous voltage. A corrected intermediate power value is determined by adding at least one power loss to the intermediate power value. A first correction value is determined for reducing the absolute value of the corrected intermediate power value if an instantaneous power of the energy storage device is greater than the absolute value of the calculated intermediate power value. The power limiting value is determined by superimposing the first correction value on the corrected intermediate power value.

Abstract: Provided is a composite cathode active material including layered lithium manganese oxide and lithium-containing metal oxide. Also, the present invention provides a secondary battery, a battery module, and a battery pack which have improved power characteristics by including the composite cathode active material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery pack including a battery module array having battery modules which are arranged in a lateral direction in two or more rows, each of the battery modules configured with battery cells or unit modules, each of which has two or more battery cells mounted therein, are stacked in a state in which the battery cells or the unit modules are erected vertically, a base plate on which the battery modules are stacked in a vertically erected state, a pair of main members provided at the front and rear of the battery module array, opposite ends of each of the main members being fastened to an external device, a pair of end plates disposed in contact with the front and rear of the battery module array such that the lower end of each of the end plates is fixed to the base plate, and supporting bars.

Abstract: An electric vehicle has a battery pack under a floor panel. The battery pack includes battery modules having an electricity storage function, a first case holding the battery modules therein, and a power shut-off mechanism temporarily interrupting the electric power of the battery modules. The floor panel includes an access port communicating between the inside and outside of a cabin. The battery pack further includes a second case extending upward from an upper surface of the first case adjacent to the floor panel and including the power shut-off mechanism therein. The second case has an opening for allowing the access to the power shut-off mechanism from the outside of the second case, the opening being oriented in an access direction where the power shut-off mechanism is accessed from the access port toward the opening.

Abstract: Deterioration of a power storage unit included in a vehicle is prevented or the power storage unit that has deteriorated is repaired, and the charge and discharge performance of the power storage unit is maximized to be maintained for a long time. Attention has focused on a reaction product formed on an electrode surface which causes malfunction or deterioration of a power storage unit such as a lithium-ion secondary battery. In the power storage unit used for a vehicle that runs on the power of an electric motor, rapid discharge occurring in the acceleration of the vehicle or the like tends to promote the solidification of the reaction product. The reaction product is removed by application of an electrical stimulus, specifically, an inversion pulse voltage.

Abstract: In a vehicle having rear seats which can be swung up, a vehicle electric equipment mounting structure is provided which can ensure a sufficient space at a rear part of the vehicle which allows passengers to walk therethrough while arranging vehicle driving electric motor-related electric equipment at the rear part of the vehicle. Third row seats 5 which can be swung up towards side walls 9a are provided at a rear part of a vehicle 1. Electric equipment such as a battery unit 21, an inverter unit 22 and a DC-DC converter unit 23 is accommodated within a downwardly depressed portion 11 in a floor panel 2 underneath a rear lid board 34 on which the third row seats 5, taking a seating posture, are positioned.

Abstract: There is provided a battery pack mounting structure for an electric vehicle. A battery pack is mounted in a space behind a rear seat of the electric vehicle. Battery modules are accommodated in the battery back are in a stacked state in a height direction of the electric vehicle. A floor panel behind the rear seat is formed with an opening into which an upper part of the battery pack is inserted. When seen from a side of the electric vehicle, a dimension of one battery module disposed at a position protruding upwards from the opening, is smaller in the longitudinal direction than that of another battery module disposed below the one battery module, and a front end portion of the one battery module is offset towards a rear side of the electric vehicle relative to that of the another battery module.

Abstract: A drive condition, which is used to determine a SOC management plan, is collected from each of road sections and is cumulatively memorized in a durable memory medium. When a remaining charge amount of a battery reaches a lower limit standard value or an upper limit standard value at a certain location, a candidate control section is defined around and includes such point. The candidate control section is defined to extend a predetermined distance forward and backward from such point. The drive conditions stored for the candidate control section are used to determine the SOC management plan that controls the remaining charge amount of the battery to be controlled within a standard range. When the vehicle enters the candidate control section, the drive control of a power source in the vehicle is performed according to the SOC management plan for the candidate control section.

Abstract: A system and method for learning a transferring torque for a hybrid vehicle includes: an engine and a motor connected through a clutch; a Hybrid Starter Generator (HSG) that is connected to the engine and is used to start the engine; and a controller for transferring a charging power by the motor to the HSG in a case where the charging power by the motor is greater than or equal to a chargeable power of the battery when the transferring torque is learned through the clutch.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery pack including a battery module array having battery modules which are arranged in a lateral direction in two or more rows, each of the battery modules configured with battery cells or unit modules, each of which has two or more battery cells mounted therein, are stacked in a state in which the battery cells or the unit modules are erected vertically, a base plate on which the battery modules are stacked in a vertically erected state, a pair of main members provided at the front and rear of the battery module array, opposite ends of each of the main members being fastened to an external device, a pair of end plates disposed in contact with the front and rear of the battery module array such that the lower end of each of the end plates is fixed to the base plate, and supporting bars.

Abstract: An electric bus is disclosed, comprising a body including a floor, a rear cabin, and two front wheel wells. The front wheel wells are disposed in a middle section of the body. The body further includes a seat area having one or more seats arranged in one or more rows. The rear cabin is disposed behind a back row of the seats. The electric bus further includes a chassis and a battery system for providing electric power to the electric bus. The battery system further comprises a first battery group disposed above the respective front wheel wells; a second battery group disposed under the floor and proximate to an intermediate row of the seats; and a third battery group disposed under the floor and proximate to a back row of the seats and in the rear cabin behind the back row of seats.

Abstract: A motorized rear derailleur is basically provided with a base member, a movable member, a pulley arrangement, a motor unit and a power limit circuit. The movable member is movably mounted to the base member between a plurality of gear positions. The pulley arrangement is supported by the movable member. The pulley arrangement includes a pulley having a dynamo that generates electrical energy in response to rotation of the pulley. The motor unit is operatively coupled between the base member and the movable member to selectively move the movable member relative to the base member between the gear positions. The motor unit is electrically coupled to the dynamo to selectively receive electrical energy generated by the dynamo. The power limit circuit is electrically coupled between the dynamo and the motor unit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mining vehicle and method for its energy supply. The mining vehicle has a rectifier, DC intermediate circuit, and inverter, through which an alternating current motor is supplied. At least one auxiliary energy source is connected to the DC intermediate circuit. A DC/DC converter is connected between the DC intermediate circuit and the auxiliary energy source for adapting the voltage level of the auxiliary energy source and for connecting the auxiliary energy source to supply energy to the DC intermediate circuit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery pack including (a) a battery module array having battery modules arranged in two or more rows, (b) a pair of side support members that are in close contact with outermost unit modules in the battery modules in the battery module array, (c) lower end support members coupled to lower ends of the side support members, (d) two or more first upper mounting members coupled to upper ends of the side support members and lower ends of the battery modules erected in an upside-down fashion, (e) a second upper mounting member coupled to upper ends of the first upper mounting members, and (f) a rear mounting member disposed at the rear of the battery module array.

Abstract: The electrical vehicle energy storage system permits the electric refueling of the electric vehicle just like an automobile would be refueled with gasoline at a gas station. Circuitry on board the vehicle accessible by the electric refueling station enables the determination of the energy content of the battery module or modules returned to the electric refueling station and the owner of the vehicle is given credit for the energy remaining in the battery module or modules which have been exchanged. Selective refueling may take place for given battery modules by removing them from the battery system and charging them at home, office or factory. A process for operating an electric vehicle is also disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: A method of operating a vehicle powertrain system where the powertrain system includes a fuel controlled engine, an electric motor, and a battery, the fuel, controlled engine and the electric motor capable of powering the powertrain system. The powertrain system is capable of operating in a plurality of operational modes. The method includes detecting a current value representative of a current flowing through a portion of the battery, calculating a first value representative of the current over a predetermined amount of time, and de-rating at least one of the plurality of operational modes in response to the calculated first value.

Abstract: A towed vehicle is towed by a towing vehicle. The towed vehicle includes a motor/generator for both regenerative braking and for powering wheels. A tow member connects the towed vehicle to the towed vehicle. A sensor measures or infers the tension and compression in the tow member. A computer communicates with the sensor and with the motor/generator. The computer commands the motor/generator to either utilize regenerative braking or provide assistance in propulsion of the towed vehicle based upon the tension and compression forces in the tow member.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a motor-assisted bicycle detects a pedaling torque applied to a crankshaft with a pedaling force sensor, controls a motor unit of the motor-assisted bicycle in a regenerative control process to charge a battery if the torque value of the detected pedaling torque is equal to or smaller than a predetermined level, and controls the motor unit in an assistive control process if the torque value is greater than the predetermined level. The control apparatus switches between the assistive control process and the regenerative control process depending on the torque value which is detected, increases the predetermined level if the state of charge of the battery becomes lower than a first level, and restores the predetermined level if the state of charge of the battery becomes higher than a second level which is greater than the first level.

Abstract: A controller identifies a condition of a hazardous internal short by comparing patterns of series element voltages to the last known balance condition of the series elements. If the loaded or resting voltage of one or more contiguous series elements uniformly drop from the previously known condition by an amount consistent with an over-current condition, an over-current internal short circuit fault is registered. The desired response is to prevent the affected series elements from heating to a hazardous temperature by summoning the maximum heat rejection capability of the system until the short ceases and the affected elements cool, the cooling function is no longer able to operate due to low voltage, or the affected series string has drained all of its energy through the short. Also includes are responses that allow the battery pack to continue to power the cooling system even though it may enter an over-discharged state.