Abstract: A full hybrid electric vehicle comprises a heat engine, a one-way-clutch connected to the engine shaft, an electric motor, a planetary gear unit, a clutch with limited torque, and a transmission. The planetary gear unit includes at least a sun gear (an input element), a ring gear (an input element) and a pinion carrier (an output element). The torque-limited clutch seats between two of the planetary gear elements. The engine is connected to and applies torque on one of the input elements. The electric motor is connected to and applies torque on the other input element. While the vehicle is running, the engine can be started smoothly by engaging the torque-limited clutch and controlling the motor torque, and a shock on the vehicle similar to a rough shift can be avoided.

Abstract: A method for operating a parallel hybrid powertrain (1) of a vehicle having one internal combustion engine (2) and one electric motor (3). The electric motor is located in the drivetrain between an output and the internal combustion engine. Between the internal combustion engine and the electric motor, a frictionally engaged shifting element is provided, while between the electric motor and the output, a starting element (6) having a hydrodynamic torque converter (6A) and a converter lock-up clutch (6B) is disposed. A target output torque to be applied to the output is dependent on the slippage of the starting element. During a starting phase of the internal combustion engine via the electric motor, an input torque produced by the electric motor is directed at least in part via the torque converter and in part via the converter lock-up clutch.

Abstract: A controllable selectable one-way clutch is provided for use within a hybrid transmission. The clutch comprises an outer and inner race, and a first and second selector plate. A transmission motor controller synchronizes the speeds of the races to facilitate application and release of the clutch, and a transmission controller communicates a signal to the clutch for re-positioning of the plates to apply and release the clutch. The clutch has three operational modes, including freewheeling and holding torque in one direction or both directions. A method is also provided for applying a selectable one-way clutch in a vehicle having a hybrid transmission with a motor controller and a transmission controller, including synchronizing the clutch speed using the motor controller, detecting the direction of the race speed difference, communicating the race speed difference to the transmission controller, and selecting between the clutch operational modes in response to the detected speed difference.

Abstract: The invention essentially concerns a method for fast starting of a hybrid vehicle. Said method uses a power transmission device (1.1) comprising a traction chain consisting of a heat engine (2), a clutch (3), an electrical machine (4), and wheels (6). The invention is characterized in that said method, in order to rapidly accelerate the vehicle when it is stopped, consists in starting the heat engine (2) concurrently with the actuation of the electrical machine, using a starting system (7) mechanically independent of the electrical machine (4).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for controlling a coupling device between an input shaft driven by a motor and an output shaft that can transmit a maximum torque according to the position of an actuator of the coupling device 5 complying with a law of behavior of the coupling means according to which: a set value (Cemb,cons) of maximum torque to be transmitted is defined; the actual position (Xemb,mes) of the actuator of the coupling device is measured; a set value (Xemb,cons) is determined for actuating the coupling device and is sent to the actuator of the coupling device, while using a law of behavior of the coupling means obtained by interpolation between a first law of reference of behavior of the coupling means and at least one second law of reference of behavior of the coupling means, and; an auto-adaptation of the law of behavior of the coupling means is carried out for taking into consideration its evolution resulting from the use.

Abstract: A method and a device for compensating a transmitted torque of a clutch between a regulated drive motor, in particular an electric motor, and an internal combustion engine of a hybrid drive when transitioning from an exclusive operation using the drive motor to a hybrid operation, a total torque from the drive motor and the internal combustion engine being jointly provided in hybrid operation, the rotational speed of the drive motor being controlled or regulated with the aid of a manipulated variable; the internal combustion engine being entrained at a controllable transmitted torque by coupling to the drive motor via a proportional clutch for performing the transition. The rotational speed of the drive motor is controlled or regulated as a function of a setpoint transmitted torque using which the drive motor is to be coupled to the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: An automatic dual clutch transmission includes an input clutch which selectively connects a prime mover to an electric motor. The electric motor output, in turn, drives a pair of gears, one of which is in constant mesh with a first gear on a first quill and a second gear on a second quill, the other being in constant mesh with a third gear on the first quill and a fourth gear on the second quill. On each quill, between each pair of gears driven by the input is a pair of dog clutches which connect one of the two gears to the associated quill. Each of the quills drives an input of a respective pair of friction clutches which drive a respective pair of layshafts or countershafts. A similar arrangement of a second pair of gears flanked by dog clutches connects each layshaft or countershaft through one of a pair of gears which are in constant mesh with a pair of output gears coupled to and driving a differential cage.

Abstract: A process of operating a motor vehicle drive train that comprises at least one hybrid drive having a combustion engine and an electric motor with a clutch connected between the combustion engine and the electric motor, and an automatic transmission is arranged between the hybrid drive and an output. The process including the step of disengaging the clutch to carry out a shift, after a reduction of load at the internal combustion engine and after a reduction of the torque that is transmitted between the internal combustion engine and the electric motor. Subsequently carrying out a gear shift by the automatic transmission and, thereafter, increasing the torque that is transmitted by the clutch. Increasing the load from the combustion engine, and optionally engaging the clutch. A load transfer by the electric motor occurs before and/or after the gear shift in the transmission is carried out.

Abstract: The hybrid vehicle transfers power between the two motors, releases a coupling between one of the motors and the drive shaft, adjusts the rotation speed of one of the motors which is released from the coupling to the drive shaft by the transmission so as to enable drive source element connection, and connects the clutch as well as cranks the engine by either one or the other motor when the engine is started while the clutch is released, the engine is stopped, both the motors are coupled to the drive shaft as well as at least one of the motors is caused to output power.

Abstract: A hybrid transmission is provided with a motor and a torque-transfer device is operable to transfer torque from the motor to a transmission input member upstream in power flow from the transmission gearing arrangement. The torque transfer device may be a fluid coupling, such as a torque converter, including a torque converter lock-up clutch. In other embodiments, the torque transfer device is a launch clutch that may be either a wet clutch engagable via pressurized transmission fluid, or a dry clutch, such as used in a manual transmission. A disconnect clutch is selectively engagable to operatively connect an engine connection member with the motor to permit the motor to start the engine, such as after a stop. Many embodiments of the transmission include a one-way clutch arranged in parallel with the disconnect clutch. A method of starting the engine using such a transmission is also provided.

Abstract: A vehicle control system is comprised of a controller which is arranged to select an optimal mode adapted to a driving point of a vehicle from an optimal mode map of defining a plurality of running modes of the vehicle, to detect a generation of a mode transition in the optimal mode map, and to hold a current running mode selected before the transition for a holding time period when the generation of the mode transition is detected.

Abstract: A control apparatus of hybrid vehicle having a first clutch which is in a disengaged state by being supplied with hydraulic fluid and a second clutch which is in an engaged state by being supplied with the hydraulic fluid, has a line pressure controller controlling a line pressure of the hydraulic fluid, and a drive mode controller changing a drive mode between HEV mode in which the first clutch is engaged and the vehicle travels with the engine and the motor/generator being a power source and EV mode in which the first clutch is disengaged and the vehicle travels with only the motor/generator being the power source. The line pressure controller sets the line pressure in HEV mode to a pressure level required for the engagement of the second clutch, and sets the line pressure in EV mode to a higher line pressure than the line pressure in HEV mode.

Abstract: A hybrid engine and coupling system for use with a vehicle or other load which employs a motor/generator unit connected through controllable couplers to a kinetic energy storage device and to one or more internal combustion engine modules in a programmed manner. Several embodiments provide varying configurations to satisfy various power and packaging design requirements.

Abstract: A method is for controlling a hybrid drive of a vehicle, which includes at least one internal combustion engine and at least one electric machine, having a first clutch situated between the electric machine and the drive train of the vehicle and a second clutch situated between the electric machine and the internal combustion engine. In the method, a predefinable clutch torque is applied to the second clutch for a start of the internal combustion engine by the operating electric machine, the rotational speed of the internal combustion engine is monitored, and the clutch torque is incremented to a higher value if the rotational speed of the internal combustion engine is less than a predefinable threshold value within a predefinable time interval.

Abstract: A method of operating a motor vehicle drive train having a hybrid drive including an internal combustion engine, an electric motor and an automatic transmission. A clutch is located between the internal combustion engine and the electric motor, and a clutch or a torque converter is located between the electric motor and the automatic transmission such that, when the drive train is powered exclusively by the electric motor, the internal combustion engine can be started by engagement of the clutch located between the internal combustion engine and the electric motor. The clutch, arranged between the internal combustion engine and the electric motor, is engaged during the process of downshifting when the internal combustion engine is started.

Abstract: A first aspect of the present invention is concerned with a series hybrid drive train for a vehicle comprising a traction motor, an electric generator, a three-position clutch (20) and a controller. The three-position clutch allows the generator to be connected to an internal combustion engine (12) of the vehicle, to the traction motor or to remain freewheeling. In a second aspect of the present invention, a four-position clutch is used to further allow the internal combustion engine to be connected directly to the wheels to thereby yield a series/parallel drive train. A third aspect of the present invention is concerned with a method of operating such a hybrid drive train.

Abstract: A method and system to capture energy during regenerative braking while managing driveline disturbances by controlling locking and unlocking of a torque-converter clutch based upon operator input, typically throttle position or accelerator pedal position, vehicle speed, and engine load is offered. The exemplary vehicle has an engine, a torque converter with a clutch, and a transmission device. Vehicle kinetic energy is transmittable to an electrical machine using the transmission device and the torque converter. It includes monitoring an operator demand for power, engine operating speed, and, engine load; and, actuating the locking clutch for the torque converter based upon the operator demand for power, the engine operating speed, and, the engine load.

Abstract: A method and system for adaptively controlling a hybrid vehicle comprises a recorder for recording a historical load or duty cycle of vehicle during or after operation of the vehicle. A classifier classifies the historical load in accordance with a load category. A controller assigns at least one of a current control curve and a slew rate control curve associated with the load category for a defined time period after the recording of the historical load or if the vehicle is presently operating generally consistent with the load category. At least one of the current control curve and the slew rate control curve, or data representative thereof, are used to control an operation of an electric drive motor of the vehicle for the defined time period.

Abstract: A method for controlling a hybrid drivetrain of a motor vehicle such that, during a thrust operation of the vehicle, a change takes place from a combustion-powered driving mode, in which the combustion engine is in a thrust operation, the separator clutch is engaged and the electric machine contributes no force, or from a combined driving mode in which the engine is in a thrust operation, the clutch is engaged and the electric machine operates as a generator, to an electric driving mode in which the engine is switched off, the clutch is disengaged and the electric machine operates as a generator. To efficiently change driving modes, the clutch is partially disengaged to a slip limit; the clutch is then completely disengaged; and when the clutch reaches the slip limit, the generator torque of the electric machine is increased inversely to the torque that can be transmitted by the clutch.

Abstract: The hybrid drive train has an internal combustion engine connected to a first input shaft via a first clutch and connected to a second input shaft via a second clutch. An electric machine is connected to the second input shaft. The first input shaft is coupled to an output shaft via a first gear, and the second input shaft is coupled to the output shaft via two second gears. In the method for operating the hybrid, the first gear is engaged and torque is applied by the engine. To change, one of the second gears is engaged, engine torque is reduced by slipping the clutch while electric machine torque is increased. To change again, electric machine torque is reduced to zero, the other second gear is engaged while engine torque transmitted via the first clutch is increased by reducing slipping of the first clutch.

Abstract: A system and method for starting an ICE of a hybrid vehicle, the hybrid vehicle having a generator with a rotor rotating at an angular speed and a clutch provided between the ICE and the rotor. The method includes steps of disengaging the clutch so that the rotor and the ICE can operate independently; increasing the angular speed; upon the angular speed reaching a predetermined speed, engaging the clutch; allowing the ICE to crank; and starting the ICE.

Abstract: A first clutch assembly has an active state for transmitting rotational energy and an inactive state for not transmitting rotational energy. A generator has a generator shaft associated with the first clutch assembly. A second clutch assembly has an active state for transmitting rotational energy and an inactive state for not transmitting rotational energy. A transmission has a transmission shaft directly or indirectly associated with the second clutch assembly. A third clutch assembly has an active state for transmitting rotational energy and an inactive state for not transmitting rotational energy. An engine has an engine shaft associated with the third clutch assembly. A controller establishes an operational mode of the vehicle by controlling the states of the first clutch assembly, the second clutch assembly, and the third clutch assembly.

Abstract: A powertrain for propelling a hybrid vehicle includes a front drivetrain, for driving a pair of front wheels, and a rear drivetrain, for driving a first and a second rear wheel, to propel the hybrid vehicle. First and second rear drive motors are operatively connected to the rear wheels to propel the hybrid vehicle. Energy is transmitted from an energy storage device to power and operate each of the first and second rear drive motors. Likewise, during regenerative braking, energy is transmitted from each of the rear drive motors to recharge the energy storage device. The first rear drive motor is operated independent of the second rear drive motor to transmit torque to vector torque between each of the rear wheels and control dynamics of the hybrid vehicle.

Abstract: The present invention provides a clutch torque control system of a hybrid electric vehicle, which performs an engine rotational speed control in a power generation system including an engine, a motor-generator, and a clutch for controlling connection and disconnection between the engine and the motor-generator.

Abstract: The hybrid drive train has an internal combustion engine connected to a first input shaft via a first clutch and connected to a second input shaft via a second clutch. An electric machine is connected to the second input shaft. The first input shaft is coupled to an output shaft via a first gear, and the second input shaft is coupled to the output shaft via two second gears. In the method for operating the hybrid, the first gear is engaged and torque is applied by the engine. To change, one of the second gears is engaged, engine torque is reduced by slipping the clutch while electric machine torque is increased. To change again, electric machine torque is reduced to zero, the other second gear is engaged while engine torque transmitted via the first clutch is increased by reducing slipping of the first clutch.

Abstract: A hybrid vehicle includes a battery system, an internal combustion engine, a first motor/generator, a second motor/generator, and an engageable clutch assembly. The engageable clutch assembly is disposed between the internal combustion engine and the first motor/generator. When engaged, the engageable clutch assembly couples the rotor spindle of the second motor/generator with the hollow rotor shaft of the first motor/generator. The engageable clutch assembly may also operate in a first mechanical mode that selectively engages and disengages the internal combustion engine from the second motor/generator, or operate in a second mechanical mode that dampens shock between the internal combustion engine and the first motor/generator when the international combustion engine operates at a rotational speed that is different than a rotational of the first motor/generator.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system and method for controlling clutch engagement in a hybrid vehicle, in which an appropriate clutch engagement mode is selected based on vehicle state, and the like, and a speed difference between both sections of a clutch and a torque transmitted to the vehicle during the clutch engagement process are controlled by reflecting a parameter changed by the clutch engagement mode, thus improving acceleration performance and driving performance, reducing engagement impact, and simply providing various clutch engagement modes.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are embodiments of a control apparatus for a hybrid vehicle that is capable of suppressing overheating of the second clutch. Control is switched between engine-used slip drive control and motor drive control on a basis of a temperature of the second clutch. Control methods for a hybrid vehicle are also disclosed.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a hybrid vehicle that is capable of suppressing overheating of the second clutch is taught herein. Control is switched between engine-used slip drive control and motor drive control on a basis of a vehicle load such as weight or a road incline gradient. Control methods for hybrid vehicles are also disclosed.

Abstract: In a powertrain that includes wheels for driving a vehicle, a crankshaft, a machine driveably connected to the crankshaft and able to operate alternately as an electric motor and electric generator, a transmission including an input clutch driveably connected to the crankshaft and an output driveably connected to the wheels, a method for controlling idle speed including producing a desired magnitude of input clutch torque capacity, producing a desired wheel torque, using an error represented by a difference between a desired crankshaft idle speed and a current crankshaft speed to determine a desired change in torque produced by the machine, using the magnitude of input clutch torque capacity and the desired change in torque produced by the machine to determine a desired magnitude machine torque, and using the machine to produce said desired magnitude of machine torque.

Abstract: A method for operating a hybrid drive system, in particular of a motor vehicle, having at least one electric machine and one internal combustion engine, a disconnecting clutch being provided between the electric machine and the internal combustion engine and a torque converter having a turbine wheel being provided between the electric machine and a hybrid drive output, the disconnecting clutch being engaged for starting the internal combustion engine. It is provided that, as a function of the rotational speed of the turbine wheel of the torque converter, a rotational speed is predefined for the electric machine such that no sudden torque change occurs at the hybrid drive output when the internal combustion engine is started.

Abstract: A method is provided for starting a piston engine of a hybrid drive in an electric travel state. The hybrid drive includes at least the piston engine, an electric motor, a transmission, and a clutch situated between the piston engine and the electric motor. A converter lockup clutch, which is switchable into a slip state, is also provided. A slip is set at the converter lockup clutch, and a speed of the electric motor is then increased. The speed and the torque either do not change or only change in a predefined range at the output side of the converter lockup clutch. The clutch is closed to transmit a torque pulse, so that a first top dead center of the piston of the piston engine may be overcome. A predefined slip is then set at the clutch.

Abstract: A rotating electrical machine includes a DC power supply; a rotating electrical machine; an inverter provided between the DC power supply and the rotating electrical machine to control current flowing in the rotating electrical machine; and a control device that: determines a rotational speed as a rotational speed requested for the rotating electrical machine and a requested torque as a torque requested for the rotating electrical machine; and limits a torque of the rotating electrical machine. The inverter is operated based on the rotational speed and the requested torque determined by the control device, and the control unit changes a limit of the torque in accordance with an inverter voltage which is a voltage applied to a frequency conversion portion provided in the inverter.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to control an electro-mechanical transmission is provided, selectively operative in a plurality of fixed gear modes and continuously variable modes, and comprising first and second electrical machines and hydraulically-actuated clutches. Included is launching a vehicle so equipped, comprising operating the electro-mechanical transmission in a continuously variable mode to transmit motive torque from the first electrical machine to the driveline, and, selectively increasing an operating speed of the engine and selectively actuating a second clutch to transmit motive torque generated by the second electrical machine when an operator torque request exceeds a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A method for controlling a powertrain system including a transmission mechanically coupled to an engine and an electric machine to transfer power to an output member, the transmission selectively operative in one of a plurality of operating range states includes monitoring operator inputs to an accelerator pedal, determining a preferred operating point of the powertrain based upon the operator inputs, determining a preferred operating range state of the transmission based upon the preferred operating point, determining lead control signals for the engine and the transmission based upon the preferred operating point and the preferred operating range state of the transmission, determining immediate control signals for the electric machine and the transmission, wherein the immediate control signals are based upon a lead period calibrated to a difference in control signal reaction times of the engine and the electric machine in order to effect changes to an actual electric machine output substantially simultaneou

Abstract: A powertrain system includes an engine coupled to an electro-mechanical transmission to transfer power between the engine and a plurality of torque generating machines and an output member. The transmission is operative in one of a plurality of operating range states through selective application of torque transfer clutches and the engine is operatively coupled to a main hydraulic pump to supply pressurized fluid to a hydraulic circuit operative to apply the torque transfer clutches. A method for controlling the powertrain system includes determining an output torque request to the output member, determining a pressure output of the main hydraulic pump based upon an engine input speed, calculating a clutch reactive torque capacity for each applied torque transfer clutch based upon the pressure output of the main hydraulic pump, and determining a preferred engine input speed to achieve the clutch reactive torque capacity to meet the output torque request to the output member.

Abstract: A method to determine excessive clutch slippage in a transmission coupled to an engine and an electric machine adapted to selectively transmit power to an output member through selective application of torque-transfer clutches includes monitoring rotational velocities of the electric machine, engine and output member, monitoring a transmission operating range state, determining a clutch slip based upon monitored rotational velocities for one of the torque-transfer clutches intended to be synchronized based upon the transmission operating range state, and indicating a runaway slip event if the clutch slip is in excess of a threshold slip level through a threshold slip duration.

Abstract: A method for operating a powertrain, including an electro-mechanical transmission mechanically-operatively coupled to an internal combustion engine and an electric machine, includes monitoring slip across a selectively applied clutch within the transmission to indicate a clutch slip event, and if the monitoring indicates the clutch slip event decreasing a load across the selectively applied clutch by reducing torque of at least one of the engine and the electric machine, in order to reduce the slip, thereby ending the clutch slip event.

Abstract: A method for controlling a powertrain comprising a transmission coupled to an engine and an electric machine adapted to selectively transmit mechanical power to an output member via selective application of a plurality of hydraulically actuated torque transfer clutches includes filling one of the hydraulic clutches to a reference fill volume expected to create a touching state in the clutch, wherein the filling is accomplished through control of a pressure control solenoid, monitoring an actual fill time of the hydraulic clutch, monitoring a flow utilized in the filling, determining a measured fill volume based upon the actual fill time and the flow, calculating a fill volume error based upon the measured fill volume and the reference fill volume, and adjusting the reference fill volume based upon the fill volume error.

Abstract: A method for reducing occurrence of clutch slip in electromechanical transmission adapted to selectively transmit mechanical power to an output member through selective application of a hydraulically actuated clutch includes monitoring operation of said clutch, identifying an indication of clutch wear based upon said monitoring said operation, and increasing a minimum clamping force applied to said clutch based upon said indication of clutch wear.

Abstract: A method for controlling a powertrain comprising an electro-mechanical transmission mechanically-operatively coupled to an engine and an electric machine adapted to selectively transmit mechanical power to an output member through selective application of a plurality of torque-transfer clutches includes monitoring a clutch slip speed, synchronizing an oncoming clutch, and constraining reactive clutch torque limits for the oncoming clutch to achieve a reactive clutch torque that is less than an estimated clutch torque capacity.

Abstract: A method for operating a powertrain through selective application of a hydraulically actuated clutch includes monitoring a state of a pressure control switch operatively coupled the clutch, monitoring a hydraulic line pressure utilized by the pressure control switch to fill the clutch, determining a hydraulic flow rate flowing to the clutch based upon the state of the pressure control switch and the hydraulic line pressure, tracking a clutch fill volume of the clutch based upon the hydraulic flow rate, and controlling operation of the clutch based upon the clutch fill volume.

Abstract: In a powertrain that includes wheels supporting a vehicle, an engine, a first machine able to operate alternately as an electric motor and electric generator, a second machine electric able to operate as an electric motor, and an electric storage battery having a variable state of charge, a method for holding the vehicle stationary on an incline including determining a magnitude of torque at the wheels required to hold the vehicle on the incline, determining whether the state of charge is low or high relative to a reference state of charge, determining whether a temperature of the first machine is low or high relative to a first reference temperature, and whether a temperature of the second machine is low or high relative to a second reference temperature, using the engine and the machines in various combinations to produce the required torque at the wheels.

Abstract: A method for controlling an idle stop mode in a hybrid electric vehicle is disclosed. The control method accords an oil pressure drain time that a continuously variable transmission clutch oil pressure is fully drained, a final off time of an engine, and a final control time of a motor when a hybrid electric vehicle enters an idle stop mode, thereby preventing a shock or shaking of the vehicle.

Abstract: In a vehicle powertrain that includes an engine and an electric machine, a method for preventing rollback of a wheeled vehicle located on an incline includes determining a magnitude of wheel torque required to prevent the vehicle from rolling back, using the electric machine to produce the required magnitude of wheel torque at the wheels, transmitting engine torque to the wheels, and reducing torque produced by the electric machine while increasing engine torque such that the sum of wheel torque produced by the engine and electric machine is substantially equal to said required magnitude of wheel torque.

Abstract: A method for actuating a starting clutch in the power train of a hybrid vehicle, where during a starting phase of the combustion engine by means of an electric machine the starting clutch operating between them is engaged in a first starting phase by means of a pre-control and in a second starting phase depending on the acceleration of the crankshaft of the combustion engine.

Abstract: A split serial-parallel hybrid dual-power drive system, comprised of two or more than two separation drive systems allowing independent operation to respectively drive the load, or all loads driven individually are incorporated in a common frame to drive land, surface, underwater transportation means or aircraft, industrial machines and equipment or any other load drive by rotational kinetic energy.

Abstract: A split serial-parallel hybrid dual-power drive system, comprised of two or more than two separation drive systems allowing independent operation to respectively drive the load, or all loads driven individually are incorporated in a common frame to drive land, surface, underwater transportation means or aircraft, industrial machines and equipment or any other load drive by rotational kinetic energy.

Abstract: A method for adjusting the friction coefficient of a friction clutch situated in a hybrid power train between an electric machine and a combustion engine, actuated by a clutch actuator, the friction coefficient is adjusted by a torque transmitted by the friction clutch, which is determined when starting the combustion engine by the electric machine.

Abstract: A split serial-parallel hybrid dual-power drive system, comprised of two or more than two separation drive systems allowing independent operation to respectively drive the load, or all loads driven individually are incorporated in a common frame to drive land, surface, underwater transportation means or aircraft, industrial machines and equipment or any other load drive by rotational kinetic energy.