Abstract: A molded article is provided that includes a resin matrix having a surface, the resin matrix formed from cross-linked polyester resin or vinyl-ester resin. Microspheroids having a mean diameter of from 16 to 45 microns are embedded in the resin matrix. The microspheroids having a specific gravity of between 0.19 and 0.6 and an isotactic crush strength of greater than or equal to 2750 kilopascals (kPa). Surface activating agent alkoxysilane molecules are covalently bonded to each of the microspheroids. Filler particles are also present in the resin matrix. Fibers are also present in the resin matrix. The fibers being natural fibers, glass fibers, carbon fibers, or a combination thereof. The article has a specific gravity of between 0.80 and 1.25.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method for manufacturing a thin layer chromatography (“TLC”) plate is disclosed. The method includes forming a layer of elongated nanostructures (e.g., carbon nanotubes), and at least partially coating the elongated nanostructures with a coating. The coating includes a stationary phase and/or precursor of a stationary phase for use in chromatography. Embodiments for TLC plates and related methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method for manufacturing a thin layer chromatography (“TLC”) plate is disclosed. The method includes forming a layer of elongated nanostructures (e.g., carbon nanotubes), and at least partially coating the elongated nanostructures with a coating. The coating includes a stationary phase and/or precursor of a stationary phase for use in chromatography. At least a portion of the elongated nanostructures may be removed after being coated. Embodiments for TLC plates and related methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a porous polycrystalline diamond structure that may be employed as a separation device in a separation apparatus for separating at least one reaction product of a chemical reaction, as a stationary phase support and/or stationary phase in chromatography or separation apparatuses, or as a chemical reaction apparatus for conducting a chemical reaction therein. A separation device includes a body of sintered diamond particles. The body includes a proximal inlet end, a distal outlet end, and an intermediate region therebetween. The body further includes a plurality of at least partially interconnected pores that extend between the proximal inlet end and the distal outlet end. The at least partially interconnected pores are capable of communicating fluid from the proximal inlet end to the distal outlet end. Separation apparatuses that utilize the separation device, such as gas or liquid chromatography apparatuses, and chemical reaction apparatuses are also disclosed.

Abstract: A chromatography column is prepared with a stationary phase comprising a deuterated poly(ethyleneglycol), or other deuterated polymer. Formation of the stationary phase can be performed using exactly the same methodology as used when forming a stationary phase with the equivalent non-deuterated polymer. The deuterated poly(ethyleneglycol), or other deuterated polymer, preferably has increased thermal stability as compared to non-deuterated poly(ethyleneglycol), or equivalent non-deuterated polymer. This reduces bleeding of the stationary phase during gas chromatography and allows the use of greater operating temperatures.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present invention provides a chromatographic stationary phase material for various different modes of chromatography represented by Formula 1: [X](W)a(Q)b(T)c (Formula 1). X can be a high purity chromatographic core composition having a surface comprising a silica core material, metal oxide core material, an inorganic-organic hybrid material or a group of block copolymers thereof. W can be absent and/or can include hydrogen and/or can include a hydroxyl on the surface of X. Q can be a functional group that minimizes retention variation over time (drift) under chromatographic conditions utilizing low water concentrations. T can include one or more hydrophilic, polar, ionizable, and/or charged functional groups that chromatographically interact with the analyte. Additionally, b and c can be positive numbers, with the ratio 0.05?(b/c)?100, and a?0.

Abstract: The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a monolith adsorbent which can adsorb a target sample easily in a short time or regardless of whether the amount of the sample is small or large and extract the sample with a small amount of solvent, and easily secure the sample necessary for analysis, and a method and an apparatus for adsorption and retention using the same. The present invention is a monolith adsorbent formed by allowing a monolith structure body to contain an adsorbing material such as activated carbon or graphite, exposing the adsorbing material on the surface of the structure body and further surface-treating the surface of the monolith structure body with a hydrophobic or hydrophilic compound or a resin.

Abstract: A sleeve unit for preparing a sample for gas chromatographic analysis comprises an inlet liner having a bore therein, an inlet to the bore, and an outlet from the bore, and an inlet liner insert located with the bore. The inlet liner insert extends across the bore to cause a sample being prepared for gas chromatographic analysis to flow through the inlet liner insert. The inlet liner insert comprises an arrangement of wire, the arrangement creating a restricted pathway for the sample as the sample flows through the bore of the inlet liner to the outlet of the bore, and the wire having a surface having a high thermal conductivity and being substantially chemically inert to the sample.

Abstract: The present invention provides germania-silica-based sol-gel monoliths that form the solid-phase material for extraction, isolation, preconcentration, and separation of analytes. In one embodiment, the germania-silica-based sol-gel monolith can be used to coat surfaces of the inner walls of extraction and chromatographic columns. In a preferred embodiment, the sol-gel germania-silica monolith of the present invention is formed from hydrolysis and polycondensation of precursors comprising tetraethoxygermane, tetramethoxysilane, and polyethylene glycol. Also provided are methods of preparing the germania-silica-based sol-gel monolith of the present invention.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the enrichment of isotopes by chromatography on a saturated stationary phase. The process provides a more efficient method than the existing methods.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polymer brush-type filler which contains polymer chains at a high density and with a broad molecular weight distribution. Specifically, the present invention provides fine particles for chromatography comprising graft polymer chains obtained by grafting polymer chains via polymerization initiating groups on the surface of solid particles, wherein the graft polymer chains include specific repeating units, have a specific number average molecular weight and a specific molecular weight distribution and also have a high density of 0.03 chains/nm2 or more and 0.70 chains/nm2 or less.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and to a method for determining the proportion of fuel in a combustion engine lubricating oil. The device according to the invention comprises a column (12) with at least 22000 theoretical plates and a steady state phase capable of separating the fuel, the oil, the internal standard contained in the oil and the solvent, in which the oil and the internal standard are diluted, and a heating module (120) capable of causing an increase in the temperature of the column (12) at a rate of at least 350° C./min. In the method according to the invention, the column (12) is subjected to determined cycles during which the pressure of the carrier gas and the temperature are varied.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for chromatography are provided, using, for example, water as a stationary phase and carbon dioxide as the mobile phase.

Abstract: A system for interfacing a sampling device and a chromatograph and for pre-concentrating analytes in a sample prior to introducing the sample into the chromatographic column is generally disclosed comprising an interface housing with a first channel and an adsorbent housing with a second channel, which contains at least one adsorbent. Valveless conduits permit fluid to be communicated between the sampling device and the first channel, between the first channel and the second channel, and the first channel and the column. In some embodiments, fluid flows in one direction when the analytes are adsorbed and in the opposite direction when analytes are desorbed. In certain embodiments, two different adsorbents are disposed in the second channel to adsorb different types of analytes.

Abstract: An apparatus, according to one aspect, may include a chromatograph and a bulk acoustic resonator. The chromatograph may include a channel that is defined at least partially in a monolithic substrate. The channel may have an inlet to receive a sample and an outlet. A chromatography material may be included in the channel. The bulk acoustic resonator may have a first electrode and a second electrode that has a chemically functionalized surface. The chemically functionalized surface may be included in a chamber that is defined at least partially in the monolithic substrate and that is coupled with the outlet of the channel. Methods of making and using such apparatus, and systems including such apparatus, are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for the superficial-phase chromatography of a product comprises the steps which are performed continuously in the following order, namely: an operation consisting in pumping a supercritical fluid; and operation consisting of injecting at least one sample of product into at least one chromatography column, a detection operation, and a fraction collection operation. The method comprises at least a first diversion along between an analytical channel and a preparatory channel, which diversion is performed prior to the supercritical fluid pumping operation and the analytical and preparatory channels each including respective supercritical fluid pumping operations. The method is also characterized in that the collection operation is common to both the analytical and preparatory channels. An installation used to implement one such method is described.

Abstract: A multicapillary bundle for use in a gas chromatograph. Each of the capillaries in the bundle is formed using a coating solution containing a stationary phase and a solvent. The capillaries are coated with the stationary phase by reducing pressure at a vacuum end of the capillary and creating a moving interface between the coating solution and a film of the stationary phase deposited on each of the capillaries. The reducing pressure at the vacuum end of the capillary and the temperature of the capillary are controlled to maintain motion of the moving interface away from the vacuum end of the capillary. Maintained movement of the interface prevents recoating of the stationary phase. A heating wire and capillaries are embedded in a thermally conductive polymer to create a highly responsive method of heating the multicapillary column. An electronic control device controls the feedback temperature of the multicapillary column using the heating wire.

Abstract: The present invention provides sol-gel germania-coated chromatography separation columns with improved stability under extreme pHs and high temperatures. Also provided are methods of preparation and uses of the sol-gel germania-coated separation columns of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention provides germania-silica-based sol-gel monoliths that form the solid-phase material for extraction, isolation, preconcentration, and separation of analytes. In one embodiment, the germania-silica-based sol-gel monolith can be used to coat surfaces of the inner walls of extraction and chromatographic columns. In a preferred embodiment, the sol-gel germania-silica monolith of the present invention is formed from hydrolysis and polycondensation of precursors comprising tetraethoxygermane, tetramethoxysilane, and polyethylene glycol. Also provided are methods of preparing the germania-silica-based sol-gel monolith of the present invention.

Abstract: There is provided a gas separation apparatus for separating a specified gas from a gas to be treated containing a plurality of gases. The gas separation apparatus includes a plurality of serially-connected separation units that separate the specified gas from other gases by using a column, and a suction unit that controls an inside of the column to a reduced pressure. At least two of the plurality of separation units differ from each other in at least one separation condition.

Abstract: A process and sensor device are disclosed that employ metal ?-diketonate polymers to selectively capture gas-phase explosives and weaponized chemical agents in a sampling area or volume. The metal ?-diketonate polymers can be applied to surfaces in various analytical formats for detection of: improvised explosive devices, unexploded ordinance, munitions hidden in cargo holds, explosives, and chemical weapons in public areas.

Abstract: A composite sorbent material is disclosed which comprises A) a housing of a dense, insoluble material having openings therein and B) a porous polymer gel housed within said housing, said housing being provided with openings therein for fluid communication between said porous monolithic polymer gel and the surroundings, and said porous monolithic polymer gel occupying the inner space of said housing and being kept on place within said housing by mechanical means. Processes for the preparation of composite sorbent materials by cryoprecipitation are also disclosed as well as the use of the composite sorbent material according to the invention e.g. for the removal of pollutants from gases or liquids, for the enrichment or separation of molecules and for cell culture.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for separating a specified gas from a gas to be treated containing the specified gas comprising at least one ingredient, which comprises allowing the gas to be treated to flow through a column without the use of another gas for transferring the gas to be treated, while keeping the inside of the column packed with a packing material at a reduced pressure. The above apparatus and method can be suitably used for separating a specified gas having a high purity at a low cost.

Abstract: Deuterium and hydrogen terminated diamond surfaces are functionalized with alkyl or aryl peroxide.

Abstract: An apparatus, according to one aspect, may include a chromatograph and a bulk acoustic resonator. The chromatograph may include a channel that is defined at least partially in a monolithic substrate. The channel may have an inlet to receive a sample and an outlet. A chromatography material may be included in the channel. The bulk acoustic resonator may have a first electrode and a second electrode that has a chemically functionalized surface. The chemically functionalized surface may be included in a chamber that is defined at least partially in the monolithic substrate and that is coupled with the outlet of the channel. Methods of making and using such apparatus, and systems including such apparatus, are also disclosed.

Abstract: A process and sensor device are disclosed that employ metal ?-diketonate polymers to selectively capture gas-phase explosives and weaponized chemical agents in a sampling area or volume. The metal ?-diketonate polymers can be applied to surfaces in various analytical formats for detection of: improvised explosive devices, unexploded ordinance, munitions hidden in cargo holds, explosives, and chemical weapons in public areas.

Abstract: A unit for separating an exhaust gas containing PFC gases including CF4 and C2F6 generated in a production process, wherein the exhaust gas is concentrated in a concentration device, and then separated chromatographically in a chromatographic separation device using nitrogen as a carrier gas. The chromatographic separation device is packed with molecular sieve 13X or F-9 or the like. The unit is capable of effectively separating CF4 and C2F6.

Abstract: A scalable technology for purifying ethanol, wherein the vaporization of ethanol is coupled with a chromatographic rectification process comprising feeding a vaporized ethanol/water mix onto a plurality of molecular sieve beds to produce dehydrated ethanol vapor, which can then be condensed to recover purified dehydrated ethanol liquid. The scalable technology process is suitable for farm-scale production of fuel-grade ethanol, having the added benefit of allowing wet distillers grains to be used on-site as live-stock feed. By reducing energy requirements, costs and pollution, the output can be scaled to produce fuel-grade ethanol at quantities of anywhere from about 1000 gallons per year to upwards of hundreds of millions of gallons per year. Particularly beneficial versions utilize a plurality of smaller molecular sieve beds in series and use heat generated during desorption and regeneration of the molecular sieve beds as an energy source to aid in the vaporization step.

Abstract: To make an inexpensive chromatographic column and perform chromatography with it, column walls and a column end with a port are molded integrally from plastic. A closure is integrally molded with a port as well. One type of closure includes part of a snap-on fastener integrally molded to it to cooperate with corresponding parts molded integrally with the column walls. In another type of closure for higher pressures, the closure is spin welded to the tubular walls. In still another type of closure for still higher pressures, a retaining plate is pressed into the column to hold the packing in place. The closures have channels molded into them radiating from a port and opening toward packing material such as silica beads or porous polymeric plugs. Filters and secondary seals may be located at the ends to prevent leakage of the packing material. The packing is balanced spherical or spheroid-like derivitized silica packing.

Abstract: The present disclosure, in embodiments, provides a compound of the formula where R1, R2, R3, n, and m are as defined in the specification. The disclosure also provides an article including: a fused silica capillary column treated with a compound of the formula (I), and optionally coated with a stationary phase. The disclosure also provides a separation method, including chromatographing a mixture of compounds on the article.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a three dimensional preconcentrator and inlet heater. The preconcentrator consists of a substrate with passageways, a conductive material coated to the top and the bottom of the substrate and an adsorbent coating covering the entire substrate. This substrate is suspended in a holding frame by a connecting bridge. The preconcentrator may also include a resistor and a proportional-integral-differential controller. The device may be used inline with a detector and can be retrofitted to existing devices. An array of preconcentrators may also be formed. The invention also relates to methods of use of the preconcentrator and methods of manufacture. A method of use includes contacting an analyte and a preconcentrator, allowing the analyte to adsorb to the preconcentrator and then desorbing the analyte. A method of manufacture involves applying the adsorbent coating by misted chemical deposition.

Abstract: The first subject of this invention is a column packing material comprising: a silica gel having a silanol group; a first chemical modification group which is bound to said silanol group; a silicone polymer for coating the surface of said silica gel; and, a trimethylsilyl group which is bound to the silanol group on said silicone polymer and/or the silanol group on said silica gel.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for separation of isotopes, that is, to obtain isotopically pure fractions by separating natural 1 isotope mixtures in elements, where hydrogen is employed as ligand on the elements that are to be isotopically separated, and where the resulting compounds are gaseous at practical temperatures and pressures. More specific, the invention relates to a method for obtaining an isotopically pure 28SiH4 in industrial scale by separating the isotopes in a chromatographic column.

Abstract: A concentrating column useful for elemental analysis of trace metals consists mainly of column body, filtration membranes 6 fixed at the fluid inlet end and the outlet end of the column body, and column packing 8 packed inside the column body, wherein column packing 8 is prepared from the swollen and cleaned macroporous adsorbent resin of high, medium or non-polarity treated with a mixture of 3 mol/L NH4OH-1 mol/L HAC-3.0˜6.0×10?4 mol/L pyridin-(2-azo-4-)resorcin or a mixture of 0.5 mol/L Na2HPO4-1.0˜2.0×10?4 mol/L pyridin-(2-azo-4-)resorcin by dynamic on-column treatment or static immersion treatment. Two types of sample processing devices useful for elemental analysis of trace metals are provided with concentrating column employing the above-mentioned column packing.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods for deposition of gas chromatography (GC) stationary phases into chromatography columns, for example gas chromatography columns. A chromatographic medium is dissolved or suspended in a solvent to form a composition. The composition may be inserted into a chromatographic column. Alternatively, portions of the chromatographic column may be exposed or filled with the composition. The composition is permitted to solidify, and at least a portion of the solvent is removed by vacuum sublimation.

Abstract: In an open capillary column, a stationary phase is formed on the inner wall of a capillary tube. This stationary phase comprises a number of pores on the surface of the capillary tube, and each of pore has an expanded hollow in the stationary phase. A manufacturing method of an open capillary column comprises the steps of giving alkaline treatment to an inner wall of an open capillary tube, applying one of oligo silica, oligo zirconia and oligo titania on the inner wall, filling the open capillary tube with alkaline solution to form one of a silica layer, a zirconia layer and titania layer, discharging the alkaline solution and heat-treating the capillary tube to form a base of a stationary phase. The open capillary column of the present invention comprises a stationary phase having a very large surface area. It is useful for a separation analysis field such as liquid chromatography and electrochromatography.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed which are useful for detecting the presence of various pesticides, including aryl pyrazoles such as fipronil. Pesticide residues are extracted from a variety of samples, including soil and/or water samples using techniques well known to those of skill in the art. The samples are then concentrated, and transferred to an solid phase extraction cartridge. The SPE cartridge includes activated charcoal, silica gel, magnesium-silica gel and an amino-functional silica sorbent, or suitable equivalents thereof. After cleanup, the eluate containing the analyte of interest can be concentrated to a standard sample size and the amount of pesticide residues quantitated. In a preferred embodiment, the column chromatography materials are assembled in a solid phase extraction cartridge with frits between the chromatography materials. This facilitates the use of the cartridge in standard automated analytical equipment, for example, robotic equipment.

Abstract: A device for analyzing organic compounds, particularly in aqueous and gaseous samples, constituted by a duct which is supplied in input by a gas whose pressure can be controlled by means of a regulator connected to a capillary column which is connected in output to a detector for the organic compounds; an adsorbent polymer immersed in a container is interposed between a first portion and a second portion of the capillary column, and the device comprises, between the second portion and a third portion, means for concentrating the organic compounds; the container contains an aqueous or gaseous sample which interacts with the adsorbent polymer adapted to extract the organic compounds conveyed by the gas in passing through the adsorbent polymer toward the concentration means in order to be measured by the detector.

Abstract: A porous copolymer particle having a particle size of from 0.1 to 2,000 &mgr;m and a permanent pore size of from 2 to 800 nm comprising (i) a monomer containing from 5 to 60 wt % of a monomer (A) selected from N-vinylcarboxylic acid amides represented by formula (I): wherein R1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R2 represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C8 alkyl group, a phenyl group or a phenyl group substituted with a methyl group or an ethyl group and (ii) from 40 to 95 wt % of a copolymerizable monomer (B) which contains a crosslinking monomer.

Abstract: The sample vessel 1 comprises plurality of vessels 1a. The vessel 1a comprises an opening for sample inlet 3, a liquid sample outlet 4, and a silicon oxide composite particles structural body 2 is arranged at the bottom of the vessel 1a, i.e. the liquid sample outlet 4. The silicon oxide composite particles structural body 2 is a structural body composed of a composite made of plural silicon oxide particles having smaller diameter combined with a resin particle having larger diameter. Accordingly, even if the diameter of the silicon oxide particles 7 is set small in order to maintain the nucleic acid combination ability high, the presence of the resin particles 6 having a large diameter makes it possible to ensure the liquid conduction path, and the nucleic acid separating vessel, which is capable of suppressing decrease of the B/F separating velocity with maintaining the nucleic acid combining ability high can be realized.

Abstract: Chiral separations can be enhanced through the use of polymerized dipeptide-surfactant or oligopeptide-surfactant chiral micelles. Because polymerized micelles eliminate much of the complex dynamic behavior associated with conventional micelles, polymerized chiral micelles have stronger chiral recognition properties than do otherwise-identical, “conventional” or non-polymerized chiral micelles. Recovery of chiral ligands from polymerized chiral micelles is often easier, as the chiral ligands may typically be recovered by simple extraction with an appropriate organic solvent. By contrast, recovering the solute from a conventional, non-polymerized micellar medium by extraction with an organic solvent frequently results in the formation of troublesome emulsion systems. Polymerized chiral micelle systems are therefore beneficial in both preparative-scale and process-scale separations.

Abstract: Method for loading a column with a packing material by inserting one end of a column to be packed into a slurry of a packing material in a volatile solvent, allowing said slurry to be drawn into said end of said column by capillary action, withdrawing said end from said slurry, and removing said volatile solvent from the slurry that has been drawn into said end of said column, through the same end of the column at which the slurry entered, and sinteriing.

Abstract: Method for loading a column with a packing material by inserting one end of a column to be packed into a slurry of a packing material in a volatile solvent, allowing said slurry to be drawn into said end of said column by capillary action, withdrawing said end from said slurry, and removing said volatile solvent from the slurry that has been drawn into said end of said column, through the same end of the column at which the slurry entered, and sinteriing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to liquid crystalline alkenes and liquid crystalline polysiloxanes prepared from these alkenes. More precisely, the present invention is related to the development of fused ring aromatic-containing side chain liquid crystal polysiloxanes (SCLCP). These liquids crystalline polysiloxanes are particularly useful as the stationary phase in column chromatography for the separation of various isomeric compounds, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated diberizofurans (PCDF), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polysubstituted benzenes.

Abstract: Tetraethoxysilane is purified by passing impure material through a gas chromatographic separating column at a temperature below the boiling point of the pure tetraethoxysilane. Separation of pure material from impurities occurs on the column, and the pure material is thereafter cooled and collected in a receiver. The purified tetraethoxysilane has 99.999999% purity based on metals content.

Abstract: Chiral separations can be enhanced through the use of polymerized chiral micelles. Because polymerized micelles eliminate much of the complex dynamic behavior associated with conventional micelles, polymerized chiral micelles have stronger chiral recognition properties than do otherwise-identical, "conventional" or non-polymerized chiral micelles. Recovery of chiral ligands from polymerized chiral micelles is often easier, as the chiral ligands may typically be recovered by simple extraction with an appropriate organic solvent. By contrast, recovering the solute from a conventional, non-polymerized micellar medium by extraction with an organic solvent frequently results in the formation of troublesome emulsion systems. Polymerized chiral micelle systems are therefore beneficial in both preparative-scale and process-scale separations.

Abstract: A protective monolayer is formed on e.g. silica gel and glass surfaces comprising a monolayer of silicon and oxygen atoms which is substituted with first and second hydrocarbyl substituents.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method in which organic matter in the product accompanied with a non-reacted hydrogen fluoride can be handled without damaging the apparatus, using a cross-linked cyanopropylmethylphenylsilicone capillary column with which impurities of very small amounts can be separated, and with which non-reacted raw materials and by-products, which have a wide range of boiling points can be quantitated.

Abstract: A structure comprising bodies having a functional surface property bonded to a substrate via a siloxane polymer adhesive. The structure may comprise a novel composition comprising a siloxane polymer having carbon bodies bonded thereto by direct carbon to silicon bonds. This composition may be used to bond carbon particles through a medium comprising the siloxane polymer to a vitreous, metal, plastic or other nucleophilic substrate. Alternatively, the bodies may comprise alumina, silicon, zeolite, organic polymers or other nucleophilic compositions, which are bonded directly to silicon atoms of the siloxane polymer. To bond carbon or other nucleophilic bodies to the substrate, the substrate is contacted with a mixture of the bodies and a hydrosiloxane polymer. The mixture is heated to cause the polymer to be bonded to the nucleophilic bodies, typically by C--Si, C--O--Si, Si--O--Si or Si--O--Al bonds, and to the substrate by reaction with the surface silanol or other nucleophilic groups.

Abstract: A separation medium for reversed-phase chromatography is prepared by polymerizing an aqueous vinyl monomer mixture to which a hydrophobic alkyl methacrylate with 3 or more carbon atoms in the alkyl group and a detergent have been added. The further inclusion of a vinyl monomer with a charged group in the reaction mixture produces a separation medium useful for reversed-phase electrochromatography. Performance of the polymerization in a capillary produces a continuous bed inside the capillary. An alternative for non-capillary separations, such as those conducted in larger diameter tubing, is the preparation of the medium in a vessel outside the tubing, followed by granulation of the polymer and placement of the granules in the tubing.